보육교사가 지각한 보상인식이 직무스트레스와 조직몰입에 미치는 영향

이종각 ( Jong Kak Lee ),문수백 ( Soo Back Moon ) 미래유아교육학회 2011 미래유아교육학회지 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 보육교사의 조직몰입, 직무스트레스, 그리고 지각된 보상인식변인들 간의 구조적 관계를 알아보려는데 있다. 이를 위해 대구·경북 지역 어린이집에 근무하고 있는 보육교사 850명을 대상으로 조직몰입척도, 직무스트레스척도, 그리고 보상인식척도를 실시하였다. 구조방정식을 통해 조직몰입, 직무스트레스, 그리고 지각된 보상인식변인들 간의 구조적 관계를 알아보기 위해 구조방정식모델을 설정한 다음 수집된 자료를 AMOS 19.0을 이용하여 모델의 부합도와 모수치를 추정하였다. 그리고 유의수준 .01에서 모수치의 통계적 유의성을 검정하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 보상인식은 보육교사 직무스트레스에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 보상인식은 보육교사의 조직몰입에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 보상인식은 보육교사의 직무스트레스를 통하여 조직몰입에 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 보육교사의 직무스트레스는 보육교사의 조직몰입에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to investigate structural differences and direct or indirect effect of the Reward perception and Child care teacher`s job stress as the variables which affect the Organizational commitment. Goodness of fit was tested between measurement model and structural model, and the parameter of regression coefficient was verified. The sample variance-covariance matrix was analyzed with AMOS 19.0, and a maximum likelihood minimization function. Goodness of fit was tested with the SRMS, RMSEA, and its 90% confidence interval, CFI, and TLI. The results were as follows: First, Reward perception had a direct effect on Child care teacher`s job stress. Second, reward perception had a direct effect on organizational commitment. Third, Reward perception had an indirect effect on organizational commitment mediated by child care teacher`s job stress. Fourth, Child care teacher`s job stress had a direct effect on child care teacher`s organizational commitment.

유아의 또래유능성과 관련변인들 간의 관계구조

이종각(Lee, Jong-Kak),문수백(Moon, Soo-Back) 한국열린유아교육학회 2011 열린유아교육연구 Vol.16 No.6

본 연구에서는 유아의 또래 유능성에 영향을 미치는 주요 환경변인과 개인변인간의 인과관계를 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 대구ㆍ경북에 위치한 유치원과 어린이집 15개소의 만 4, 5, 6세 유아 325명(남아 182명, 여아 143명)과 그들의 어머니 325명이었다. 본 연구의 변량과 공변량행렬은 AMOS 19.0 프로그램의 최대우도추정 방법을 이용하여 분석하였으며, CFI, TLI는 90%이상의 적합도, SRMS, RMSEA의 값은 양호한 적합도를 보였다. 주요 결과를 요약하면 첫째, 어머니의 긍정적 정서표현성은 유아의 또래유능성에 직접적인 영향은 확인되지 않았다. 둘째, 어머니의 긍정적 정서표현성은 유아의 정서표현력을 매개변인으로 하여 유아의 또래유능성에 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 어머니의 긍정적 정서표현성은 어머니의 명령적 언어통제유형을 매개변인으로 하여 유아의 또래유능성에 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 어머니의 긍정적 정서표현성은 어머니의 명령적 언어통제유형와 유아의 정서표현력을 매개로 유아의 또래유능성에 간접적인 영향을 미침과 동시에 어머니의 명령적 언어통제유형을 매개변인으로 하여 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of the study was to investigate the causal relationships between young children’s peer competence and its related variables. The subjects of this study were 325 of 4-to 5-year-old children(182 boys and 143 girls) and their 325 mothers, all of whom were sampled from one kindergarten in Daegu and 15 childcare centers in Kyungbuk area. The sample variance-covariance matrix was analyzed using AMOS 19.0, and a maximum likelihood minimization function. The goodness of fit was evaluated using the SRMS, RMSEA, and its 90%confidence interval, CFI, and TLI. The results were as follows: First, it did not confirm mothers’ positive emotional expressiveness has a direct effect on young children’s peer competence. Second, mothers’ positive emotional expressiveness showed an indirect effect on young children’s peer competence mediated by children’s emotional expression ability. Third, mothers’ positive emotional expressiveness showed an indirect effect on young children’s peer competence mediated by mothers’ imperative verbal control pattern. Forth, mothers’ positive emotional expressiveness showed an indirect effect on young children’s peer competence mediated by mothers’ imperative verbal control pattern and children’s emotional expression ability.

