Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures; beyond differentiating from epileptic seizures

Nam, Sang Ook The Korean Pediatric Society 2021 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.64 No.6

Diagnostic Approach for Mental Retardation

Nam, Sang-Ook(남상욱) 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2007 대한소아청소년정신의학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.5

소아에서 발생한 교대성 편마비 1례

배상남(Sang Nam Bae),정필주(Pil Ju Jeong),남상욱(Sang Ook Nam) 대한소아신경학회 2001 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.9 No.1

저자들은 29개월 된 남아에서 생후 6개월경부터 교대성으로 편마비 증상을 보였으며, 편마비 증상을 보일 때 시행한 뇌파 검사, 뇌 자기 공명 영상 촬영, 뇌 자기 공명 영상 혈관 조영술 및 뇌 단일 전자 방출 전산화 단층 촬영상 특이 소견을 보이지 않았던 소아 교대성 편마비 1례를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood(AHC) is a rare but clinically distinct syndrome characterized by onset before 18 months of age, frequent attacks of alternating paralysis, nystagmus transient ocular palsies, other autonomic dysfunction, and the development of cognitive impairment and a choreoathetotic movement disorder. The case is a 13 month-old boy who has presented repeated episodes of alternating hemiplegia from the age of 6 months at a frequency of several times per month, which was lasting for two or three days. The diagnosis was based on clinical features. Frequently such hemiplegic attacks were accompanied by irratability. He had mental retardation, neurodevelopmental delay, and seizure attacks. EEG, brain MRI, Brain MR angiography, and Tc-99m HMPAO-brain single photon emission compute tomography(SPECT) failed to reveal any significant abnormal finding during the hemiplegic attacks. We tried calcium-entry block and flunarizine to relieve the hemiplegic attacks, but the frequency and severity of the hemiplegic attacks were not decreased by flunarizine therapy.

소아에서 Magnetoencephalography의 임상적 적용

남상욱(Sang Ook Nam) 대한소아신경학회 2005 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Magnetoencephalography(MEG) has many advantages over the electroencephalography(EEG) as ti detects the magnetic fields originating from the intracellualr currents within neurons, which are not attenuated or distorted by interyening tissues. Over the several years, it has developed to a whole-head system that enables its routine clinical application for epilepsy patients, MEG is indicated for localization of the irritative zone in lesional and nonlesional epilepsy surgery patients, with having the superiority in neocortical epilepsy functional mapping of eloquent cortex and defining its relationship with the brain lesion or epileptogenic area, and assessment of normal and abnormal language development. Because of its high spatial and temporal resolution, MEG provides promises to be a powerful tool in the investigation of normal and abnormal brain function including sensory, motor, memory and cognitive processes in the developing brain in the future.

소아청소년의 정상수면

남상욱(Sang-Ook Nam) 대한소아신경학회 2011 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Sleep is not just a rest for brain activity during daytime, but also has a vital function for memory consolidation after learning as well as restoration of both body and brain. While restoration of the body mainly occurs during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, especially during slow wave sleep, restoration of brain and memory consolidation occurs mainly during REM sleep. Adenosine acts as a sleep-inducing agent, so called somnogen or hypnotoxin which accumulates while awake. Sleep deprivation results in the disruption of every aspect of physical, cognitive, and behavioral function, which can be reversed only by sleep. Many neurotransmitter-secreting nuclei in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain are key structures for wakefulness, NREM, and REM sleep. They have been localized in the basal forebrain (acetylcholine), ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO, GABA and galanin), tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN, histamine), lateral and posterior hypothalamus (orexin/hypocretin), reticular formation (glutamate), substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA, dopamine), pedunculopontine nucleus and lateral dorsal tegmentum (PPT-LDT, acetylcholine), locus ceruleus (norepinephrine), and the raphe nuclei (serotonin). All are activated during wakefulness except VLPO which secrets GABA and galanin, which suppress other nuclei for sleep induction. Acetylcholine-secreting PPT-LDT is a major locus for REM sleep, and is inhibited by the raphe nuclei and locus ceruleus which act as REM-off neurons inducing NREM sleep. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a pacemaker for circadian rhythms, which can be modified by bright light and melatonin. It should be emphasized that the best performance of cognitive function including reactivity, abstract thinking, creativity, memory, executive function, and accurate and efficient work as well as physical well-being is achieved by sufficient and appropriate sleep.

