흄의 인과 개념과 과학적 설명

최현철 중앙대학교 중앙철학연구소 2006 철학탐구 Vol.20 No.-

이 글의 목적은 흄의 인과개념과 현대 과학적 설명이론의 관계를 연구하는 것이다. 이 목적을 위해 흄의 인과정의를 둘러싼 철학적 입장들을 규칙적 해석과 필연적 해석으로 구분하고 과학적 설명이 두 해석과 어떻게 연관하여 전개되었는지를 비판적으로 검토한다. 흄에게 있어 인과의 경험적 분석인 인과개념 C_(1)은 항상적 연접으로 인과의 가장 본질적인 요소가 된다. 반면 흄의 또 다른 인과 정의는 반사실적 조건에 따른 양상적 입장에서 인과관계를 규정한다. 그리고 인과의 반사실적 조건 분석인 인과 개념 C_(2)는 원인과 결과가 필연적으로 결속되어있다는 필연적 해석의 토대가 된다. 우선 인과의 강한 규칙적 해석에서 헴펠의 설명모델을 비판적으로 검토된다. 그리고 헴펠의 설명 모델을 둘러싼 비판과 반례들은 하나같이 인과의 규칙적 해석의 한계와 맞물려 있다. 반면 인과의 필연성을 확보하려는 또 하나의 시도는 루이스가 주장하는 인과의 반사실적 이론이다. 루이스는 어떤 한 사건을 설명한다는 것이 그것의 지닌 인과적 역사에 대한 어떤 정보를 제공한다는 인과적 설명을 주장한다. 그렇지만 루이스의 인과이론은 늦은 선점의 문제에 봉착함으로 좌초하게 된다. 결론적으로 필자는 인과 실재론적 설명이 설명의 유관성 과정을 유의미하게 만든다고 전망하고 있다. The purpose of this paper is aimed at studying the relationships between Hume's causation conception and modern scientific explanation theory. For this object there are two interpretations regarding how developed critically modern scientific explanation theory based on classifying regular and necessary interpretation of philosophical positions surrounded by Hume's definition of causation. According to Hume, Constant conjunction by the causal conception C_(1) is the essential element of causation. Also the other definition of causation in Hume is construed as modal relationship following counter-factual condition between causation and resulting events, it is possible to have the basis of necessary interpretation so that causal conception C_(2), the analysis of counter-factual condition in causation. I investigated critically Hempel's explanation model on the strongly regular interpretation of causation. And I would like to debate that the criticism and anti-instance surrounding Hempel's explanation model are all the same encountered with the limit of regular interpretation in causation. But One attempt to insure causal necessity that Lewis argued is counter-factual theory of causation. Lewis argued that explaining a certain event could provide an information with causal history having its information in causal explanation. But Lewis's causal theory drove the ship on the rocks encountering the problem of late preemption. In conclusion, I look out this thesis that the realistic explanation of causation make a sense for the being relevance of explanation.

木浦圈 金融制度의 發展過程에 관한 硏究

최만규,김철현 木浦大學校 福祉社會硏究所 1998 福祉社會硏究 Vol.1 No.-

A monetary company is an economic unit to create financial capital and to lend capital in case of necessity for various fields of industry. But this regional community is not provided with the circulating system of internal development because of the low income level, the meagemess of industrial system, and backwardness of financial capital. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to suggest some of the device to improve those problems by inspecting the cause relevant to developing process of financial system in Mokpo region after we generally survey of developing process of financial system in korea. The problems of financial system in Mokpo region are as follows : First, although the banking agencies of this region increase very much in number. The deposit is continuously on the decrease. This reflests backwardness of objec-economy and the weak realities of financial market in this region. Second, it suggests that the environmental condition of this regional economy trying to increase income of local people reflects unchangeability for almost eightneen years. The devices to activate financial industry of this region are as follows : First, above all, the functional nomalization of local banks based on this regional economy should be realized as soon as possible. Second, The external flow of financial capital must be prevented by rein-forcing independence of monetary company in this region. Third, the scale and the distribution of policy finance should be rationlly adjusted to harmonize with this regional condition.

