인공 도덕행위자(AMA)가 지닌 윤리적 한계

이향연 대동철학회 2021 大同哲學 Vol.95 No.-

본 연구는 최근 주목 받고 있는 AI에 적용 가능한 윤리적 접근법이 타당한지를 검토해 보고자 한다. 이러한 검토는 우선 AI가 과연 윤리적일 수 있는가 하는 근본적인 물음에서 부터 어떻게 기술적으로 AMA(인공 도덕행위자)를 구현 가능한가 하는 방법론의 검토를 동시에 요한다. 이는 다시 AMA가 과연 자율적인 개체로서 인식될 수 있는지에 대한 문제 와 지속적으로 논의되고 있는 AMA 관련 윤리적 접근법 또한 포함한다. 필자는 이와 관련 된 여러 논의들을 검토하고 각각의 논의들이 가진 특징 및 한계점을 분석하고자 한다. 이 러한 모든 검토들은 AMA의 근본적인 한계를 드러내려는 필자의 의도로 수렴된다. 필자는 근본적으로 AI가 자율적인 도덕행위자가 될 수 없고, 바로 이 때문에 어떤 이상적인 AMA 로도 AI가 가져올 수 있는 위험을 막을 수 없다고 주장한다. 필자는 이것이 한나 아렌트가 말한 ‘사유행위’와 같은 선상에서 비판 가능한 문제라고 생각하며 논의를 마무리 짓고자 한다. This research reviews some of the ethical approaches appliable to AI(Artificial Intelligence), whether they are valid. It starts from a fundamental question of AI could be an ethical being and, at the same time, requires the analysis of some methodology that tries to embody AMA(Artificial Moral Agent) technically. It also includes whether the AMA could be regarded as an autonomous individual and ethical approaches, being continuously discussed, regarding the AMA, covering both the characteristics and limitations of each discussion. It goes further to the genuine intention to uncover the fundamental limit of AMA. In this study, I argue that AI, fundamentally, cannot be an autonomous moral agent; thus, there is no ideal AMA possibly to prevent assumable dangers caused by AI. The conclusion of this study would be in the similar context of Arendt, H.’s: the argument in this study critiques AMA with her concept of thinking activity.

유도만능줄기세포 연구와 인과적 거리 논증 간의 관계에 관한 비판적 검토

이향연 인문사회 21 2019 인문사회 21 Vol.10 No.2

오늘날 배아줄기세포 연구의 정책의 기준이 되는 중간입장(middle-ground position)은 크게 이론적 절충안과 기술적 절충안으로 나눌 수 있다. 실질적인 정책의 기준이 되는 이러한 견해에 대한 윤리적 검토는 반드시 필요하다. 현재까지 알려진 배아줄기세포의 대안은 배아에 해를 끼치지 않는 기술과 배아와 유사한 인공물을 사용하는 기술, 그리고 현재 각광받고 있는 유도만능줄기세포(iPSC)로 나눌 수 있다. 필자가 보기에 이러한 기술적 절충안이 가진 한계는 인과적 거리 논증(causal distance argument)과 연관성이 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 기술로서 연구의 윤리적 문제를 해결하고자 하는 기술적 절충안에 대한 비판적 검토를 주요 목적으로 한다. 이러한 논의는 줄기세포 연구와 관련된 실질적인 정책에 효과적인 규제 방식과 올바른 윤리적 기준을 제공할 수 있을 것이다. The middle-ground position which plays a rule for the policies regarding Embryonic Stem Cell Research can be largely divided into two: the theoretical compromise and technical one. The ethical assessment for those opinions must be done as they will eventually be the standard for actual policies. We have met the alternatives for embryonic stem cell such as the technique that is not harmful to embryo, the technique that uses Embryo-Like Entities, and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC). However, it seems that the limitation which those compromises have comes from the, so-called, Causal Distance Argument. Especially, the main aim of this paper is at the critical reviewing the iPSC which has a relation to the Causal Distance Argument. Accordingly, this attempt could attribute to setting a proper ethical criteria and providing the actual policies regarding the research with adequate regulation.

