Metagenomic Analysis of Fungal Communities Inhabiting the Fairy Ring Zone of Tricholoma matsutake

( Miae Kim1 ),( Hyeok Jun Yoon ),( Young Hyun You ),( Ye Eun Kim ),( Ju Ri Woo ),( Yeong Gyo Seo ),( Gyeong Min Lee ),( Young Ja Kim ),( Won Sik Kong ),( Jong Guk Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.10

Tricholoma matsutake, an ectomycorrhiza that has mutual relationships with the rootlet of Pinus denisflora, forms a fruiting body that serves as a valuable food in Asia. However, the artificial culture of this fungus has not been successful. Soil fungi, including T. matsutake, coexist with many other microorganisms and plants; therefore, complex microbial communities have an influence on the fruiting body formation of T. matsutake. Here, we report on the structures of fungal communities associated with the fairy ring of T. matsutake through the pyrosequencing method. Soil samples were collected inside the fairy ring zone, in the fairy ring zone, and outside the fairy ring zone. A total of 37,125 sequencing reads were obtained and 728 to 1,962 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed in the sampling zones. The fairy ring zone had the lowest OTUs and the lowest fungal diversity of all sampling zones. The number of OTUs and fungal taxa inside and outside the fairy ring zone was, respectively, about 2 times and 1.5 times higher than the fairy ring. Taxonomic analysis showed that each sampling zone has different fungal communities. In particular, out of 209 genera total, 6 genera in the fairy ring zone, such as Hemimycena, were uniquely present and 31 genera, such as Mycena, Boletopsis, and Repetophragma, were specifically absent. The results of metagenomic analysis based on the pyrosequencing indicate a decrease of fungal communities in the fairy ring zone and changes of fungal communities depending on the fairy ring growth of T. matsutake.

공구형상이 칩유동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김경우,김우순,윤주식,채왕석,김동현 한국공작기계학회 2000 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2000 No.-

A new methodology is presented to evaluate material properties at high strain rates and high temperatures based on orthogonal metal cutting experiments and FEM simulations. Average strain rate and average temperature found in the deformation zone are computed and flow stress data at these conditions are modified until cutting forces calculated in simulations match those determined in experiments. Material properties obtained from this method were verified by additional metal cutting simulations. Derivation from cutting forces measured in experiments was less than 10%. The feasibility of tool design using FEM simulations is also demonstrated.

진공 승화법에 의한 금속 디티조네이트 화합물의 분리거동과 물질전달

金柱奉,朴東源,李成植 동아대학교 공과대학 부설 한국자원개발연구소 1985 硏究報告 Vol.9 No.1

The heating temperature, vacuum condensing point, velocity of sublimation and distance of diffusion were measured according to the change of vacuum degree of metal dithizonates by vacuum sublimation method. Mass transfer was studied with their diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient. Results obtained on the sublimatographic character of metal dithizonates are as follows; 1) t_(h)-V.C.P. graphs were obtained according to the heating temperature and change of vacuum degree and V.C.P. was increased according as vacuum degree is lower and heating temperature higher. 2) G-V.C.P. graphs obtained according to V.C.P. vs velocity of sublimation and velocity of sublimation was increased according as V.C.P. was higher. 3) The vapor pressure, velocity of sublimation and mass transfer coefficient of metal dithizonates are calculated by experimental data; P_(s)=kGⁿ k=0.63~0.80 n=0.12~0.23 _(r)P_(s)=k'Gⁿ' k'=0.43~0.83 n'=0.18~0.31.

活性炭에 의한 重金屬 시안化物 錯陰이온의 吸着特性

金柱奉,李成植,李來雨,孫晋彦 東亞大學校 1985 東亞論叢 Vol.22 No.1

It is the purpose of this study to investigate the possibility and mechanisms of complex formation for the removal of cyanide and toxic heavy metals from mining and electroplating industrial wastewater simultaneously. The adsorption forms of heavy metals from a synthesized wastecyanide water by activated carbon is discussed. Under the cyanide complexiation, mercury ion is adsorbed in the formation of complex anion as ?? and Hg(CN)₃, but zinc and cadmium are also as ?? and ?/?. The effects are established under the presence of ?? in the concentration range ?? mol/ℓto ?? mol/ℓand the presence of heavy metals.

잉여 정보와 발화-연결

김주식 동아대학교 인문과학대학 영어영문학과 1990 동아영어영문학 Vol.6 No.-

This study is an attempt to find a consistent way in which redundancy works in utterance-connections, and to show how the theory of speech acts interacts with that of redundancy and how the former can be reinforced or modified by the assistance of the latter. Semantic implication is an important one among many factors which act on utterance-connections. Mostly, what has been known as a formal coordination turns out to be a semantic subordination, and in a discourse participated in by different speakers, the same syntactic connecting indicators are used but found to belong to a different grammatical category. They are assumed to be 'adverbials'. These 'adverbials' are found to retain their inherent meanings when serving as utterarlce-connectors. Their meanings can be identified by their manifestation in various forms such as words, phrases or clauses. The yes-no question may have the semantic representation : 'X?(X(S)), where s is a sentence. 'Yes' and 'No' may be represented as : 'It is the case that' and 'It is not the case that', respectively, but pragmatically, the yes-nr) question can be responded to with any sentencr: form other than 'Yes' and 'No'. A statement, a command and even alternative question can induce a 'Yes' or 'No' response. A plain or blunt 'Yes' or 'No' may or may not be pragmatically appropriate according to the type of yes-no question it responds to. The type of yes-no question can be identified by the type of answer to it. In many cases, either 'Yes' or 'No' is suppressed. Language has a grrat amount of inherent redundancy inherently to protect itself from 'noise'. The redundancy a language has owes much to its strutures. Its structures function as a selfprotecting system since the occurren of items are restricted by structures and thus, structures produce redundanty. We sometimes are force in a certain situation to increase redlundancy by repetition of what has been said, or by an abundant, extra expression of entaillnent to persuade or to explain to the hearer. I assume that when, where, and how to reduce or increase redundacy depends on our communicative competence, and never on our linguistic competence. I propose that in performing an illocutionary act(not 'the primary illocutioilary act') of request for action, at loast four conditions are required, namely : Desire Condition(the speaker's desire for the act to be done by the hearer) ; Ability Condition(the hearer's willinlgness to do the act) ; and Reasonableness Condition(the speakr's reason for performing the act).