木花 收量構成形質의 遺傳分析

崔周浩,李信雨,全鉉植,李喆浩 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2005 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.18 No.-

2001년부터 2003년까지 木花 10개 品種을 二面交配하여 얻은 F_(1), F_(2) 45개 組合을 재료로 生育形質의 交配集團에 따른 遺傳分析한 結果를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 각 형질에 대한 분산분석 결과는 전형질에서 고도의 유의성을 나타내었다. 2. 유전자의 상가적효과의 값은 우성효과의 값보다 높게 나타났고, F_(1)세대의 株當□數에서 가장 높았으며, 百粒重은 F_(2)세대에서 오히려 높아 세대간에는 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 3. 유전력은 섬유장을 제외한 전 형질에서 0,80이상으로 평가되었고, 그 중 섬도는 F_(1)세대에서 0.97로 조사된 형질 중 가장 높았다. The quantitative inheritance of some yield characters in Gosyium spp was carried out by means of a 10×10 diallel cross. This study was genetically analyzed through diallel cross population among 10 different cultivars of cotton (Gosyium spp) at an experimental field in Jinju National University. According to research from April 2001 to December 2003, the results of genetic analysis were summarized as follow: 1. The high significance was observed from the genetic variance analysis in the all examined characters. 2. In the component of genetic variance analysis, additive effects were relatively higher than dominant effects. The number of boll in F_(1) generation was higher than F_(2), whereas no significant difference was seen in the dominance degree and gene arrangement between F_(1) and F_(2) generations because 100 seeds weight in F_(2) generation was much higher F_(1). 3. The progeny of F_(1) heritability was found to exceed a suggested minimum of 0.80 excepting fiber length. The heritability of F_(1) in fiber fineness was 0.97 relatively higher than other all examined characters.

건강인에서 결핵균 30-kDa항원이 말초혈액 임파구증식에 미치는 영향

최대경,고석신,김화중,조은경,백태현,신철식 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.1

T lymphocytes are thought to play a central role in cell mediated immune response. To Study the T lymphocyte proliferative response to 30-kDa antigen purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from healthy subjects were stimulated with the 30kDa antigen, crude antigen or PHA. Healthy subjects were divided into three groups so that PPD(+), PPD(±) and PPD(-). The proliferations of lymphocytes were measured by the incroporation of ^3H-thyrnidine. The results were summarized as follows: 1. For the PPD(+) person, at concentration of < 1 ㎍/ml, the proliferative response to 30-kDa antigen resulted in a mild reduction but crude antigen showed relatively rapid reduction. For the PPD(-) person, decreasing the concentration of the both antigens showed rapid reduction of proliferation 2. The lymphocytes proliferations to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen were significantly increased in PPD(+) group when compared to those in PPD(-) group, but PHA response was no significant difference. 3. The sensitivity and specificity of lymphocyte proliferation assay to 30-kDa antigen and crude antigen when compared with skin test results were 92.3%, 100% and 76.9%, 50%, respectively.

ICMP 프로토콜을 사용하는 네트워크 침입의 탐지 구현

최선철,차현철 동양대학교 2001 동양대학교 논문집 Vol.7 No.1

This paper purposes to give experimental tests of network mapping and Smurf Attack, which is one of the typical intrusion patterns in denial of services using ICMP protocol, and also purposes to detect the intrusion with NFRⓡ. The ICMP echo request packet with broadcast address makes many hosts on the target network to bring back lots of echo replies to it.These packets are all captured by NFRⓡ.The intrusion-detection backend with N-Codes detects all the intrusion packets.These facts show the possibility of preventing illegal users from intruding upon network systems.

관개수질을 고려한 시비가 벼의 생산성과 농업환경에 미치는 영향

엄미정,박현철,김갑철,류정,최정식 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.1

관개수 수질을 고려한 감비가 벼의 생산성과 농업환경에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과는 다음 과 같다. 시험에 사용된 관개수의 질소, 인, 칼륨의 평균함량은 각각 6.16, 0.26, 9.37 ㎎/L 이 었고, 유입된 영양염류가 논을 통과하면서 농도가 감소되어 유출수의 성분은 유입된 관개수 보다는 낮은 농도를 보였으며, 논 표면수와 침출수의 농도는 시비량과 시비시기에 따라 변 화하였다. 토양검정 50% 시비구에서는 질소의 공급량과 소비량간의 차이가 0.14㎏/ha으로 나타나 양분수지면에서 균형을 이룬 반면, 농가관행시비구에서는 그 차이가 95.3㎏/ha로 나 타났다. 농가관행시비구에 비해 토양검정시비구와 토양검정50% 시비구는 등숙률, 천립중, 도정특성, 등이 우수하여 완전미수량에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 시비량이 적을수록 단 백질 함량이 또한 적어 기계적인 식미치가 높게 나타나 품질에서 우수하였다. 시비효율에서 는 토양검정50% 처리에서 시비된 성분이 수량에 기여하는 비율이 높아서 시비이용과 효율 면에서 우수한 결과를 보였다. 이상과 같이, 관개수에 포함된 영양물질을 작물의 생육에 이 용함으로서, 농업용수의 수자원 이용효율을 높이는 동시에, 비료 절감효과와 생산량 증대의 가능성을 검토할 수 있었다. Table 11.Physicochemical properities and paratability of milled rice in the different fertilization ▷표삽입◁ (원문을 참조하세요) This study was conducted to investigate the effect on agricultural environment and crop productivity by different amount of applied fertilizer in consideration of irrigation water quality. N, P and K contents of irrigation water used in this eqdment were 6.16, 0.26 and 9.37 ㎎/L, reqecthly. N, P and K Concentrations of runoff water were lower than those of inflow water during rice cultivation. N, P and K Concentrations of ponded and percolated water were changed according to the amount and time of applied fertilization. During rice cultivation in paddy soil, nitrogen balance was closed to 0 in STF 50% (50% level of sail testing fertilizaton), 0.14 ㎏/ha, but it was 95.3 ㎏/ha in CF (conventional fertilization) treatment in STF 50% and STF (sail testing fertilization) treatment, yield of perfect rice was not greatly different as compared with CF treatment, due to the superiority of ripening rate, 1,000 grains weight and milling characteristics. Mechanical paratability of rice was excellent in NF (non fertilization) treatment, STF 50% treatment showed higher in nutrient availabiilty and fertilizers use efficiency than other treatments.