님아

이향연 문예운동사 2024 문예운동 Vol.- No.161

문제중심학습(Problem-Based Learning)에 대한 중학교 과학교사들의 인식

이향연,최경희 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 2008 교과교육학연구 Vol.12 No.3

본 연구는 중학교 과학 교사들을 대상으로 하여 학습자 중심의 모형 가운데에서 최근 주목받고 있는 문제중심학습(Problem-Based Learning: PBL)의 효과와 PBL의 도입 가능성, 장애 요인 등 PBL에 대한 인식을 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 서울, 경기, 인천 지역 중학교에 재직하는 과학교사 131명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 질문지와 함께 PBL에 대해 모르는 교사들을 위한 안내지를 제공하였다. 설문지 문항은 1)PBL 관련 학습 능력, 2)PBL에 대한 인식, 3)PBL 도입 시 장애 요인의 3가지 카테고리에서 하위 총 25문항(Likert 5점 척도, 선택형, 서술형)으로 구성되었다. 연구 결과, 전체 교사의 45%가 PBL에 대해 알고 있었으며 이 중 22%(전체의9.9%)는 PBL 수업을 진행해 본 경험이 있었다. PBL 수업의 효과 면에서는 문제해결력 향상에 대해 PBL을 알고 있는 교사의 기대치가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 PBL 수업의 경험이 있는 교사들의 기대가 더 높았으며(p<0.05) PBL 수업을 수행할 의사 또한 더 높은 것(p<0.05)으로 나타났다. 교사들이 인식하는 PBL 도입의 장애 요인은 수업시간의 부족(4.05), 교사부담(3.99),문제개발(3.89), 채점기준 마련(3.81) 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 장애 요인에도 불구하고 PBL에 대한 경험이 있는 교사일수록 PBL 수업과 그 도입에 대해 보다 긍정적으로 인식한다는 점은 주목할 만한 사실이다. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an effective teaching strategy for enhancing student's problem solving skill and self-directed learning. In order to implement PBL effectively and maximize its benefits, teachers' perception of the need of PBL and their awareness of the benefits would be essential. This study, therefore, attempted to investigate Korean middle school science teachers' perception and awareness of PBL and to discuss some practical issues regarding implementation of PBL in the Korean educational context. 131 science teachers in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi-do voluntarily participated in this survey study. The survey questionnaire consisted of 25 items over three sub-categories. The results indicated that 45% of the teachers were aware of PBL as a teaching strategy, and 22% out of 45% already had experiences of PBL strategy. The teachers who had experienced in PBL were more likely to positively perceive the benefits of PBL (e.g. developing of problem-solving ability) than other teachers who had not. The more they had experienced in PBL, the more the teachers were committed to the implementation, even though they were aware of various barriers such as limited class time, more class preparation time, difficulties in evaluating students' achievement, and lack of students' knowledge and skills.

