이효석 소설에 나타나는 ‘능금’, ‘고향’, ‘모성’의 상관관계 연구

이승준 ( Lee Seung-jun ) 심훈학회 2024 심훈학보 Vol.4 No.0

이 논문에서는, 이효석 소설에서 나타나는 ‘고향’, ‘모성’과 ‘능금’의 상관관계가 지니는 의미를 밝혀 보았다. 이효석 소설에서 ‘능금’은 반복되어 나타나며 다층적 의미를 구축한다. ‘능금’ 현재(顯在)/부재(不在)는 능금의 현재(顯在)/부재(不在)는 고향/고향 상실이며, 낙원/실낙원, 어머니의 품(혹은 모성)/어머니의 품의 상실(모성 상실)을 의미한다. 또한 ‘능금’은 식민지 조국의 현실로부터의 잠정적 해방, 독립을 위한 투쟁, 자유를 찾아가는 여정, 인간 해방을 위한 사회주의에의 동경 등을 다각적으로 암시한다. 그리고 ‘능금’은 사회 질서에의 금기/위반이 되면서, 자유의 억압/확대라는 사회 운동의 의미를 지닌다. ‘능금’은 이념, 성, 자연에 대한 동경이면서, 그것은 이상적 세계상의 표상이다. 하지만 그것은 갈등과 분열 그리고 실현 불가능의 세계를 동시에 내포한다. 이효석의 출생지는 불확실하다. 하지만 그의 출생지는 진부와 봉평 어간이라는 것만은 확실하다. 지리적 불확실성에도 불구하고 이효석의 심리적 정서적 고향은 진부와 봉평을 포함하는 평창 어간이라고 생각할 수 있다. 이효석의 생모가 누구인지에 대해서 역시 의문이다. 여러 진술을 고려한다면, 강홍경은 그의 생모가 아닐 가능성이 높고, ‘충주 출신’으로 언급되는 인물이 그의 생모일 가능성 있다. 그리하여 이효석은 처가가 있는 경성을 고향으로 여기고, 장모를 어머니처럼 생각한다. 이효석의 고향에 대한 부정은 지나치리만큼 강하다. 그것은 부모에 대한 부정으로 향하고 있다. 하지만 경성과 장모와의 관계를 생각해 본다면 그의 고향에 대한 부정은 결국 어머니로 향하고 있다고 생각되며 아버지에 대한 부정은 그에 대한 촉매 역할을 했을 가능성이 높다. 이효석의 고향에 대한 부정의 구체적 원인을 밝힐 수는 없지만, 그가 고향을 강하게 부정하고 있고 그것은 부모와 관계되어 있으며, 궁극적으로 모성에 향해 있다는 것은 확인할 수 있다. 능금과 경성의 관계는 출생지, 경성 장모, 생모, 고향과 더불어 이효석의 문학을 이해하는 데 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 이효석은 자연의 상징이며 경성의 상징인 능금을 자신의 문학으로 승화시켰다. 이효석에게 능금은 자연의 상징이며 경성의 상징이다. 장모의 자리바꿈이었던 것이다. 마찬가지로 이효석에게 능금은 고향의 자리바꿈이며 어머니의 자리바꿈이기도 하다. 이는 그의 무의식에 억압되었던 모성에 대한 욕망의 발견이었다고 할 수 있다. 이는 그가 무의식적으로 욕망해 어머니 혹은 고향에 대한 자리바꿈인 셈이다. 결국 능금은 잃어버린 고향의 대리표상이다. 그런데 매우 흥미로운 점은, 이효석 소설에서 능금이 특히 경성 시절에 집중적으로 나타나는데, 그의 평양 시절 소설에서는 소설에서 능금이 사라진다는 사실이다. 이효석은 구체적인 사실은 알 수 없지만, 생모(충주 출신이라고 추측되는)와 강홍경사이에서 모종의 정신적 트라우마를 경험했던 것으로 보인다. 그는 유년기의 상처를 안고 고향을 등지게 되면서, ‘고향 없는 이방인 같은 느낌’을 안고 살아가다가, 결혼하게 된다. 경성 처가에서 살면서 그는 유년기의 트라우마를 어느 정도 해소하게 되는데, 그것은 장모의 따뜻한 사랑의 결과다. 그리하여 평양 시절, 이효석은 무의식 속에 억압되었던 고향을 의식으로 소환하여 작품 속에 투영하게 된다. 이때 발표 작품이 바로 「모밀꽃 필 무렵」, 「개살구」, 「산협」 등의 대표작이다. 이렇게 볼 때, 어머니(생모든 아니든)에 대한 트라우마로 인하여 가지게 된 ‘고향 없는 이방인 같은 느낌’은 그를 동반자 문학, 자연주의 문학, 성문학 등으로 극단적 분열 양상을 보이게 했고, 그러한 분열은 결국 평양 시절 고향으로의 회귀를 통해서 통합되는 것이다. In this paper, the meaning of the correlation between ‘hometown’, ‘motherhood’ and ‘nunggeum’ in Lee Hyo-seok’s novel was revealed. In Lee Hyo-seok’s novel, ‘Nunggeum’ appears repeatedly and constructs a multi-layered meaning. The ‘present/absence’ of Neunggeum means ‘the paradise/lost’ and ‘mother’s arms/lost’. In addition, ‘Nunggeum’ implies a temporary liberation from the reality of the colonial country, a struggle for independence, a