청소년 자녀가 지각한 부부갈등, 청소년 문제행동 간의 관계에서 아버지 의사소통유형의 매개효과

우연희(Yeon Hee Woo),이종각(Jong Kak Lee),문수백(Soo Back Moon) 한국아동학회 2012 아동학회지 Vol.33 No.2

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structural relationships between adolescent problem behaviors and related variables. The subjects of this study consisted of 250 to second graders from a middle school in S city in the Gyeongbuk province of South Korea. The sample variance-covariance matrix was analyzed using AMOS 20.0, and a maximum likelihood minimization function. The results were as follows:First, marital conflict in terms of the father`s open communication model indicated both a direct and indirect effect upon adolescent problem behaviors. Marital conflict in terms of the father`s problematic communication model revealed an indirect effect upon adolescent problem behaviors also indicated that these behaviors were also mediated by the father`s problems communication. Second, a open communication style on the part of the father indicated a partially mediating effect on the relationship between marital conflict and adolescent problem behaviors. The problematic communication model on the part of the father revealed a very clear mediating effect on the relationship between marital conflict and adolescent problem behaviors.

지구력 훈련기간 중의 간헐적 저산소 환경노출이 산화스트레스에 미치는 영향

정동식 ( Dong Sik Joung ),이종각 ( Jong Kak Lee ),김영수 ( Young Soo Kim ),박동호 ( Dong Ho Park ),성봉주 ( Bong Joo Sung ),조남홍 ( Nam Hong Cho ),오인석 ( In Seok Oh ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2004 체육과학연구 Vol.15 No.3