남은 배아와 만든 배아 구분에 있어서의 윤리적 쟁점: “손실 없음의 원리”를 중심으로

이향연 한국의료윤리학회 2017 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.20 No.2

Stem cell research raises many ethical issues, including the possible harms that are done to early embryos in the process of deriving stem cells. There are two basic stances concerning human embryonic stem cell research: one supports the research and regards the destruction of embryos as an acceptable cost; the other rejects the research and foregoes the potential benefits that the research might offer. In this article, I examine each of these stances and consider a flexible middle-ground position. Additionally, I introduce the Nothing-is-Lost Principle as one element of this middle-ground position and examine whether or not it justifies the discarded-created distinction. I suggest that there is a need for improved guidelines and regulations concerning stem cell research. 줄기세포 연구와 관련된 주요 논쟁은 줄기세포를 어디서 추출하여 사용할 것인지, 줄기세포를 어떻게얻을 것인지에 대한 것이다. 초기 인간배아에서 줄기세포를 추출하고 사용하는 연구는 많은 윤리적 논란을 불러일으켰고, 생명윤리에서 가장 핵심적인 주제 중의 하나가 되었다. 인간 배아줄기세포 연구에관한 윤리적 논쟁은 초기 배아를 어떻게 다루어야 하는지에 대한 합의가 없다는 것에서 비롯된다. 인간배아줄기세포 연구는 배아의 파괴를 수반될 수밖에 없으므로 연구의 유용성과 위험성 사이에서 갈등을조장한다. 이러한 배아줄기세포 연구와 관련된 입장은 두 가지로 구분된다. 첫째, 배아줄기세포 연구 수행을 지지하고 그 과정에서 수반되는 배아의 파괴를 수용하는 입장이 있다. 둘째, 배아줄기세포 연구 수행을 반대함으로써 그 연구가 가져올 잠재적 혜택을 포기하는 입장이 있다. 필자는 이러한 두 입장이 야기하는 윤리적 딜레마를 검토하고, 딜레마를 피하기 위한 가장 유연한 방법인 배아연구를 지지하는 견해와 반대하는 견해 사이의 중간입장을 고찰하고자 한다. 또한 본고에서는 이러한 중간입장을 옹호하는“남은 배아-만든 배아 구분”과 이러한 구분을 정당화하는 “손실 없음의 원리”를 소개하고 이 원리가 “남은 배아-만든 배아 구분”을 어떻게 정당화할 수 있는지를 검토하고자 한다. 필자는 이러한 논의들이 줄기세포 연구가 나아가야 할 방향의 균형점을 찾는 데 반드시 필요하다고 보고 윤리적 지침과 관련 규제및 정책을 제고하는 계기가 되었으면 하는 바람이다.

AI 로봇의 윤리적 행동주의에 대한 비판적 검토

이향연 대동철학회 2024 大同哲學 Vol.106 No.-

오늘날 급속한 기술 발전으로 인간과 다르지만 인간과 함께 일상을 누리는 존재가 있 다. 그것은 바로 AI 로봇이다. 뇌파를 이용해 생각만으로도 로봇의 팔을 움직일 수 있는 기술이 개발된 이러한 상황에서 AI 로봇에 대한 도덕적 지위 문제는 여전히 논란의 중심에 있다. 이러한 논란은 우리와 전혀 다른 존재인 로봇이 우리와 함께 살고 있고 앞으로도 살 아가야 할 것이기 때문에 AI 로봇의 도덕적 지위 문제에 대한 정립은 철학계와 과학계가 여전히 고민해야 할 주요 문제이다. 최근 AI 로봇의 도덕적 지위 문제를 보다 직관적으로 옹호하고자 하는 이론이 등장했다. ‘윤리적 행동주의’라 불리는 이 이론은 기계윤리 분야 에서 새로운 학풍으로 기대되고 있다. 즉 어떤 개체의 행동이 인간의 행위와 밀접하게 유 사하다면 그러한 개체에게도 우리와 같은 도덕적 지위를 부여할 수 있다는 것이다. 정말로 그러한가? 우리는 이러한 질문에 철학적으로 접근하여 응답할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서 는 도덕적 지위의 문제를 ‘행동주의’로 옹호하려는 입장에 대한 정당성 검토를 그 목적으 로 한다. 그리하여 앞으로의 AI 로봇의 도덕적 지위 문제에 대한 적합한 이론적 토대와 체 계적인 정책 마련에 도움이 되고자 한다. With today’s rapid technological advancements, there are beings that are different from humans, but enjoy everyday life alongside us. They are AI robots. With the development of technology that allows you to move a robot's arm with just a thought using brain waves, the question of the moral status of AI robots is still at the center of debate. The moral status of AI robots is still a major issue for philosophers and scientists to consider, as these robots, which are completely different from us, are living with us and will continue to live with us. Recently, a theory has emerged that attempts to defend the moral status of AI robots in a more intuitive way. This theory, called “ethical behaviorism,” is expected to be a new school of thought in the field of machine ethics: if an entity's behavior closely resembles that of a human being, we can give it the same moral status as us. We need to take a philosophical approach to answering this question. The purpose of this paper is to examine the justification of the position that attempts to defend the question of moral status as ‘behaviorism’. In doing so, we hope to contribute to the development of an appropriate theoretical foundation and systematic policy on the issue of the moral status of AI robots in the future.