뇌허혈에 의한 유전자 발현의 변화와 이에 대한 BN52021(PAF 길항제)의 효과

남상욱(Sang Ook Nam),김수영(Su Young Kim),정진섭(Jung Jin Sup) 대한소아신경학회 1998 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.6 No.1

목 적 : 저자는 이 연구에서 허혈에 의한 중추신경 손상 시 유전자의 발현의 시간적 변차와 platelet activating factor(PAF)의 길항제가 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 이 실험을 시행하였다. 방 법 : 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응 방법을 이용하여 중뇌동맥의 폐쇄에 의해 유도된 뇌허혈에 의한 변화를 관찰하기 위해 interleukin-1, iNOS, TNF-α, ICAM-1, cPLA2, GLUTI, BDNF와 Bcl-X의 총 RNA양을 측정하였다. 한편 PAF 길항제인 BN52021의 효과를 관찰하기 위해 BN52021로 전 처치 후 같은 유전자에 대해 총 RNA양을 조사하였고 cPLA2에 대해 in situhybridization방법으로 전 처치 유무에 따른 발현 변화를 관찰하였다 결 과 : 뇌허혈 유도 후 TNF-α, BDNF, TNF-α, BDNF, Interleukin-1, cPLA2, GLUTI 및 iNOS의 발현증가가 관찰되었고 시간에 따른 발현의 변화양상은 유전자에 따라 달랐다. 최대발현의 시점은 TNF-α에서는 혈류의 재관류 1시간 후, BDNF, IL-1, cPLA2에서는 4시간 후, GLUTI과 iNOS에서는 24시간 후였다. 이들 유전자의 발현 변화에 대하여 PAF의 길항제인 BN52021로 전 처지의 효과를 관찰한 결과 PAF길항제는 뇌허혈 유발에 의한 iNOS, CPLA2 및 TNF- α의 발현 증가를 유의하게 감소시켰으나 BDNF와 GLUTI에서는 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. In situhybridization에서도 BN52021의 전 처치에 의해 전뇌의 일시적인 허혈에 의해 유발된 dentategyrus의 cPLA2발현이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 결 론 : 이러한 결과는 PAF 길항제가 특정 유전자의 발현을 특이하게 억제하며 허혈성 뇌 손상에 방어 효과와 관련이 있으리라는 것을 시사한다. Background : This study was undertaken to determine temporal changes in expression of. various genes and the effect of platelet-activating factor antagonist on their expression. Subjects and Methods : The changes in expression of various genes including interleukin-1, iNOS, TNF- α , ICAM-1, cPLA2, GLUTI, BDNF and Bcl-X according to time were examined using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) by checking at various time points after induction of middle cerebral artery(MCA) occlusion in the thrombotic and embolic models of stroke of Sprague-Dawley rats. We also examined the effect of pretreatment of a PAF antagonist, BN52021 on the expression of the same genes by RT-PCR and by in situ hybridization technique. Results : The expressions of BDNF, a-1, GLUTI, iNOS, cPLA2 and TNF- α were increased in ischemic brain tissue. However, the temporal profiles of their expression were variable; the peak expression was observed after 1 hour reperfusion in TNF- α, after 4 hours in IL-1, cPLA2 and BDNF and after 24 hours in GLUTI and iNOS. Pretreatment of a PAF antagonist, BN52021, significantly inhibited the ischemia-induced expression of TNF- α, cPLA2 and iNOS without affecting the expression of the BDNF and GLUTI. In situ hybridization showed that cPLA2 expression induced by transient forebrain ischemia in dentate gyrus was ameliorated by the pretreatment of BN52021. Conclusion : This result indicates that BN52021, PAF antagonist, specifically inhibits expression of certain genes, which may be related to its protective effect on ischemic brain injury.

