太谿穴의 臨床 活用에 대한 文獻考察

구성태,송문영,강정묵,김용명,박보라,이은석,홍정아,김경식,손인철 한국전통의학연구소 2003 한국전통의학지 Vol.13 No.1

Literally, the mean of Tae-gye is highest brook. And on the basis of the acupuncture theory, Tae-gye point is the Soo earth point and source point of the Kidney Channel as well. In addition, Tae-gye point is one of the Yang-Returning Nine points. We were trying to study bibliographically on the Tae-gye point because Tae-gye point can be used very broadly across the symptoms in the theoretical aspect described above. As a results, we found out that according to the classical books of acupuncture, Tae-gye point is entering point of the Meridian Water as a source point and can be used at both Kidney-Sufficient Syndrom and Kidney-Deficient Syndrom. And Tae-gye can be applied to the disease of kidney or bladder that is urogenital symtoms, Also, Tae-gye is an useful option of tooth-ache, asthma, indigestion, constipation, edema etc whose cause is related with decrease of Kidney ki.

전국 10개 종합병원 중환자실 환자의 직장내 Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci(VRE) 보균율, 보균의 위험요인 및 유전적 다양성 조사

정희진,송준영,엄중식,김우주,최선주,최정현,이혁,정문현,이광미,신동현,손보라,최종성,우흥정,권정아,이경원,최강원,박승철 대한감염학회 2002 감염 Vol.34 No.5

Retinyl retinoate as cosmetic anti-aging ingredients: new hybrid retinoid derivatives

( Hyo Jung Kim ),( Soo Jong Um ),( Sung Ku Ahn ),( Nam Soo Kim ),( Seung Joo Kang ),( Jong Gu Kang ),( Bo Ra Kim ),( Jin Eun Kim ),( Gae Jong Lee ),( Hyuk Kim ),( Joo Dong Lee ),( Hee Chang Ryoo ),( H 한국피부장벽학회 2008 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Retinoids (vitamin A and vitamin A derivatives), such as retinol (ROL) and retinoic acid (RA), have received a great deal of attention by the cosmetics industry for their use as anti-wrinkle agents. However, neither RA nor ROL are widely used due to skin irritation and poor photostability, respectively. For this reason, safety and photo-stability have been important issues for the continued development of RA or ROL derivatives. To improve the photo-stability of retinol, a new hybrid, retinyl retinoate, was synthesized with a condensing reaction to form an ester bond between ROL (which has a hydroxyl end group) and RA (which has a carboxyl end group); the biological activity of the hybrid was also analyzed. Retinyl retinoate, a novel hybrid derivative, has better chemical stability, reduced skin irritant properties, and higher skin regeneration activity than either ROL or RA alone, and is thus a promising anti-wrinkle agent.

Lactoferrin Combined with Retinoic Acid Stimulates B1 Cells to Express IgA Isotype and Gut-homing Molecules

Kang, Seong-Ho,Jin, Bo-Ra,Kim, Hyeon-Jin,Seo, Goo-Young,Jang, Young-Saeng,Kim, Sun-Jin,An, Sun-Jin,Park, Seok-Rae,Kim, Woan-Sub,Kim, Pyeung-Hyeun The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2015 Immune Network Vol.15 No.1

It is well established that TGF-${\beta}1$ and retinoic acid (RA) cause IgA isotype switching in mice. We recently found that lactoferrin (LF) also has an activity of IgA isotype switching in spleen B cells. The present study explored the effect of LF on the Ig production by mouse peritoneal B cells. LF, like TGF-${\beta}1$, substantially increased IgA production in peritoneal B1 cells but little in peritoneal B2 cells. In contrast, LF increased IgG2b production in peritoneal B2 cells much more strongly than in peritoneal B1 cells. LF in combination with RA further enhanced the IgA production and, interestingly, this enhancement was restricted to IgA isotype and B1 cells. Similarly, the combination of the two molecules also led to expression of gut homing molecules ${\alpha}4{\beta}7$ and CCR9 on peritoneal B1 cells, but not on peritoneal B2 cells. Thus, these results indicate that LF and RA can contribute to gut IgA response through stimulating IgA isotype switching and expression of gut-homing molecules in peritoneal B1 cells.

A Primer on Korean Antitrust Law

( Bo Ra Kang ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2008 Korea University Law Review Vol.3 No.-

Evaluation of synbiotics as gut health improvement agents against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from the pig

( Bo-ra Kim ),( Kyung Jin Cho ),( Doowan Kim ),( Jin Ho Cho ),( Jun Hyung Lee ),( Robin B. Guevarra ),( Sun Hee Lee ),( Jung Sun Kang ),( Won Tak Cho ),( Suphot Wattanaphansak ),( Bit Na Kang ),( Jong 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.2