본 연구는 저지대에서 지구력 훈련을 수행하면서 수면시간에만 저산소 환경에 노출시키는 방법을 이용하여 고지대 체류-저지대 훈련이라는 새로운 개념의 훈련 방법이 산화 스트레스와 항산화 효소에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있었다. 연구 대상은 고등학교 육상 장거리 선수 20명으로 선정하였으며, 이들을 임의로 실험집단 10명과 비교집단 10명으로 구분하였다. 실험집단은 4주 동안 3,000m 고도에 해당하는 저산소 텐트에서 하루 8시간씩 휴식 및 수면을 취하고 지구력 훈련은 저강도 장거리달리기와 고강도 인터벌 훈련을 병행하였으며 비교집단은 저산소 노출을 제외한 일체의 생활을 실험집단과 동일하게 통제하였다. 처치전 최대운동 전후와 4주간 처치후의 최대운동 전후에 산화 스트레스 및 항산화 효소 변인으로 MDA(malondialdehide) 수준, SOD(superoxide dismutase) 및 GPX(glutathione peroxidase) 활성을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. ① MDA 수준은 실험집단의 경우 처치전에는 최대운동으로 인해 증가하였으며(p<.05), 4주간처치 후에도 안정시 및 운동 후에 증가 경향을 보였으나, 처치전 최대운동 후에만 비교집단보다 유의하게 높았다(p<.05). ② SOD 활성은 실험집단의 경우 처치전에는 최대운동으로 인해 유의하게 감소(p<.05)하였고, 4주간의 처치 후에는 안정시에 처치전보다 현저한 증가(p<.05)상태를 보이고 최대운동 후에 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 처치4주 후의 안정시 및 최대운동 후에 비교집단보다 낮은 경향을 나타냈으나 최대운동 후에만 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). ③ GPX 활성은 실험집단의 경우 처치 전에 최대운동으로 거의 변화를 나타내지 않았고 처치4주의 안정시 및 최대운동 후에는 처치전보다 현저히 증가된 상태를 보였으나(p<.05), 비교집단과 유의한 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 이상의 결과에 의하면 일시적인 최대운동은 산화 스트레스를 증가시키며 여기에 대항하는 적혈구의 SOD와 GPX의 활성을 약간 감소시키거나 변화시키지 않는 반면, 4주간의 고강도 지구력 훈련은 산화 스트레스의 증가와 이에 대응하는 SOD 및 GPX 활성의 증가를 유발하는 효과를 나타낸다고 결론 내릴 수 있다. 또한, 지구력 훈련과 병행한 3000m 고도의 저산소 노출은 산화 스트레스와 항산화 효소의 활성을 추가로 증가시키지는 않는다. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of "living high, training low" during a period of regular training on the oxidative stress and anti-oxidative enzymes. Ten long distance runners of B high school slept for 8-hour per day for 4-week at a simulated altitude of 3,000m in normobaric hypoxia (HIGH), while ten team-mates slept at the normoxia (CONDITION). HIGH and CONDITION subjects equally trained as a group throughout the 4-week study. Both baseline level(D1) and immediately after incremental exercise(DT1) test of malondialdehide(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and glutathione peroxidase(GPX) were measured 1 day prior to sleeping in hypoxia. These measures were repeated after 4-week of simulated altitude exposure before the incremental test(D2) and immediately after the test(DT2). The results were as following; ① The levels of MDA in both groups increased significantly(p<.05) after the incremental test(DT1 & DT2) in comparison to the D1 and D2, respectively. MDA levels tended to be increased above the pre-hypoxia level over 4-week of hypoxia. However, MDA level in HIGH significantly increased (p<.05) after DT1 compared to the level in CONTROL. ② The activity of SOD in both groups decreased significantly(p<.05) after the incremental test(DT1) compared to the D1. Thereafter, SOD activity tended to be increased (p<.05) above the pre-hypoxia level over 4-week of the study. However, SOD activity in HIGH significantly decreased (p<.05) after DT2 compared to MDA level in CONTROL. ③ there was no significant increase in GPX activity of both groups immediately after the test(DT1 vs D1) while GPX activity in both groups at D2 significantly decreased (p<.05) after DT2. without group difference. We concluded that acute maximal exercise might increase in oxidative stress with either increase or non-change in SOD and GPX activities. However, vigorous endurance training during 4-week might increase in oxidative stress with increase in both SOD and GPX activities. In addition, sleeping in moderate hypoxia(3,000m) with vigorous endurance training couldn`t additionally increase in both oxidative stress and anti-oxidants but appropriate method for reducing oxidative stress should be provided.

청소년의 자살생각 관련변인들 간의 인과적 구조분석

문대근(Moon Dea Geun),이진주(Jin Ju Lee),이종각(Jong Kak Lee),김정민(Jung Min Kim),문수백(Soo Back Moon) 한국아동학회 2013 아동학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between variable related to the Suicidal Ideation of Adolescences. A total of 923 Middle school students residing in Daegu City completed questionnaires which assessed family adaptability, family cohesion, self-esteem, bullying victimhood, depression and suicidal ideation. The sample variance-covariance matrix was analyzed using AMOS 20.0, and a maximum likelihood minimization function, Goodness of fit was evaluated using the STMS, RMSEA, and its 90% confidence interval, CFI, and TLI. The results were as follows :First, the variables of family adaptability and family cohesion did not have a statistically significant direct impact on adolescence`s suicidal ideation although they may well have an indirect effect on suicidal ideation through self-esteem, bullying victimhood and depression. Second, Self-esteem an bullying victimhood had significant direct effects on depression and suicidal ideation. Moreover, they also had an indirect on suicidal ideation through self-esteem. Third, depression had a substantial direct effect on suicidal ideation. Finally, self-esteem did not indicate a direct effect on bullying victimhood.

