Surgical removal of a telemetry system in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): a 12-month observation study

조두완,한형윤,양미진,우동호,한수철,양영수 한국실험동물학회 2021 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.37 No.4

Background Telemetry is a wireless implanted device that measures biological signals in conscious animals and usually requires surgery for its removal when the study is finished. After removing the device, the animals are either used for other studies or euthanatized. Case presentation Herein, we report the case of a living cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) that was used for the entire experimental period, instead of euthanasia, after surgical removal of an implanted telemetry system. Radiography was used to determine the status of the implanted telemetry, following which, a repair surgery was performed for removing the system; clinical signs were used to preserve the life of the cynomolgus monkey. Postoperative clinical signs, food consumption, hematology, and serum biochemistry were examined during the 12-month observational period. No abnormal readings or conditions were observed in the subject after implant removal. Conclusions This study may be a useful case report for living cynomolgus monkeys in telemetry implantations used throughout the study period. We suggest minimizing the suffering and improving the welfare of these animals.

Differential Cellular Tropism of Lentivirus and Adeno-Associated Virus in the Brain of Cynomolgus Monkey

안희영,조두완,이승은,양영수,한수철,이창준 한국뇌신경과학회 2016 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.25 No.1

Many researchers are using viruses to deliver genes of interest into the brains of laboratory animals. However, certain target brain cells are not easily infected by viruses. Moreover, the differential tropism of different viruses in monkey brain is not well established. We investigated the cellular tropism of lentivirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) toward neuron and glia in the brain of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascularis ). Lentivirus and AAV were injected into putamen of the monkey brain. One month after injection, monkeys were sacrificed, and then the presence of viral infection by expression of reporter fluorescence proteins was examined. Tissues were sectioned and stained with NeuN and GFAP antibodies for identifying neuronal cells or astrocytes, respectively, and viral reporter GFP-expressing cells were counted. We found that while lentivirus infected mostly astrocytes, AAV infected neurons at a higher rate than astrocytes. Moreover, astrocytes showed reactiveness when cells were infected by virus, likely due to virus-mediated neuroinflammation. The Sholl analysis was done to compare the hypertrophy of infected and uninfected astrocytes by virus. The lentivirus infected astrocytes showed negligible hypertrophy whereas AAV infected astrocytes showed significant changes in morphology, compared to uninfected astrocytes. In the brain of cynomolgus monkey, lentivirus shows tropism for astrocytes over neurons without much reactivity in astrocytes, whereas AAV shows tropism for neurons over glial cells with a significant reactivity in astrocytes. We conclude that AAV is best-suited for gene delivery to neurons, whereas lentivirus is the best choice for gene delivery to astrocytes in the brain of cynomolgus monkeys.

Claustral MeCP2 Regulates Methamphetamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Cynomolgus Monkey

배진희,안수진,조두완,김형선,한수철,임혜인 한국뇌신경과학회 2022 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.31 No.6

The claustrum, a brain nucleus located between the cortex and the striatum, has recently been highlighted in drug-related reward processing. Meth- yl CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2) is a transcriptional regulator that represses or activates the expression of the target gene and has been known to have an important role in the regulation of drug addiction in the dopaminergic reward system. The claustrum is an important region for regulat- ing reward processing where most neurons receive dopamine input; additionally, in this region, MeCP2 is also abundantly expressed. Therefore, here, we hypothesized that MeCP2 would be involved in drug addiction control in the Claustrum as well and investigated how claustral MeCP2 regulates drug addiction. To better understand the function of human claustral MeCP2, we established a non-human primate model of metham- phetamine (METH) - induced conditioned place preference (CPP). After a habituation of two days and conditioning of ten days, the CPP test was conducted for three days. Interestingly, we confirmed that virus-mediated overexpression of MECP2 in the claustrum showed a significant reduc- tion of METH-induced CPP in the three consecutive days during the testing period. Moreover, they showed a decrease in visit scores (frequency for visit) for the METH-paired room compared to the control group although the scores were statistically marginal. Taken together, we suggest that the claustrum is an important brain region associated with drug addiction, in which MeCP2 may function as a mediator in regulating the response to addictive drugs.

국내외 포 소화약제의 경향 및 유해물질 분석

한영주,정형근,조두완,정승기,표성욱 한국공업화학회 2016 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2016 No.1

현대 사회의 화재 양상은 건물의 대형화, 밀집화로 인하여 복합적인 화재의 성향을 갖고 있다. 국민안전처 통계에 따르면 최근 3년간 복합화재는 약 30%에 달하고 있으며, 최근 산업공단 및 전기를 사용하는 시설에서 화재가 빈번히 발생하여 많은 피해를 주고 있다. 복합화재의 경우 발화점이 비점보다 낮아 기존의 소화 설비로 소화를 한다고 해도 발화점 이상의 유온이기 때문에 재발화하여 완벽하게 화재를 진압할 수 없는 상황이다. 이러한 복합화재는 질식효과 또는 냉각효과 작용으로 소화를 하여야 하는데, 그 대표적인 방법이 포 소화설비를 이용하는 방법으로 물과 소화약제 화학물질을 일정비율로 혼합하여 화재에 방사하는 방법이다. 이때 사용하는 소화약제는 물외에 여러 화학약품을 혼합한 화학물질로써, 화재 진압시 가장 중요한 구성품 중의 하나이다. 하지만 화재 진압시 방사된 소화약제로 인하여 2차 오염이 우려되므로, 현재 시중에서 유통되는 국내외 소화약제 제품들에 사용되는 화학물질 종류 및 안전성에 대한 정보가 부족하다. 그래서 본 연구에서 포 소화약제에 사용되는 화학물질의 종류와 유해물질 분석을 진행하였다.