journey to find freedom, and a longing for socialism for human liberation. And ‘Nunggeum’ is a longing for ideology, sex, and nature, and it is an symbol of ideal world. Lee Hyo-seok’s birthplace is uncertain. However, it is certain that his birthplace is between Jinbu and Bongpyeong. Despite the geographical uncertainty, Lee's psychological and emotional hometown is Pyeongchang’s, which includes Jinbu and Bongpyeong. It is also questionable who Lee's birth mother is. Kang Hong-kyung is most likely not his birth mother, and it is likely that the person referred to as ‘Chungju-daek’ is his birth mother. Thus, Lee considers Gyeongseong to be his hometown and his mother-in-law as his mother. Lee Hyo-seok’s denial of his hometown is too strong. It is heading towards denial of parents. However, considering Gyeongseong and his mother-in-law, his denial of his hometown is thought to eventually lead to his mother, and his denial of his father likely served as a catalyst for it. It is not possible to clarify the specific cause of Lee's denial of his hometown, but it can be confirmed that he strongly denies his hometown, which is related to his parents, and ultimately to his motherhood. The relationship between Neunggeum and Gyeongseong is important in understanding Lee Hyo-seok’s literature, along with the place of birth, Gyeongseong's mother-in-law, birth mother, and hometown. For Lee Hyo-seok, Neunggeum is a symbol of nature and Gyeongseong. It's a subsitute for mother-in-law. Likewise, for Lee Hyo-seok, Neunggeum is a subsitute for his hometown and his mother. After all, Neunggeum is a subsitute of the lost hometown. What is very interesting, however, is that Neunggeum focuses on in Lee Hyo-seok’s novels, especially during the Gyeongseong period, and it disappears in his novels during Pyongyang. Lee Hyo-seok seems to have experienced some kind of mental trauma between his birth mother and Kang Hong-kyung, although the specific fact is unknown. While living at a family-in-law’s home in Gyeongseong, he relieves some of his childhood trauma, which is the result of his mother-in-law’s warm love. Thus, during the Pyongyang period, Lee Hyo-seok summoned his hometown, which was suppressed in his unconscious mind, and projected it into his work. At this time, he creates his masterpieces based on his hometown. It is his return to hometown.