Colibacillosis is one of the major health problems in young piglets resulting in poor health and death caused by Escherichia coli producing F18 pili and Shiga toxin 2e. It is pivotal to reduce colibacillosis in weaned piglets to enhance production performance. In this study, we evaluated synbiotics as the gut health improvement agents in the mouse model challenged with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolated from piglets. Prebiotic lactulose was formulated with each 5.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL of Pediococcus acidilactici GB-U15, Lactobacillus plantarum GB-U17, and Lactobacillus plantarum GB 1-3 to produce 3 combinations of synbiotics. A total of 40 three weeks old BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10): a control group and 3 synbiotics treated groups. Each treatment groups were daily administrated with 5.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL of one synbiotics for the first week, and every 3 days during the second week. All the mice were challenged with 8.0 × 10⁸ CFU/mL of STEC 5 days after animals began to receive synbiotics. Mice treated with synbiotics based on Pediococcus acidilactici GBU15 and Lactobacillus plantarum GB-U17 significantly improved daily weight gain compared to mice in other groups. While mice treated with GB-U15 showed better fecal index, no significant differences were observed among groups. Gross lesion and histopathological evaluations showed that mice treated with GB-U15 moderately improved recovery from STEC infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that the synbiotics formulated with lactulose and Pediococcus acidilactici GB-U15 have potential benefits to prevent and improve colibacillosis in weaned piglets.

Upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injuries using manual wheelchairs

Bo Ra Kang,Dong Hee Cho,Han Seung Kim,Si-Nae Ahn 물리치료재활과학회 2019 Physical therapy rehabilitation science Vol.8 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical features, strength, function, and upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during rehabilitation of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The degree and frequency of upper extremity musculoskeletal pain were measured in persons with spinal cord injuries using manual wheelchairs with the use of questionnaires. The pain scores of the hand, wrist, and shoulder joints were calculated by multiplying the seriousness and frequency of pain. We collected data on the manual muscle test, Spinal Cord Independent Measure-III, and the Body Mass Index. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results: A total of 47 patients participated in this study and the neurological level of the injuries ranged from C2 to S5. Pain in the shoulder joints was the most common in persons with tetraplegia and paraplegia. Pain was experienced as mild to moderate, and occurred one or more times a week. Of the 32 persons with paraplegia, the most common area of complaint was the shoulder. Of the 15 persons with paraplegia, the shoulder joints were the most common site of pain. The independence levels of the persons with spinal cord injuries were highly correlated to muscle strength levels (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study investigated upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during rehabilitation of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries and the relationship between physical features, strength, and function. In most persons with spinal cord injuries, pain and frequency of shoulder joints were high and pain levels were also related to functional levels.

Upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injuries using manual wheelchairs

Kang, Bo Ra,Cho, Dong Hee,Kim, Han Seung,Ahn, Si-Nae korean Academy of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation 2019 Physical therapy rehabilitation science Vol.8 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical features, strength, function, and upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during rehabilitation of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The degree and frequency of upper extremity musculoskeletal pain were measured in persons with spinal cord injuries using manual wheelchairs with the use of questionnaires. The pain scores of the hand, wrist, and shoulder joints were calculated by multiplying the seriousness and frequency of pain. We collected data on the manual muscle test, Spinal Cord Independent Measure-III, and the Body Mass Index. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: A total of 47 patients participated in this study and the neurological level of the injuries ranged from C2 to S5. Pain in the shoulder joints was the most common in persons with tetraplegia and paraplegia. Pain was experienced as mild to moderate, and occurred one or more times a week. Of the 32 persons with paraplegia, the most common area of complaint was the shoulder. Of the 15 persons with paraplegia, the shoulder joints were the most common site of pain. The independence levels of the persons with spinal cord injuries were highly correlated to muscle strength levels (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study investigated upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during rehabilitation of manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries and the relationship between physical features, strength, and function. In most persons with spinal cord injuries, pain and frequency of shoulder joints were high and pain levels were also related to functional levels.

포스코 거래거절 판례에 대한 연구

강보라 ( Bo Ra Kang ) 안암법학회 2010 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.32