초등학교 실내환경에서 공기 중 세균과 진균의 분리 및 특성

김나영,김영란,김민규,조두완,김종설,Kim, Na-Yeong,Kim, Young-Ran,Kim, Min-Kyu,Cho, Du-Wan,Kim, Jong-Seol 한국미생물학회 2007 미생물학회지 Vol.43 No.3

울산 소재 초등학교 3곳의 교실과 복도에서, 배양가능한 공기중 세균과 진균의 농도를 조사하고, 이들 미생물을 분리한 후 동정하였다. 세균과 진균의 포집에는 충돌식 공기 채취기를 사용하였으며, 세균수와 진균수의 측정에는 각각 plate count agar와 dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar를 사용하였다. 학기 중 세균 농도는 교실에서 $168{\sim}3,887MPN/m^3$ 복도에서 $168{\sim}6,339MPN/m^3$의 범위였으며, 진균 농도는 교실에서 $34{\sim}389MPN/m^3$, 복도에서 $91{\sim}507MPN/m^3$의 범위로, 상황과 학교에 따른 측정값의 편차는 세균에서 진균보다 더 크게 나타났다. 분리한 세균의 84%는 그람양성으로 관찰되었는데, 전체 시험한 세균의 61%는 Micrococcus 속으로, 이중 75%는 M. luteus로 확인되었으며, Staphylococcus속은 전체의 10%수준이었다. Micrococcus 속의 주요 발생원은 사람으로 생각되며, 함유한 색소나 높은 세포벽 함량 등의 생리적 특징이 이들 세균의 공기중 생존력을 높이는 것으로 추측된다. 포집한 시료로부터 15속의 사상성 진균을 확인할 수 있었으며, Cladosporium 속, Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속 등이 분리한 진균의 69%를 차지하였다. 1개 학교의 교실에서는 Stachybotrys속이 검출되었는데, 이 속의 S. chartarum은 많은 진균독소를 생산하는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 독소생산과 관련이 깊은 Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속, Stachybotrys 속에 대한 종 수준에서의 동정, 분리한 진균의 독소생산능력, 공기중 진균독소 검출 및 진균 농도와의 상관관계 분석 등에 대한 보다 체계적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다. Indoor airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations were examined at classrooms and corridors of 3 elementary schools in Ulsan. Airborne microorganisms were collected with an impaction-type air sampler using plate count agar and dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar. During the semester, concentrations of bacteria ranged $168{\sim}3,887 MPN/m^3$ at classrooms and $168{\sim}6,339 MPN/m^3$ at corridors, while those of fungi ranged $34{\sim}389 MPN/m^3$ at classrooms and $91{\sim}507 MPN/m^3$ at corridors. The bacterial concentrations showed larger variations between situations and schools compared to those of fungi. When airborne bacteria were isolated and identified, 84% were observed as Gram-positive, and Micrococcus spp. was the most abundant group with 61% of tested isolates, followed by genus Staphylococcus with 10%. The Micrococcus spp. isolates, of which 75% were identified as M. luteus, appeared to be from human origins. The protective pigments and substantial cell wall of Micrococcus may provide selective advantage for their survival in the air. We also isolated and identified 15 genera of filamentous fungi. The most common culturable fungi were Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, and these 3 genera were 69% of fungal isolates. Genus Stachybotrys, of which S. chartarum is a well known producer of many potent mycotoxins, was also detected from one of the schools. further systematic studies are necessary with an emphasis on species identification and mycotoxin production of isolated fungal genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys.

Evaluation of absorbed dose in monkey and mouse using 18F-FDG PET and CT density information

김욱,이용진,박용성,조두완,이홍수,한수철,강주현,우상근 대한방사성의약품학회 2017 Journal of radiopharmaceuticals and molecular prob Vol.3 No.1

Patient-specific image-based internal dosimetry involves using the patient's individual anatomy and spatial distribution of radioactivity over time to obtain an absorbed dose calculation. Individual absorbed dose was calculated by accumulated activity multiply S-value of each organs. The aim of this study was to calculate the S-values using Monte Carlo simulation in monkey and mouse and evaluation of absorbed dose in each organ. Self-irradiation S-value of monkey heart self-irradiation was 3.15E-03 mGy-g/MBq-s, lung self-irradiation was 8.94E-04 mGy-g/MBq-s and liver self-irradiation S-value was 2.23E-03 mGy-g/MBq-s. Mouse heart selfirradiation S-value was 1.95E-01 mGy-g/MBq-s, lung was 9.59E-02 mGy-g/MBq-s, and liver was 1.40E-03 mGy-g/MBq-s. The results of this study show that the calculation protocol of image based individual absorbed dose of each organ using Monte Carlo simulation. Therefore, this study may be applied to calculate human specific absorbed dose. J Radiopharm Mol Probes 3(1):18-24, 2017