이창동 작가론

이현승(Hyun-Seung Lee),송정아(Jeang-Ah Song) 한국콘텐츠학회 2012 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.12 No.2

영화작가로서 이창동은 장르적 자장 안에서 영화를 만들고 있는 한국영화계의 대다수 감독들과 구별된다. 그동안 그의 영화는 관객과의 소통을 위해 느와르, 멜로 등의 장르를 차용해왔지만 최근작 〈시〉에 이르러서는 장르적 외피를 벗어던진 것처럼 보인다. 〈초록물고기〉부터 〈시〉에 이르기까지 일관되게 남은 것은 관객의 참여를 요하는 깊은 심도와 시간의 연속을 암시하는 길게 찍은 숏들의 몽타주, 현실성을 강조한 연기 등 리얼리즘적 표현방식이다. 또한 이창동의 영화들은 환영적 동일시를 깨는 방식으로 관객들에게 성찰의 자리를 돌려준다는 측면에서 장르영화의 카운터 시네마로 파악할 수 있다. 이창동의 영화에서 볼 수 있는 ‘낯설게 하기’는 핸드헬드, 판타지, 미장아빔, 응시 되돌려 보내기 등의 영화적 장치로 구현된다. 이 장치들은 텍스트의 재현양식을 폭로함으로써 관객들이 역사적, 정치적 컨텍스트를 성찰하게 한다. 본 연구에서는 〈시〉,〈오아시스〉,〈밀양〉 등의 분석을 통해 이창동의 영화 만들기 행위는 결국 보이지 않는 ‘실재’를 상징화함으로써 ‘윤리를 창조하는 반복충동’이라고 주장할 것이다. As a film maker, Lee Chang Dong stands out from most Korean film makers who work within the trappings of genre films. To be sure, Lee has also used the trappings of genre films, such as noire and melodrama, but primarily as a tool to communicate with film audience. In his most recent film “Poetry”, Lee seems to have even stripped even the minimal trappings of genre film. Lee commands the audience to self-reflect and work towards their own conclusions by denying them the illusory identification on screen. In this way, Lee’s works are counter cinema. Lee achieves a distancing effect using such filmic apparatuses as hand-held camera, fantasy, mise en abyme, and returned gaze. Through these filmic apparatuses, Lee exposes the re-presentation of text and compels his audience to see the historical and political contexts of the text. In this study, I make the case that Lee Chang Dong’s film making is an act of repetition compulsion that cultivates ethical reflection, through symbolization of the invisible realities.

李箱詩의 技法分析

李昇薰 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1988 韓國學論集 Vol.13 No.-

This thesis titled 'The Analysis of Lee Sang's Poetic Metaphor', as a whole, is attempted to say the aesthetic quality of Lee Sang's Poetry in terms of the metaphor. The meataphor appears as a part of artitic devices, as an special nature of artistic perception. I emphasize the structure of Lee Sang's poetic metaphor in this thesis. It is divided into four subi\jects: firstly, it treats the structure of idea-image; secondly, it discusses the structure of image-idea; thirdly, it excavates the structure of idea-idea; finally, it is consisted of the structure of image-image. Thus structural approach of Lee Sang's poetic metaphor, consisted of the four type and is relation, is engaged in excavaing Lee Sang's poetry in order to clarity its character for better understanding of his works. It is hopefully assumed that this hypothetic study of the structural analysis of the poetic image raise further same sort of topic for whole modern poetry in Korea.

1950년대 이용찬의 작가 의식과 형식 실험 연구

이승현(Lee, Seung-hyun) 한국어문학회 2013 語文學 Vol.0 No.121

Lee Young-chan is well known by his drama Gajok(the Family). He focused on a family and it’s difficulties. He believed that family’s difficulties could are solved by family’s affection. However, his idea of family has a huge problem. It is that his concept of family is based on the patriarchy and the anti-communism. Due to the patriarchy, women who have become others appear from his dramas, so Lee Young-chan’s idea of family can not be completed perfectly. Futhermore, his idea of family is linked with idea of nation and people. Lee Young-chan said that people work for nation not only their families. This his idea is involved in the anti-communism. In the 1950s, the anti-communism is ideology of nation in Korean. At that time, the president Lee Seung-man used the anti-communism to catch state authority. Consequently, Lee Young-chan did not have the different author consciousness from old generation authors. Therefore, his formal experiments from Gajok, Giro, and Pineun Bamedo Jaji Anneunda have limited value. His formal experiments can not express the new generation consciousness, but they can be utilized to overcome the limits of Realism’s time and space.

李箱詩의 構造分析(Ⅰ)

李昇薰 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1985 韓國學論集 Vol.7 No.-

This thesis titled 'The structural Analysis of Lee Sang's Poetry', as a whole, is attempted to analyze Lee Sang's poetic works in the light of its structure. It is originally consisted of six chapters. Howver, this paper deals with merely two chapters, the first and the second. The first chapter is an introduction of the thesis, and the second chapter, devoted to 'the structure of opposition in terms of Lee sang's poetry. The latter is devided in to three subjects: firstly, it extends the theory of the opposition in the poetic structure; secondly, it discusses the structure of the binary opposition in Lee sang's poetry; and finally, it excavates the chain structure of the binary opposition. Thus structural approach of Lee Sang's poetry, consisted of the binary opposition and its chain, is engaged in excavating Lee Sang's poetry in order to clarify its character for better understanding of his works. It is hopefully assumed that hypothetic study on the structural analysis of the whole range of one's poetic world may raise further contentions on the same sort of topic for the whole Modern Poetry of Korea in general.