탈진 운동 후 세로토닌 운반체 유전자다형성에 따른 혈중 FFA, f-Trp, BCAAs 및 f-Trp/BCAAs의 반응

박동호 ( Dong Ho Park ),김창선 ( Chang Sun Kim ),정동식 ( Dong Sik Chung ),이종각 ( Jong Kak Lee ),이명천 ( Myung Chun Lee ),윤재량 ( Jae Ryang Yoon ),김영수 ( Young Soo Kim ),성봉주 ( Bong Ju Sung ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2005 체육과학연구 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 5-HTT 유전자다형성과 운동성 중추피로와의 관계를 규명하는데 있었다. 피험자 선정을 위해 대학교에 재학중인 교양(111명) 및 체육관련 학과 남학생(162명) 273명을 대상으로 혈액을 채취하여 5-HTT 유전자형(SS형, LS형, LL형)을 검사하였다. 이들 중 본 연구 목적에 맞는 40명의 피험자들이 최종적으로 선정되었다. 선정된 피험자를 대상으로 유전자형에 따라 3개 집단으로 구분하여(SS형 집단 16명, LS형 집단 15명, LL형 집단 9명), 장시간의 운동(1차 VT 강도, 2차 VO2max 강도, 3차 VT 강도 = 평균 58분의 운동소요시간)을 처치하여 피로를 유발시킨 후 5-HTT 유전자형에 따른 혈중 FFA, f-Trp, BCAAs, 및 f-Trp/BCAAs의 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. FFA의 경우, SS형은 안정시와 비교하여 운동종료 30분후에(p<.01) 그리고 운동직후와 운동종료 30분후를 비교할 때 유의하게 증가(p<.05)하였고, 24시간후에는 운동종료 30분후와 비교하여 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). LS형은 안정시에 비하여 운동종료 30분후(p<.05) 유의하게 증가한 반면 LL형은 안정시에 비하여 운동종료 30분후 유의한 증가를(p<.05) 그리고 24시간후가 운동종료 30분후에 비하여 유의한 감소를 보였다(p<.05). f-Trp는 시기간 세 집단 모두 비슷한 경향을 보였으나, LS형에서만 운동직후와 비교할 때 24시간후에 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). BCAAs에서는 LL형을 제외한 SS형과 LS형에서 운동종료 30분후를 안정시 및 운동직후와 각각 비교할 때 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.01, p<.01). f-Trp와 BCAAs(f-Trp/BCAAs)의 비율에서는 세 집단 모두에서 시기에 따른 경향은 비슷하였으나, 단지 LS형에서만 24시간후를 운동종료 30분후와 비교할 때 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 24시간후의 혈장 f-Trp/BCAAs 비율 감소는 BCAAs의 증가와 f-Trp의 감소에 의한 것으로 나타났다. 유전자 타입과 대립형질의 빈도 분포(n=273)에서는 SS형 62.7%(n=171), LS형 30.0%(n=82), LL형 7.3%(n=20), 그리고 S 대립형질 77.7%(n=424), L 대립형질 22.3%(n=122)로 나타났다. 즉, LL형이 SS형 및 LS형에 비해 매우 낮은 분포를 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 비록 통계적으로 유전자형에 따른 집단간 유의한 차이는 없었으나, f-Trp의농도 및 f-Trp/BCAAs의 비율 모두 LL형이 SS형과 LS형보다 높게 나타났다. 이것은 안정시 및 장시간의 고강도 운동시 5-HT의 합성과 방출의 증가, 즉 5-HT의 신경전달이 LL형에서 높을 수 있음을 간접적으로 시사하는 것이다. 그러나 유전자형에 따른 집단간 유의한 차이가 없어 이러한 결과의 일반성을 단정하기 어렵지만, 전체 채혈 시기에 걸쳐 SS형과 LS형에서 LL형보다 낮은 경향을 보인다는 것은 특히 장시간의 고강도 훈련을 반복적으로 지속하는 선수들은 5-HTT SS형과 LS형이 유리하게 작용할 수 있을 것으로 판단할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and exercise-induced central fatigue. Polymorphisms in the 5-HTTLPR were determined in genormic DNA obtained from 273 college aged mem. Forty out of 273 college aged mem were participated into this study and divided