부상형 직파육묘방법에서 cell 크기에 따른 dibbling의 깊이가 담배 묘 생육에 미치는 영향

김영신,신주식,백기현,배길관 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 2001 煙草硏究 Vol.18 No.-

The objects of this study were to search ideal dibbling depth and cell size in direct-seeding improved float system. Percentage of dry cell was high in dibbling depth of 0.0mm and 7.5mm in every cell size. Dibbling treatment increased the seed germination rate. Germination power of the 128 cell was high in dibbling depth of 15.0mm or more, and that of the 162 cell and 200 cell was high in the depth of 12.5mm or more. Rate of usable plant of the 128 cell was high in dibbling depth of 15.0mm, and that of the 162 cell and 200 cell was high in the depth of 12.5mm. Compaction and low oxygen levels of media by deeper dibbling depth contribute significantly to spiral root. According to the interacting results of the treatments, dibbling depth of 15mm in 128 cell and that of 12.5mm in 162 cell and 200 cell were recommended to get high seed germination rate and good seedling growth.

GLASS/UP系 複合材料의 破壞에 미치는 NOTCH平徑의 影響

김귀식,박경석,오맹종,김주봉 濟州大學校工科大學附屬産業技術硏究所 1992 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.3 No.-

This study is investigated by experimental method and FEM about the effect of notch root radious(ρ) on the fracture of GFRP. The smaller ρshowed the fracture behavior which was mainly caused by the propagation of the stable crack, but the fracture behavior in the larger ρwas mainly caused by the spread of damage. The experimental value of the nominal stress could be estimated by FEM simulation and the load-displacement curve could also be drawn. According to the results simulated damage zone by FEM, as the ρis smaller, the damage begin at low stress.

중년 여성의 운동참여 종목간 신체구성 및 생활습관의 비교

김기진,안동찬,박주식,홍창배 啓明大學校 生活科學硏究所 2005 科學論集 Vol.31 No.-

This study was performed the comparison of body composition and lifestyle following to participating exercise events in middle-aged women. Subjects were divided to five groups by participating exercise events as non-exercise, swimming, running, aerobic dance, weight training. Abdominal circumferences showed a higher values in aerobic dance group and non-exercise group, and thigh circumference showed the highest values in aerobic dance group among groups. But skinfold thickness showed no significant differences among groups. Non-exercise group showed the lowest values of muscular volume amng groups. Lifestyle including general habits, recognition of obesity, and participating of regular exercise showed the difference between exercise and non-eercise groups. A most subjects could not satisfied the individual healthy status and body style, but have been interesting in obesity and healthful life. Although they have been performing a various exercise program for the prevention of obesity, they could not maintain the optimal body composition. Main reasons of these negative problems were suggested the irregular diet habit and negative lifestyle.

최소 구성의 TCM 부호기 설계

김민호,정주수,변건식 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1996 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.4 No.1

In this paper we study trellis-coded modulation(TCM), used for data communication and sateliite communication with the purpose of gaining noise immunity over uncode transmission without altering the data rate. We design encoder followed by TCM design rule which increase the Ungerboeck's minimum intra-set distance, design the encoder of Calderbank and Mazo's analytical method followed by encode design rule with Turgeon's minimal complexity, converting to the Ungerboeck's encoder, and estimate the performance of two systems. Also, we estimate the performance with biterror rate of uncoded QPSK, coded TCM-8PSK and minimal complexity TCM-8PSK.

아마추어 복싱선수들의 경쟁불안과 자기효능감이 경기력에 미치는 영향

김진표,김주영,최근식 용인대학교 2011 용인대학교 논문집 Vol.29 No.-

This study has its significance in offering useful basic data for improving amateur boxers' athletic performance by examining which influence the amateur boxers' competition anxiety and self-efficacy have upon athletic performance and by closely examining influence between independent variable and dependent variable. The subjects of this study were 160 players who participated in 「The 64th National Championships & 2011 National Representative Contest」, which was opened at Hongcheon gymnasium in Gangwon-do Province in December 2010. Samples were extracted by using Convenience Sampling Method. A survey tool was used questionnaire. In other words, the construction index was formed with competition anxiety, self-efficacy, athletic performance, and research subjects' demographic characteristic factors. Frequency analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis of using multiple regression analysis were carried out by utilizing SPSS 15.0ver. The following are the results that were elicited in this study on the basis of the results in research method and data analysis as the above. First, the physical anxiety, which is sub-factor of competition anxiety, was indicated to have significant influence. Cognitive anxiety was indicated to have no influence. Second, exercise efficacy, which is sub-factor of self-efficacy, was indicated to have significant influence. Social efficacy was indicated to have no influence. Third, competition anxiety and self-efficacy were indicated to have direct influence upon athletic performance. Synthesizing these findings, the competition anxiety and self-efficacy were directly strengthening athletic performance. These independent variables can be confirmed to be very important variables immanent in amateur boxers' athletic performance.