家族計劃實態와 關聯된 要因의 分析

李香蓮,趙熙淑 中央醫學社 1975 中央醫學 Vol.28 No.2

For the purpose of studying the attitude, experience, method, reason and some factors associated with family planning practice in an urban area, a study was conducted for 2 months, from july, 1972. The interviewers visited 592 women, who have one or more children with questionnaire. Major findings can be summerized as follows. ( I) Basic Characteristics of Women. 1) General characteristics of women. Age: The 35.9 percent of women were 30 to 34 of age as the most proportion. And the average age at interview is 31.0 years. Education: The women's education level was high comparatively. The 54.7 percent of women graduated the high school at Ieast. Standard of living: The 68.1 percent of women was middle class of living standard by speaking herself. It was high level comparatively. 2) Marriage and Delivery Status. The average age at marriage and the duration of maternal lives were 23 years of age and 7.9 years. The 57.4 percents of women had one or two childrens as the most proportion. The majority (57.1 percent) of women delivered last child at Ob-Gyn's clinic and general hospital. 3) The Status of Family Planning Practice. The 96.9 percents of women approved of the family planning. The 56.1 per-cents of women experienced the contraception practice. And the 41.9 percent& was answered at "is being practiced now". This is high comparatively. The 31.9° percents of women used the oral pill. And the 32.2 percents of women answered that reason at for having adequate number of children" as the most pro-portion. The 31.1 percents of women practiced the contraception within 10 to 12 months after last child delivery. (H) The relationstionship of approval for family planning and some factors. The majority (98.9 percent) of group of age 35 to 39 years approved the family planning. The 99.3 percents of the middle school graduate group approved of the family planning. In the opinion of surveyer, the group of high standard living approved it. (98.9 percent). And the group who have 3 or 4 childrens approved the family planning (98.4 percent) as the most proportion. (III) The relationship of experience for family planning practice and some factors. The 70.5 percents of the group 35 to 39 years of age experienced the contraception practice. The more age of women the higher rate of contraception experience. The 65.0 percent of the college graduate group experienced the contraception. Therefore, the higher level of education, the higher rate of contraception experience. And the higher level of standard living, the higher rate of contraception experience. Comparing with the number of living children and experience of the contraception practice, the 69.2 percent of group who have 3 or 4 childrens experienced the highest rate of practice. And the group of women who have only sons experienced higher than who have only daughters, the rate of the contraception practice comparing with the place of the last delivery shows; The 51.8 percent of group who delivered at Ob-Gyn's clinic and general hospital experienced the practice and the 50.5 percents of group who had home delivery experienced the practice. (IV) The relationship of the methodof family planning practice and some factors.. As the highest rate, the most proportion of all age group practiced the oral pill method, especially the 32.8 percent of 25 to 29 years of age group had the most proportion. In the 50 percent of women who graduated the elementary school or less; they practiced the oral pill as the most proportion. And the 30.4. percent of the college graduate group practiced the condom. Therefore, the higher level of education; the high rate of condom used. Comparing with the standard of living; the 33.9 percent of the group of highest standard living used the rhythm method. And the middle and low level of standard living used the oral pill. Threrfore, it shows the higher level of living, the lower use of oral pill and IUD. Comparing with the number of living children; the group of women who have 1 or 2 childrens, used the rhythm method (34.0 percent). And the group of women who have only 1 or 2 daughters usd the oral pill (4G percent) as the most proportion. (V) The relatioeship of the reason of the family planning practice and some factors. As the reason of the contraception practice, all age group shows the reason as the "adequate number of children" especially the age group of 24 years emphasized this reason. Comparing with the educational level elementary school (or less) graduate group answered the reason of practice as the "economical difficulty" (42.5 per-cent), and the middle school graduate group answered at "economical difficulty" (30.5 percent). And the majority of high school graduate group and the college graduate group answered the reason as the "Adequate number of children". Therefore, the higher level of education, higher rate of the reason of "Adequate number of children" and lower rate of "economical difficulty" comparing with the standard of living, "adequate number of children" was answered as the most proportion by the middle class (40.2 percent) and low class (33.0 percent) of living. The 34.9 percent of group who delivered the last children at Ob. -Gyp's clinic and general hospital answered the reason as "the adequate number of children". And in the 28.2 percents of group who had home delivery answered at "economical difficulty." (Vl) The relationship of the period of the contraception practice after last deli-very and some factors. The 47.6 percent of group 25 to 29 years -of .age practiced the contraception with in 6 months after last delivery. It shows the high rate of early contraception practice, and the older age of women, the lower rate of contraception practice. Comparing with the educational level; the 31.3 percent of elementary sch000l graduate group practiced the contraception within 6 months. And the middle school graduate group practiced 40 percents. High school graduate and college graduate group was 42.2 percent and 51.6 percent individually. Therefore, the higher level of education, the higher rate of early contraception practice, And the higher level of standard living, the higher rate of early contraception practice. And the 51.6 percents of women who have 1 or 2 child rens practiced the contraception within 6 months as the most 41.6 percents of women who delivered the last child at the Oproportion. Thc b.-Gyn's clinic and general hospital practiced the contraception within the 6 months after delivery. (VII) The relationship of the number of induced abortion and some factors. The 29. 7 percent (176 women) of all 592 women experienced the induced abortion. Especially, 136 women experienced the one or two number of induced abortion as the most proportion. The 26. 3 percent of group 35 to 39 years of age experienced the one or two induced abortion. Therefore, the older age of group, the higher number of induced abortion. In the relationship of educational level and the number of the induced abortion, the 28. 9 percent of middle school graduate group experienced the one or two induced abortion as the most proportion. Comparing with the Ievel of standard living, the 24.3 pereent of middle class group experienced the one or two induced abortion as the most proportion. And the 30.3 percent of group of women who have three or four childrens experienced the 1 or 2 induced abortion. The 23.4 percent of the women who delivered the Iast child at the Ob. -Gyn's clinic and general hospital experienced the 1 or 2 number of induced abortion. This is higher than the group who had home delivery (21.3 percent). But the 8. 5 percent of the women who had home delivery experienced three or more number of induced abortion.