into three groups according to their genetypes (SS= 16, LS= 15, and LL= 9). All participants performed exhausted exercise, consisting of running them on a treadmill (with a 6° slope) for 3min at 5km/hour, 30min at ventilatory threshold intensity and, after 3min rest, sprints of 1min at 100%VO2max with 2min of walking between each sprint until re-exhasted, to lead fatigue. For the trial, blood samples were collected at pre-exercise (baseline), immediately post-exercise (IPE), 30m post-exercis (30m PE), and 24hours post-exercise (24h). Serum and plasma samples were analyzed for free-trpytophan (f-Trp), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), free fatty acids (FFAs), and f-Trp/BCAAs. Regardless of genotypes, the significant increases in 30m PE FFAs compared to baseline (p< .01 or p< .05) occurred while the decreases in 24h FFAs concentration compared to 30m PE occurred. The significant decrease in f-Trp (p< .05) at the 24h occurred only in LS genotype while the decrease in 24h BCAAs compared to both baseline (p< .01) and 30m PE BCAAs (p< .01) except LL genotype was observed, respectively. In assessing the f-Trp/BCAAs, the decrease in 24h f-Trp/BCAAs compared to 30m f-Trp/BCAAs occurred only in LS genotype (p < .05)although a similar decrease-tendency was observed in SS genotype. The significant reduction in f-Trp/BCAAs (p < .05) at the 24h was due to the increase in BCAAs and the decrease in f-Trp. In 273 subjects as general population, L allele frequencies were lower (77.66%) than S allele frequencies (22.34%) and the genotype frequencies were SS, 62.7%; LS, 30.0%; and LL, 7.3%. The genotypic frequencies in each group conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (X2 = 2.559, d.f. = 2, p = .278). Consequently, although no significant group difference was determined in changes of f-Trp and f-Trp/BCAAs ratio, the LS and SS genotypes showed a trend for lower levels or ratio of these variables, as compared with the LL genotype. This may imply that especially long distance runners with the LS and SS genotypes may have relative hypofunction of the 5-HT system due to the lower 5-HT level in the extracellular space, compared to the athletes with the LL genotype. This means that 5-HTTLPR genotype may be associated with endurance performance and elite endurance athletes with S allele might gain advantage over athletes with L allele.