<明善錄>의 반주자학적 논거의 李濟馬의 四象人臟理論과의 관련성에 대하여

이항재,최승훈 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.2 No.1

This study are performed to reveal the origin of the Sasang constitutional theory made by Lee-jae-ma(李濟馬), confucianist as well as famous oriental doctor, who succeeded to Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism. Han wrote a book named Myung-Suen-Lock(明善錄) which criticized Neo-Confucianism formed at times of Song dynasty in China and proposed a new doctrine i.e Anti-Neo-Confucianism. He asserted that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature, and that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. These two assertions clearly contrasted with pre-existing Neo-Confucianism led Lee-jae-ma to successively organize Sasang constitutional theory. This study is aimed to illuminate this point : How under the effects of Han's new doctrine Lee-jae-ma could find four general constitutions due to the variation of the four organs. At first, Lee indicated four organs as the very general basement providing human nature for all men including The Sacred. In consequence, he justified one of the Han's assertions that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature. Secondly, Lee indicated the Mind as the actual center which bring forth the individual spontaneity. As far as this individual spontaneity is rightly aimed, which means harmonize his own's with the actual process of the Universe, all men could be The Sacred. So he come to justify the other of Han's assertions that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. Therefore, it is clearly verified that the Lee-jae-ma's Sasang doctrine is the successive achievement origined from Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism abundantly represented in his own book, Myung-Suen-Lock.

Light-extraction efficiency control in AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet flip-chip light-emitting diodes: a comparison to InGaN-based visible flip-chip light-emitting diodes.

Lee, Keon Hwa,Park, Hyun Jung,Kim, Seung Hwan,Asadirad, Mojtaba,Moon, Yong-Tae,Kwak, Joon Seop,Ryou, Jae-Hyun Optical Society of America 2015 Optics express Vol.23 No.16

<P>We study light-extraction efficiency (LEE) of AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) using flip-chip (FC) devices with varied thickness in remaining sapphire substrate by experimental output power measurement and computational methods using 3-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) and Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations. Light-output power of DUV-FCLEDs compared at a current of 20 mA increases with thicker sapphire, showing higher LEE for an LED with 250-관m-thick sapphire by ~39% than that with 100-관m-thick sapphire. In contrast, LEEs of visible FCLEDs show only marginal improvement with increasing sapphire thickness, that is, ~6% improvement for an LED with 250-관m-thick sapphire. 3D-FDTD simulation reveals a mechanism of enhanced light extraction with various sidewall roughness and thickness in sapphire substrates. Ray tracing simulation examines the light propagation behavior of DUV-FCLED structures. The enhanced output power and higher LEE strongly depends on the sidewall roughness of the sapphire substrate rather than thickness itself. The thickness starts playing a role only when the sapphire sidewalls become rough. The roughened surface of sapphire sidewall during chip-separation process is critical for TM-polarized photons from AlGaN quantum wells to escape in lateral directions before they are absorbed by p-GaN and Au-metal. Furthermore, the ray tracing results show a reasonably good agreement with the experimental result of the LEE.</P>

Anti‑inflammatory effect of Rosa laevigata extract on in vitro and in vivo model of allergic asthma via the suppression of IgE and related cytokines

Seung‑Hyeon Lee,Seung‑Han Choi,In‑Seung Lee,Yumi Kim,Eun‑Jin An,Hyeung‑Jin Jang 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2020 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.16 No.2