연군논문 : 철학상담 방법론 논의에 있어서상담윤리 모형 도입의 필연성

이향연 ( Hyang Yeon Lee ) 한국동서철학회 2014 동서철학연구 Vol.71 No.-

정신치료나 심리치료와 마찬가지로 인간의 정신적 고통과 관련된 제반 문제들에 관여 하는 철학상담이 그것들과 차별화되고 기존의 방식들이 가진 한계를 극복하기 위해서는 뚜렷이 구별되는 독자적인 방식이 있어야 할 것이다. 그리고 그 효과가 제대로 인정받고 보다 심화되어 발전할 수 있으려면 무엇이 특징적으로 구별되는가를 스스로 드러낼 수 있어야만 한다. 본 논문에서 필자는 철학상담 방법론 논의를 방법부정론과 방법긍정론 진영으로 나누어 각각의 입장을 검토하였다. 철학상담의 정체성은 특별히 방법부정론자들의 논의에서 잘 드러나고 있었다. 방법론 논의에 있어서 필자는 철학상담이 인생관, 세계관, 가치관의 문제로 접근함으로써 여타의 상담들과 구별되고 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 필자는 철학상담이 그 접근방법으로서 상담을 택하고 있는 이상, 또한 그 정의에서 타 상담형식들과 구별되어야 하는 몇몇의 필요조건을 지시하고 있는 이상 그것에 맞는 상담 형식의 구체적 논의는 반드시 필요하다고 생각한다. 필자가 방법론 논쟁을 통해 정리한 최종 입장은 방법 부정론자들이 잘 드러내주는 철학상담의 고유한 정체성을 잘 살리면서도 방법 긍정론자들이 주장하는 기법과 절차에 대한 구체적인 고민과 개발이 필요하다는 것이다. 철학상담은 가치관의 문제로 인해 정신적 고통을 겪는 내담자와 관계한다. 철학상담이 가치관을 주제로 내담자와 상호작용하고자 하는 것이라면 철학상담사는 반드시 올바른 가치관에 대한 윤리적 기준을 확보하고서 내담자를 안내해야 할 것이다. 철학상담의 보편화를 위해서 철학상담의 구체적인 상담 형식 혹은 기법들의 개발이 필요하다. 그러나 철학상담의 정체성이 가치관 문제에서 찾아진다는 것에서 그러한 방법들이 반드시 윤리적 이해의 틀을 바탕으로 고안되고 발전되어야 하는 것은 필연적이다. The philosophical counseling needs an independent method to be distinguished from the other mental treatment concerning human mental pain such as psychotherapy and to overcome the limitations that other therapy methods have faced. It should show what distinctive point it has by itself to achieve recognition about its effectiveness and to progress more. I studied both positive and negative sides in philosophical counseling methodology discussion. The identity of the philosophical counseling was shown in the negative-side discussion more notably. The philosophical counseling approaches to the one`s view of life or world and values; I think that the philosophical counseling is distinguished from the other mental treatment by it. I think more detailed discussion about the form of counsel is necessary because it meets its clients through counseling and it already directs certain conditions to be distinguished from others in its definition. It is my final conclusion that the more specific counseling methods are needed and it should include its characteristic identity that the negative sides contend. The philosophical counselor should help its clients on the basis of ethical standard including the value of the right. Because the philosophical counseling intervenes its clients who suffer from mental distress caused by the values. The concrete counseling forms and techniques should be developed if it can be generalized. However, it is inevitable that those methods should be designed on the foundation of an ethical understanding because the identity of philosophical counseling is found at the value matters.

姙娠 및 出生間隔에 關聯된 要因의 分析

李香蓮 서울大學校保健大學院 1972 公衆保健雜誌 Vol.9 No.2

For the purpose of finding the factors about patterns of pregnancy and birth intervals of women, this study was conducted towards 559 eligible women, who have experienced live-birth, residing in Hoiki and Yimoon Dongs, Dongdaimoon Gu, Seoul from july to August 1972. The summary of findings and results obtained through the analysis were as follows: 1. General Characteristics of Women: By age, those belonging to the 25-34 group rated 71.8 percent of the total and the average age was 31.1 years. A large proportion or 57.4 percent had received a high school education or more. The average at marriage was 22.9 years and the average duration of marital lives turned out to be 7.7 years. By the respondent's appraisal, the women with middle living standards were 75 percent. 