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Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species on Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue
한창엽 대한당뇨병학회 2016 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.40 No.4
Obesity resulting from the delivery of an excess amount of energy to adipose tissue from glucose or free fatty acids is associated with insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as contributors to both the onset and the progression of insulin resistance. ROS can be generated by overloading the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, and also by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) produced by either adipocytes, which only produce NOX4, or by macrophages, which produce mainly NOX2. The source of the ROS might differ in the early, intermediate and late stages of obesity, switching from NOX4-dependence in the early phases to NOX2-dependence, in the intermediate phase, and transiting to mitochondria-dependence later in the time course of obesity. Thus, depending on the stage of obesity, ROS can be generated by three distinct mechanisms: i.e., NOX4, NOX2, and mitochondria. In this review, we will discuss whether NOX4-, NOX2-, and/or mitochondria-derived ROS is/are causal in the onset of adipocyte insulin resistance as obesity progresses. Moreover, we will review the pathophysiological roles of NOX4, NOX2, and mitochondria-derived ROS on adipose tissue inflammation.
Farnesoid X receptor as a regulator of fuel consumption and mitochondrial function
한창엽,김태현,Ja Hyun Koo,Sang Geon Kim 대한약학회 2016 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.39 No.8
Maintenance of energy homeostasis is crucial forsurvival of organism. There exists a close link betweenenergy metabolism and cell survival, which are coordinatelyregulated by common signaling pathways. FarnesoidX receptor (FXR) serves as a ligand-mediated transcriptionfactor to regulate diverse genes involved in bile acid, lipid,and glucose metabolism, controlling cellular and systemicenergy metabolism. Another important aspect on FXRbiology is related to its beneficial effect on cell survival. FXR exerts antioxidative and cytoprotective effect, whichis closely associated with the ability of FXR to regulatemitochondrial function. To maintain complex biologicalprocesses under homeostasis, FXR activity needs to bedynamically and tightly controlled by different signalingpathways and modifications. In this review, we discuss therole of FXR in the regulation of energy metabolism andcell survival, with the goal of understanding molecularbasis for FXR regulation in physiological and pathologicalconditions. This information may be of assistance inunderstanding recent advancements of FXR research andstrategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolicdisorders.
韓昌燁 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1990 韓國學論集 Vol.18 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to examine the social characteristic and the consciousness of author by taking notice of city life in 1930's described in Park, Tae-Won's Chunbyun Pungkyung. In the work, the anomie of social structure arisen from Japaness colonial policy was demonstrated, which is found culturally in the destruction of moral value and economically in the reification of sex. To grasp the consciousness of author toward the social situation, first of all I have examined implied author's psychic distance by classifing the character type and attempted the conscioussness of author toward the social regime by investigating the conflicting structure. On the basis of the consciousness of community and the norminative means, the character type was classified into conformist-type, ritualist-type, destructor-type, and innovator-type. Being related with the character type, the psychic distance is near in case of conformist-type and innovator-type, but is far in that of ritualist-type and destructor-type. The conflicting structure in this work is divided into two parts. One is a confrontation between the observance the haves and have-nots. In this work the former has been central while the latter has appeared faintly and symbolically, which is a reflection of the author's recognition toward the social system. The fact that complicated structure with conformity and moral value is strong while the economical conflict-structure with the conservativeness is weak is the reason why the author intends to find a solution to the social anomie is a permitted meaningful function. Therefore, Chunbyun Pungkyung is composed of the unique structure, namely, a mosaic structure of a short-story, and attempts an experimental technique that moves a point of view variously. But judging from the situation of the times, this novel is a conformable to the regime and belongs to passive category from the viewpoint of describing the distorted cultural phenomena and the restoration of moral.