Backgrounds Exposure to a toxic stress environment leads to excessive inflammatory reactions and induces allergic asthma resulting in airway hyper-responsiveness. We investigated whether Rosa laevigata Michx. (RL) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects related allergic asthma in both an in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods To investigate the preventive effect of RL, A549 cells were pretreated with non-toxic doses of RL (500, 1000 μg/ mL) and induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 ng/mL). First, we evaluated cytotoxicity via a MTT assay. The inhibitory effects of NF-κB activity and COX-2 expression were confirmed by a western blot assay. In the in vivo study, BALB/c mice were challenged with regard to ovalbumin via an intraperitoneal injection of RL (50, 100 mg/kg) and were killed to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung tissues and blood serum. The number of inflammatory cells, the secretion of IgE and related cytokines were monitored by ELISA and multiplex assays. Results RL significantly suppressed NF-κB activity and COX-2 expression levels in EGF-induced A549 cells. In a chronic inflammation mice model, pretreatment of RL attenuated allergic airway inflammation by reducing inflammatory cells, the secretion of IgE and related cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions The results of this study present the possibility of RL as a therapeutic agent for allergic asthma patients via the suppression of IgE and related cytokines.

Bi-factor MIRT True-Score Equating for Testlet-Based Tests

이규민(Gue min Lee),Won Chan Lee,Michael J Kolen,박인용(In Yong Park),Dong In Kim,Ji Seung Yang 한국교육평가학회 2015 교육평가연구 Vol.28 No.2

Lee and Lee (2014) proposed bi-factor multidimensional item response theory model (BFM) "observed-score" equating procedures. The main purposes of this study were to develop BFM "true-score" equating procedures, and to investigate applicability of the proposed procedures with actual data. Eight equating methods (including both true- and observed-score) based on dichotomous IRT (2-parameter logistic model: 2PL), polytomous IRT (graded response model: GRM), testlet response model (TRM), and BFM were compared with target equipercentile equating. Data for this study were from the Reading Comprehension test for a large-scale state assessment program, which consisted of several passages and corresponding groups of items. True- and observed-score equating methods based upon 2PL and BFM produced similar equating results. The GRM true- and observed-score equating methods provided equating results somewhat different from others, and more similar to the target equipercentile equating. Lee와 Lee(2014) 연구는 혼합형 검사에서의 bi-factor 다차원 문항반응모형을 적용한 IRT "관찰점수" 동등화 절차를 제안하였다. 이 연구는 Lee와 Lee(2014) 연구의 추수연구로 단위검사를 대상으로 bi-factor 다차원 문항반응모형을 적용한 IRT "진점수" 동등화 절차를 제안하고, 그 적용 가능성을 실제 자료를 이용하여 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 단위검사로 구성된 대규모 독해 검사 자료를 이용하여, 2모수 로지스틱 모형(2-parameter logistic model: 2PL), 등급반응모형(graded response model: GRM), 단위검사모형(testlet response model: TRM), bi-factor 모형(bi-factor model: BFM)을 적용하였으며, 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화를 시행하여 총 8개의 동등화 방법을 적용하고, 산출된 결과를 동백분위 동등화 결과와 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 2PL과 BFM을 적용한 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화는 유사한 결과를 산출하였으며, GRM을 적용한 관찰점수 및 진점수 동등화 방법은 다른 방법들과 다소 차이를 보이는 결과를 산출하였고, 비교 기준이 된 동백분위 동등화 결과와 보다 유사한 결과를 보였다.

운동에너지 탄에 따른 전투시스템 내의 순간화재발생에 대한 해석적 연구

이승철(Lee Seung-Chul),전우철(Jeon Woo-Chul),이해평(Lee Hae-Pyeong),이헌주(Lee Heon-Joo),이창현(Lee Chang-Hyun) 제어로봇시스템학회 2012 제어로봇시스템학회 합동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.7

본 연구는 외부 위협탄에 의한 전투시스템의 취약성을 분석하기 위한 선행연구로써, 운동에너지 탄의 종류에 따른 가상의 전투차량 내부에 적재포탄에서 순간화재발생 여부에 대한 전산해석을 수행하였다. 본 해석은 Autodyn 프로그램을 사용하였으며 순간화재발생을 판단하기 위해 Lee-Tarver ignition and growth model을 이용하였다. 본 계산에서 운동에너지 탄은 type A와 type B 두 가지로 설정하였고, 고폭탄은 COMPB, TNT 및 PBX9404를 설정하였다. 전산해석 결과, 고폭탄의 재질이 TNT와 PBX9404가 COMPB 재질보다 순간화재발생 확률이 상당히 높음을 알 수 있고 type B의 운동에너지 탄이 type A 보다 순간화재발생 확률이 다소 높음을 알 수 있었다.