2. Summary of Pregnancy and Birth History: The total number of pregnancies experienced was 1,860 and the average number of pregnancies was calculated at about 3 and number of live births, induced abortions, spontaneous abortions and still births on the whole averaged 2.5, 0.59, 0.19 and 0.02 respectively. The wastage of pregnancies turned out to be 25.2 percent and the substantially large proportion of the wastage was induced abortion. 3. Findings Relating to Pregnancy and Birth Intervals: The average duration from marriage to the beginning of first pregnancy was 10.7 months, and the interval from marriage to the birth of first child was 19.7 months. The difference between the average length of first pregnancy interval and of first birth interval was 9 months or 270 days and it could be proven that the rate of pregnancy wastage was very small. The differences between the average lengths of pregnancy intervals and of birth intervals by delivery order showed a increasing trend from 3.1 months between 2nd-3rd to 13.4 months between 5th-6th. The differences between pregnancy and birth intervals seemed to be based on pregnancy wastage largely. Average interval between pregnancies was 21.2 months and mean duration between births was 26.4 months in total. The difference was computed at 5.2 months. 4. Findings Relating to Intervals between Pregnancies: The average interval between pregnancies in total was 21.2 months. As for the pregnancy interval by pregnancy order, it showed an upward trend up to the 4th pregnancy but a decreasing tendency after the 4th pregnancy. The pregnancy interval decreased gradually with advancing age at marriage, but increased gradually with advancing current ages or ages at pregnancy. The pregnancy interval declined gradually with the progress in educational levels. Examining by the outcome of pregnancy, the mean duration of pregnancy was 18.2 months among women whose pregnancy terminated as live birth and 10.9 months among women whose pregnancy terminated as fetal deaths such as induced abortion, spontaneous abortion and still birth. The pregnancy wastage, especially fetal deaths, by pregnancy order rose gradually with the increase of pregnancy order from 8.9 percent in first pregnancy through 25.4 percent in 3rd pregnancy to 60.6 percent in 5th pregnancy. The pregnancy wastage in total was computed at 21.8 percent, and it could be divided into 14.7 percent as induced abortion, 5.3 percent as spontaneous abortion and 1.8 percent as still birth. 5. Findings Relating to Birth Intervals: The average interval between births was 26.4 months in all. According to the incrase of birth order, the birth interval showed an increasing tendency. The birth interval decreased with the increase of age at marriage, but rose gradually with the advancing current ages or ages at pregnancy. The birth interval by educational levels of women showed a decreasing trend with the progress in education levels.