Posco is a monopolistic supplier in the domestic hot rolled steel coil market. Hysco Co. Ltd-Posco`s competitor in the cold rolled steel sheet market-requested Posco to provide it with hot rolled steel coils, an essential material in producing cold rolled steel sheets. Posco declined the request. The KFTC found Posco`s refusal to supply Hysco Co. Ltd with hot rolled steel coil as constituting an obstruction of the competitor`s business activities that undermines competition in the market. In the end, the KFTC imposed corrective measures and a penalty surcharge on Posco. The Seoul High Court confirmed the KFTC`s decision. However, the Supreme Court quashed the decision, citing that regardless of Posco`s refusal to provide hot rolled steel coils, Hysco could produce cold rolled steel sheets by importing hot rolled steel coils from Japan. Furthermore, the court took note of the fact that Hysco earned a good profit, and therefore, there was no competition-restricting effect and no intent to restrict competition or eliminate competitors. This case has great significance that the Supreme Court clarified the criterion for the illegality of the dominant firm`s refusal to deal for the first time. The court held that the effect of restriction on the competition should be considered in determining whether the dominant firm`s refusal to deal constitutes the violation of the antitrust law. The court stated that refusal to deal is not presumed to be illegal just because the firm has dominant position. Therefore in order to prohibit the dominant firm`s conduct, the KFTC should establish not only that the company is in a market dominant position in having a market share exceeding a certain percentage(50% or more), but also that the alleged refusal to deal causes anti-competitive effect. Under the principle of freedom of contracts, the refusal itself is not in violation of the antitrust law. Only the `unreasonable` refusals are regarded as violating the MRFTA. However, there has been debates over what the `unreasonable` refusal means. The court declared that it is not sufficient to determine abuse of a market power on the bases that a specific competitor has some difficulties to manage its business activities or suffers from disadvantages because of the refusal. The court stated that when distinguishing abuses of dominant power from unfair practices, the former would require anti-competitiveness while simple unfairness of means would be enough for the latter. Therefore, to satisfy the `unreasonable` requirement in determining abuse of a dominant position, the KFTC should prove anti-competitive effects that include price increase, output reduction, hampering innovation, eliminating important competitors etc. The decision, however, has some problems. The court said that the KFTC should prove the specific `intent` to monopolize and restrict competition. This is incompatible with the Korea antitrust law since we have no provision which stipulates `intent`. Even in the U.S., the motherland of intent requirement, the intent to restrict competition can be presumed only if dominant firm`s conduct causes anti-competitive effect today. Therefore, this should be reconsidered in the following cases. In addition, there are some problems regarding the definition of the relevant market. It is favorable that supply substitution as well as demand substitution should be considered in defining the relevant product market. Regarding geographical market, however, while the court admitted the possibility of foreign inflows, it limited the relevant market to the domestic area and did not expand the market to the international market. It deserves criticism.

신경인지재활치료가 불완전경수손상 환자의 손 기능 및 과제수행에 미치는 영향

강보라(Bo-Ra Kang),김미희(Mi-Hee Kim),안시내(Si-Nae Ahn) 한국인지운동치료협회 2018 한국신경인지재활치료학회지 Vol.10 No.1

목적: 본 연구는 손 기능 손상이 있는 불완전경수손상환자에게 신경인지재활치료를 적용하여 손 기능 및 과제수행에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 연구 대상자는 고양시에 소재하는 Y재활병원에 입원하여 치료받고 있는 환자로 불완전경수손상을 진단 받았으며, 실험의 내용을 이해하고 참여의사를 밝힌 자로 선정하였다. 본 연구에 참가한 대상자는 54세 남자로 C4/C4(s), C4/C4(m) incomplete tetraplegia ASIA-D을 진단받았다. 연구기간은 2017년 5월 1일부터 동년 6월 23일까지 진행되었으며, 8주 동안 주 5회 30분씩 총 40회기의 신경인지재활치료를 실시하였다. 결과: 본 연구의 결과 대상자의 감각기능은 light touch, pin-prick에서 양손 C6(엄지), C7(중지), C8(소지) 1점(impaired)에서 신경인지재활치료 후 오른손 light touch, pin-prick C6(엄지), C7(중지), C8(소지) 2점(normal)으로 향상되었다. 왼손은 초기와 비교하여 점수 변동은 없었다. 고유수용성감각에서는 치료 전 양손 엄지, 소지, 손목관절에서 1점(impaired)이었으나 치료 후 2점(normal)으로 향상되었다. 손 기능 평가인 루브 막대 검사 결과 치료 전 오른손 202초(수행 개수 25개, 떨어진 개수 2개)에서 치료 후 192초(수행 개수 25개, 떨어진 개수 0개)였으며, 왼손은 200초(수행 개수 25개, 떨어진 개수 1개)에서 168초(수행 개수 25개, 떨어진 개수 0개)로 양손모두 시간 단축 및 수행도 증가가 나타났다. 결론: 신경인지재활치료는 불완전경수손상 환자의 손의 감각 및 과제수행도의 향상에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of neurocognitive rehabilitation therapy on hand function and task performance of incomplete tetraplegia patients. Methods: The participations of this experiment were patients diagnosed with incomplete tetraplegia and were hospitalized at the Y rehabilitation hospital in Goyang city. They were selected after being explained the contents of the experiment and expressing their consent to participate. The participant was a 54 year old man diagnosed with C4/C4(s), C4/C4(m) incomplete tetraplegia ASIA-D on October 16th. The study period was from 2017. May 1 to Jun 23 of the same year. A total of 40 sessions of neurocognitive rehabilitation were given for 30 minutes per one session, 5 sessions per week during a period of 8 weeks. Results: In this study, after neurocognitive treatment, sensory function was found to have improved to two points of the right hand C6 C7, C8 from one hand C6, C7, C8 at light touch and pin-prick. There was no change found in the left hand. In the proprioceptive sense, there was 1 point (impaired) in the thumb and the little finger of both hands and wrist joint before treatment, but this improved to 2 points after the treatment. The results of the grooved pegboard test, which evaluated the hand function, were as follows. The right hand improved from 192 seconds (25 performed, 0 dropped) to 202 seconds (25 performed, 2 dropped) after the treatment, and the left hand improved from 168 seconds (25 performed, 0 dropped) to 200 seconds (25 performed, 1 dropped) after the treatment. Both hands showed a reduction in time and an increase in performance. Conclusion: Thus, neurocognitive rehabilitation therapy has been shown to improve the hand function and task performance of patients with incomplete tetraplegia.