자연관광지 가로환경물의 색채조화방법에 관한 고찰 : 경기북부지역을 중심으로

최명식,박현철 경희대학교 디자인연구원 2005 예술· 디자인학연구 Vol.8 No.2

This research aims to lay a course for the reformation of the increasingly disorderly and unoriginal designs of environmental objects on the streets of tourist resort and to develop an environmentally friendly color scheme that has a unique identity. In order to do this, the street environments and color schemes of two of northern Gyeonggi-do's most popular tourist spots, the Sanjeong Lake in Pocheon and the Morning Arboretum & Plant Art Center at Kapyeong were sampled and analyzed. Color scheme gauging was done by first taking pictures with a digital camera (Canon EOS D60). Then, using Adobe Photoshop 8.0, the image was taken through a process of Filter/Pixelate/Mosaic (cell size: 10 squares) in order to find the standard color and RGB values of the sampled area, and then composed a 20mm×40mm color scheme pallete based on values. Through this palette it was clear where the color characteristics originated from. The RGB value of the entire palette was Munsell converted in the program CMC Macbeth (Munsell Conversion Version 6.5.1). Through the converted color chart the colors, clarity and brightness could be compared, and the range of colors that would go well with the intended color scheme could be analyzed. A color scheme plan, converted into a NCS Color triangle and color ring according to the principles of color harmony for aesthetic function, was then proposed. Finally the color characteristics of street furniture in environmental areas were analyzed based on this data. The principles of color harmony in street furniture were found and standards were given with this data as a foundation. Additionally, a regional identity based on this color harmony through this kind of color analysis must be established, along with research regarding the materials and styles of street furniture when phasing in these color schemes.

열화콘크리트 폐기물의 재생시멘트 활용방안에 관한 기초적 연구

최현수,안재철,강병희 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2(구조계)

The purpose of this study is development of technique to use cementitious powder as recycle cement produced from deteriorated Concrete waste which has a large quantity of calcium carbonate. Therefore, after having theoretical consideration based on the properties of high-heated concrete and concerning about neutralization of Concrete, we analysis chemical properties of ingredients of cementitious powder. After making origin cement paste, then processing the accelarated carbonation, we consider the properties of hydration and chemical properties of cementitious powder under various temperature conditions. As a result of the thermal analysis, the CaCO₃content of cementitious powder would affect decision of heat temperature to recover its hydrated ability because CaCO₃content is increased when neutralization is progressed. And as a result of XRD analysis, in case of origin powder of non-neutralized paste, CaO peak is found at 700℃. but, heat temperature to generate CaO would increase when the content of neutralized ingredients is increased. Finally, recycle cement heated at 700℃ shows the best compressive strength when the content of neutralized ingredients in recycle cement is less then 50%. However, it would be quite difficult to manage quality of recycle cement according to recycling points of various concrete waste.

