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이철화(Chul Hwa Lee) 한국사회체육학회 2000 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.13 No.-
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sport participation comparison men with women in during leisure time. The results from this study will provide basis data necessary to develope sport activity program for adults. The subjects in this study were 457 adults in largest cities. The data were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, discriminant analysis with the SAS program. The results were follows; First, the intensity of the motivation in adult sports participation was showed downward heath oriented type, hobby and recreation oriented type, family oriented type, self-developing, social oriented type. The woman of participation in sport activities was showed heath oriented type, family oriented type more than that of men. Second, adult sports participation was influenced the intensity of the family and friend`s encouragement. women was influenced spouse`s encouragement, and the perceived athletic ability was the strongest predictor of adult sports participation for both men and women. third, for sport participants, many adults participated in secondary involvement more than primary involvement, and primary involvement was lots of men more than women. Fourth, women perceived barriers more than men in sports participation. Men perceived barriers in the order of time, economic, social barriers, women perceived barriers in the order of economic, time, social barriers.
EPL 프로그래밍의 어려움 및 오류 유형에 따른맞춤형 모듈식 EPL 교육프로그램 개발 및 적용
이철현(Lee, Chul-Hyun) 경인교육대학교 교육연구원 2021 교육논총 Vol.41 No.3
초등예비교사들은 교육대학교 교육과정을 통해 엔트리나 스크래치와 같은 교육용 프로그래밍 언어(EPL)를 이용하여 프로그래밍 소양을 충분히 쌓아야 한다. 이 연구는 이러한 필요성에 따라 EPL 프로그래밍 교육프로그램을 개발 및 적용하여 효과를 검증하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저, 프로그래밍 초보학습자가 겪는 EPL 프로그래밍의 어려움 및 오류유형을 고려한 개발 전략을 설정하고, 이 전략을 적용하여 30종의 EPL 학습 모듈을 개발하였다. 이 학습 모듈을 이용하여 2차시씩 10주간 적용할 수 있는 맞춤형 모듈식 EPL 교육프로그램을 구성하였다. EPL 학습모듈 개발 전략 및 학습모듈, 그리고 맞춤형 모듈식 EPL 교육프로그램에 대해서 13인의 전문가를 통해 타당도를 검증하여 완성하였다. 실험집단에는 맞춤형 모듈식 EPL 교육프로그램을 10주간 적용하였고, 비교집단에는 EPL 학습 모듈을 10주간 적용하였다. 실험집단과 비교집단의 수업 적용 효과를 검증하기 위하여 수업 적용 전에 사전검사를 실시하였고, 10주간의 수업 적용 및 2개의 실습 과제 제출 후 사후검사를 실시하였다. 수업적용 결과, EPL 프로그래밍 사전 단계, EPL 프로그래밍 코딩 단계의 데이터 처리 범주, 논리 구현 범주, EPL 프로그래밍 디버깅 단계 등에서 맞춤형 모듈식 EPL 교육프로그램의 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 EPL 프로그래밍 초보자가 겪는 어려움과 오류를 줄이기 위하여 체계적인 방법으로 개발한 학습 모듈을 단계적으로 활용하는 교수 ․ 학습이 프로그래밍교육에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. Pre-elementary teachers should acquire sufficient programming literacy using educational programming language (EPL) such as Entry or Scratch through the curriculum of the University of Education. Accordingly, this study developed and implemented an EPL programming education program and verified its effectiveness. To this end, first, a development strategy was set in consideration of the difficulties and error types of the EPL programming experienced by beginners in programming, and 30 types of EPL learning modules were developed by applying this strategy. Using this learning module, a customized modular EPL education program that can be applied for two hours for 10 weeks was constructed. The validity of the EPL learning module development strategy, learning module, and customized modular EPL education program was verified by 13 experts. The customized modular EPL education program was applied to the experimental group for 10 weeks, and the EPL learning module was applied to the comparison group for 10 weeks. To verify the effect of the class application of the experimental group and the comparison group, a pre-test was conducted before class application, and a post-test was conducted after applying the class for 10 weeks and submitting two practical tasks. The results of the class application confirmed the effect of the customized modular EPL education program in the EPL programming pre-stage, the data processing category, and the logic implementation category of the EPL programming coding stage and the EPL programming debugging stage. In conclusion, to reduce the difficulties and errors experienced by beginners in EPL programming, it was found that teaching and learning using learning modules developed in a systematic way is effective in programming education.
Technology Sourcing Strategies and Cooperative Patterns in Vertical Cooperative R&D Projects
이철원 ( Chul Won Lee ),배종태 ( Zong Tae Bae ) 기술경영경제학회 1995 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.3 No.1
Since 1982, the government of Korea has actively promoted vertical cooperative R&D programs between government-sponsored research institutes (GRIs) and private firms. A number of firms participated in the programs because cooperative R&D could lower the risk and could contribute to rapid commercialization of many technologies. This paper examines the effectiveness of vertical cooperative R&D projects by the modes of cooperation between GRIs and industrial firms, and analyzes the performance of participating firms` technology sourcing strategies for commercial utilization of cooperative R&D results at the project level. The data have been obtained from 128 cases of vertical cooperative R&D projects performed from 1982 to 1989 under the Government-Industry Cooperative R&D Program sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) in Korea. The cooperative R&D projects are classified into 4 groups by two criteria, i. e. , the level of participation of firms, and the breadth of cooperation. The findings suggest that firms should actively participate in cooperative R&D projects. In addition, in order to enhance commercial success, cooperation between GRIs and industrial firms should not be limited to R&D stage only. The breadth of cooperation should be extended to commercialization stage. Small- and medium-sized firms participating in vertical cooperative R&D projects in Korea usually lack internal technological capabilities that are needed to commercialize the results of cooperative R&D. Three different technology sourcing strategies exclusive cooperative R&D strategy, in-house development augmented cooperative R&D strategy, and licensing-in supplemented cooperative R&D strategy - are empirically derived through cluster analysis of the relative usage rates cooperative R&D and of other supplementary technology acquisition methods. The findings suggest that the firms participating in vertical cooperative R&D projects should try to utilize other supplementary technology acquisition methods in order to achieve commercial utilization of the vertical cooperative R&D results.