임신성 융모성 질환과 정상 태반 조직에서의 p53 단백의 과발현

남주현,김용만,김종혁,목정은,허주령,황성욱 대한부인종양 콜포스코피학회 1997 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.8 No.3

Mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 gene are the most frequently observed genetic lesions in human cancers. It seems that wild type p53 does significant role on growth and differentiation of normal cells. Mutations and allelic loss of the p53 gene are thought to be a cause of tumor development and to be correlated with the prognostic factors in various human cancers such as breast, ovary and lung cancer. Mutant p53 proteins have a prolonged half-life and can be detected by immunohistochemistry. In case of GTD(gestational trophoblastic disease), although the mutation of p53 gene mutation was revealed to be very rare, the overexpression of p53 in immunohistochemical staining has been reported in wide range of discrepancy and its role or prognostic significance in GTD is uncertain. This study is performed to define the status of p53 overexpression in GTD and to evaluate the correlations between p53 overexpression and prognostic factors of GTD. The results are as follows 1. p53 overexpression was detected in none of normal placental tissue, in 58.3%(14/24) of hydatidiform mole, in 75%(6/8) of invasive mole, in 75%(3/4) of choriocarcinoma, and in 100%(1/1) of placental site trophoblastic tumor, and showed significant difference of the p53 overexpression between normal placenta and GTD. We could not find any difference of the p53 overexpression between benign group(H-mole) of GTD and malignant one(invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor) 2. In H-mole, low-risk group showed significantly higher prevalence of p53 overexpression than high-risk group did. In malignant group, there is no difference in the prevalence of p53 overexpression between early(FIGO stage I) and late(II-IV) stage-diseases, but the prevalence of p53 overexpression of low-risk group is slightly higher than that of high-risk group although we failed to find statistical significance. In conclusion, the high prevalence of p53 overexpression in GTD suggests that p53 may have a certain role in the pathogenesis of GTD or at least represent generalized DNA demage or genotic instability of GTD. And the hither prevalence of p53 overexpression in low-risk group suggests that accumulation of wild-type p53 may be related with favorable prognosis in GTD.

증례 : 좌측 천부 대퇴동맥을 침범하여 좌측 슬하 절단술을 받아야 했던 Churg-Strauss 증후군 1예

박상언 ( Sang Un Park ),오성욱 ( Sung Ook Oh ),박신실 ( Sin Sil Park ),오미정 ( Mi Jung Oh ),권남희 ( Nam Hee Kwon ),서연림 ( Yeon Lim Suh ),최동철 ( Dong Chull Choi ) 대한내과학회 2007 대한내과학회지 Vol.72 No.1S

Palladium Catalysts for Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane with Preferential B−H Activation

Kim, Sung-Kwan,Han, Won-Sik,Kim, Tae-Jin,Kim, Tae-Young,Nam, Suk Woo,Mitoraj, Mariusz,Piekoś,, Łukasz,Michalak, Artur,Hwang, Son-Jong,Kang, Sang Ook American Chemical Society 2010 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.132 No.29

<P>Cationic Pd(II) complexes catalyzed the dehydrogenation of ammonia borane in the most efficient manner with the release of 2.0 equiv of H<SUB>2</SUB> in less than 60 s at 25 °C. Most of the hydrogen atoms were obtained from the boron atom of the ammonia borane. The first step of the dehydrogenation reaction was elaborated using density functional theory calculations.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2010/jacsat.2010.132.issue-29/ja101685u/production/images/medium/ja-2010-01685u_0002.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja101685u'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Iridium(Ⅲ) Insertion into an Aromatic C-H Bond and Si-H Bond

Yang Nam Keun,Chung Dae-Eun,Ko Jaejung,Kang Sang Ook Korean Chemical Society 1992 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.13 No.6

The dihydrido iridium(Ⅲ) complex [$Ir(PPh_3)_2H_2(ac)_2$]$BF_4$ (ac=acetone) reacts with 2-phenylpyridine and 7,8-benzoquinoline to yield the C-H activated complexes [$Ir(PPh_3)_2$H(ac)(L)]$BF_4$ (L= phenylpyridine; 7,8-benzoquioline). The dihydrido iridium(Ⅲ) complex [$Ir(PPh_3)_2H_2(ac)_2$]$BF_4$ also reacts with triaklysilane via an oxidative addition reaction to yield the trihydrido iridium complexes [$Ir(PPh_3)_2H_3SiR_3$]$BF_4$ (R =Et and Ph). The structual configuration was studied by conventional spectroscopy.