그린스쿨과 비그린스쿨 학생들의 에너지-온실가스 환경소양 차이

이향연(Rhee, Hyang-yon) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2016 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.16 No.6

지구온난화를 비롯한 기후변화가 체감할 수 있는 수준에 다다르면서 최근 학교에서의 온실가스 감축을 위한 노력으로 학교 건물 및 설비를 개보수하거나 학습 공간을 포함한 주변 환경을 친환경적으로 변화시키고 이를 환경교육과 연계하는 그린스쿨 (green school) 사업이 전 세계적으로 시행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 그린스쿨 환경교육의 효과를 파악하기 위하여 그린스쿨 시설을 교육에 활용하고 있는 중·고교 각 1개 학교 295명 학생과 동일 지역에서 유사한 학생 분포를 가지고 있는 비그린 스쿨 중·고교 각 1개 학교 237명 학생의 전체 532명을 대상으로 2014년 4월 14일부터 5월 12일까지 에너지-온실가스 환경소양(지식, 태도, 행동)을 측정하여 그 차이를 분석 하였다. 설문조사는 연구 결과, 전체 그린스쿨 학생들의 지식 및 태도는 비그린스쿨 학생에 비해 유의하게 높았으나, 행동에서는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 학교급에 따른 차이에서는 전체 고등학생의 지식 점수가 중학생에 비해 유의하게 높았으나, 태도와 행동에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이와 같이 에너지-온실가스 환경소양의 행동 점수에서는 학교유형별(그린스쿨과 비그린스쿨), 학교급별(중학교와 고등학교) 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 학교유형 및 학교급에 따른 상호작용 효과는 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 비그린스쿨에서는 학교급이 높을수록 행동점수가 낮은 반면, 그린스쿨에서는 학교급이 높을수록 행동점수가 높은 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of environmental education in green schools, which renovate school buildings and facilities or change learning environments eco-friendly, and link to environmental education. This study analyzed the difference of secondary students’ energy-greenhouse gas-related environmental literacy between green schools and general schools. Total 532 students, 295 from green schools and 237 from general schools, participated in the study. Both green and general schools consisted of one middle school and one high school. Correlation analyses and two-way MONOVA were utilized to test the relationships between the three literacy domains, knowledge, attitude, and behavior. There were significant correlations between all of the three domains and the relationship between attitude and behavior literacies showed the highest correlation(r=.646). The green school students had the significantly higher levels of knowledge and attitude than the general school students while the difference in the behavior literacy was not significant between two types of school. The high school students had the significantly higher levels of knowledge than the middle school students, but there were not significant differences in the attitude and behavior literacies depending on the school levels. However, the interaction between the types of school and the levels of school was significant in terms of behavior, i.e., high school students’ behavior literacy was higher than middle school students in the green schools while high school students’ behavior literacy was lower than middle school students in the general schools.