한국 연안 퇴적물에서 ^137Cs, ^90Sr 및 Pu 동위원소의 분포

최석원,진현국,김철수,노정환,김창규,노병환 대한방사선 방어학회 2002 방사선방어학회지 Vol.27 No.2

한국 주변 연안 15개 정점의 퇴적물(0∼20 cm)에서 ^137Cs, ^90Sr, ^239+240Pu 의 농도와 농도비를 조사했다. ^137Cs, ^90Sr, ^238Pu 및^239+240Pu의 평균 방사능 농도는 각각 2.24±0.79 Bq·kg^-1-dry, 0.20±0.04 Bq·kg^-1-dry, 0.009±0.005 Bq·kg^-1-dry 및 0.27±0.17 Bq·kg^-1-dry이다. ^137Cs/^90Sr, ^239+240Pu/^137Cs 및 ^238Pu/229+240Pu의 평균 농도 비와 ^239Pu/240의 평균 원자 비는 각각 11.2±2.9, 0.123±0.053, 0.033±0.01 및 0.218±0.036이다. 퇴적물에서 핵종의 농도 범위와 핵종간의 농도 비는 그 동안 주변국가의 퇴적물에서 조사한 값과 비슷하였다. 퇴적물에서 ^137Cs과 ^239+240Pu의 상관계수는 0.80이다. ^137Cs과 SOM, ^239+240Pu과 점토 함량과의 상관계수는 각각 0.69, 0.67 이다. The concentrations and activity ratios of ^137Cs, ^90Sr, ^238Pu and ^239+240Pu in sediment(0∼20 cm) at 15 coastal stations of Korea were determined. The mean concentrations of ^137Cs, ^90Sr, ^238Pu and ^239+240Pu are 2.24±0.79 Bq·kg^-1-dry, 0.20±0.04 Bq·kg^-1-dry, 0.009±0.005 Bq·kg^-1-dry and 0.27±0.17 Bq·kg^-1-dry, respectively. The mean activity ratios of ^137Cs/^90Sr, ^239+240Pu/^137Cs and ^238Pu/^229+240Pu and atomic ratio of ^240Pu/^239Pu are 11.2±2.9, 0.123±0.053 and 0.033±0.017 and 0.218±0.036, respectively. The concentrations and activity ratios in sediment samples are similar to those reported from neighbouring country in the northern hemisphere. The correlation coefficient of ^137Cs and ^239+240Pu is 0.80. The correlation coefficient of ^137Cs and soil organic matter(SOM), and ^239+240Pu and clay content are 0.69 and 0.67, respectively.

산청군 산림지가 형성요인에 관한 연구

권철현,이상태,신현철,최재채,정영관 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2003 농업생명과학연구 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구는 산청군 남부와 북부지역 361개소의 공시지가와 일반시가에 대하여 분석하였다. 지가 형성요인에 대하여 단계별 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 남부지역에 대한 공시지가와 관련된 5변수 모형에 의한 추정식은 Y = 332.1973 +0.0099X_26 - 0.3577 X_8+ 0.0291X_24 - 2.6768X_2 - 26.1452X_3 이며, 회귀식에 대한 설명력은 90%로 높게 나타났으며, 일반시가에 대한 추정식은 Y = 1035.7976 -185.8280X_21 -3.3937X_1 + 405.6658X_19 -0.4703X_8 이며, 추정식에 대한 설명력은 92%롤 비교적 높게 나타났다. 북부지역에 대한 지가 형성요인에 의한 공시지가 추정모형은 Y = 176.7875 + 0.0205X_25 -0.1168X_8 + 0.0015X_26 -46.3447X_21 로 추정되었으며, 회귀식에 대한 설명력은 96%, 일반시가의 추정 모형은 Y = 203.0697 + 0.0430X_25 + 0.0027X_26 -28.8276X_4 -46.7856X_21 -0.0007X_23 으로 추정되었으며, 회귀식에 대한 설명력은 90%로 나타났다. 이상과 같이 접근요인은 부의 영향을, 그 외 다른 요인들은 지가에 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. This study was carried out to analyze the publicly announced land price and actual land price compared to the northern and southern region of 361 forest land place in Sanchung county. To decipher factors for making forest land price it used the stepwise regression analysis. And the result of analysis are followings; Y = 332.1973 +0.0099X_26 - 0.3577 X_8+ 0.0291X_24 - 2.6768X_2 - 26.1452X_3 (R^2=90%) and the estimation equation of actual price analyze the publicly announced and actual price compared to the northern and southern regions of Sanchung county of price was obtained as Y = 1035.7976 -185.8280X_21 -3.3937X_1 + 405.6658X_19 -0.4703X_8(R^2=92%). In the northern region, the estimation equation of publicly announced land price by the factors for making forest land price was obtained Y = 176.7875 + 0.0205X_25 -0.1168X_8 + 0.0015X_26 -46.3447X_21(R^2=96%) and the estimation equation of actual price was obtained as Y = 203.0697 + 0.0430X_25 + 0.0027X_26 -28.8276X_4 -46.7856X_21 -0.0007X_23(R^2=90%). In the result of the stepwise regression analysis, it was a showed negative effect of the proximity factor and the positive effect between others factor and land price.