청소년 체력인증 기준 개발

고병구 ( Byoung Goo Ko ),김양례 ( Yang Rea Kim ),성봉주 ( Bong Ju Sung ),정동식 ( Dong Sik Chung ),윤성원 ( Sung Won Youn ),이종각 ( Jong Kak Lee ),신인식 ( In Sik Shin ),장국진 ( Gook Jin Chang ),박인기 ( In Gi Park ),김동희 ( Do 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2005 체육과학연구 Vol.16 No.3

본 연구는 저하되고 있는 우리나라 청소년의 체력 향상을 도모하고자, 청소년기에 꼭 필요한 건강체력과 종합적인 체력발달을 유도할 수 있는 청소년체력검사를 개발하고, 청소년 체력인증 제도에 사용될 기준으로서 청소년의 단계적 체력 향상을 유도하는 성별·연령별 체력인증 기준을 설정하는 것을 그 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위하여 청소년기의 건강관련체력 및 운동기능과 관련된 체력 요인을 측정하는 세계의 다양한 청소년체력검사항목을 조사하였으며 귀납적 범주분석과 전문가회의를 통하여 조사된 다양한 건강관련 체력요인과 운동기능관련 체력요인 중에서 청소년기에 반드시 필요한 필수 체력 요인을 선정하였고, 이들 요인을 타당하고 신뢰롭게 측정할 수 있는 검사항목을 조사된 검사항목 중에서 선정하거나 새롭게 제작하여 5개 검사항목(왕복오래달리기, 피부두겹집기, 앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기, 다리당겨펴고팔굽혀펴기, 복합운동능력검사)으로 구성된 청소년체력검사를 최종 개발하였다. 전국 13~18세 청소년을 모집단으로 하고 연령, 성별, 지역크기를 기준변인으로 하여 허용오차 3% 이내에서 청소년 4000명으로 구성된 표본설계를 실시한 뒤 표본설계에 따른 해당 지역의 청소년 표본을 선정하여 개발된 청소년체력검사를 실시하였으며, 청소년체력검사에 대한 기술통계분석 결과를 제시하였다. 분석 결과와 외국 청소년 체력인증 단계, 그리고 향상을 위한 동기유발 등을 고려하여 전문가회의를 통하여 우리나라 청소년 체력의 인증 단계를 건강 1 단계(건강체력상)와 체력 3단계(체력동상, 체력은상, 체력금상)로 개발하였으며, 청소년 체력인증의 각 단계에 상응하는 성별·연령별 청소년체력검사 각 항목의 인증 기준을 개발하였다. The purpose of this study was to develop Korea Youth Fitness Test that can measure necessary health and motor related fitness for youth and fitness award stages and criteria for each stage that promote youth fitness. For these purpose, world various youth fitness tests were examined and the inductive method was used for finding common necessary fitness factors for youth. And then Korea Youth Fitness Test (KYFT) battery that was composed of endurance shuttle run, percent body fat by skinfolds, sit and reach, pull leg and push up, and complex motor fitness test was developed through several expert seminars. Sampling design was entrusted to external expert institute. Gender (male, female), age (each age), and area size (metropolitan city, city, county) were used for criterion variables of sampling from population ages 13 to 18 years. Total sample size was 4000 youths at less than 3% allowable error. KYFT was carried out by 5 university institutes of sport science in main sections who were responsible for selection of their area `s subjects and measurement. KYFT`s descriptive statistics on each gender and age were presented. And many youth fitness award system in the world are investigated. As results, Korea Youth Fitness Award scheme that have 4 youth fitness award stages(health fitness, bronze fitness, silver fitness, and gold fitness award) was developed by several expert seminars and criteria of KYFT corresponded to each award stage were developed.

平生體育을 위한 스포츠 活動의 育成方安에 關한 硏究

李揆文,崔淙洙,李鍾珏,金鍾聲,李永熙,金圭碩 忠北大學校 平生體育硏究所 1985 平生體育硏究所 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

This study is a survey of development methods of sports activity for life sports which was conducted with questionaire of 17 items during the months of January and February 1985. The selection of subjects is based on the random sampling method, and 1928 ?? of the questionaire were distributed to the Chung-Buk inhabitants during the period from March to June 1985. Among them 1622 sheets(84.1%) were returned, and 142 ?? which made an error in answers were all removed, and 1480 sheets were turned into effect. This research, aimed the the investigation and expansion of sports to the ??of socity, obtained the following conclusions. 1. The necessity and recongnition of life sports is unknown generally. The design and conduct of any fitness program for populace adults must consider age and physical characteristics, envirommental condition and must act any support under the new system with the manager, local administration, a territorial society. Also, the goal of the program should emphasize self-improvement within the physical status of the participant, rather than the attainment of fitness levels based upon the norms or the achievments of population samples. 2. The contents of activition in sports have general a tendency to complication and diversity. There were no sufficient facilities and equipments of sports. Therefore, In order to achieve the expansion of sports to the lowest stratum of society, must be improved various environmental conditions that consist of extrinsic motivation and concrete project. 3. The items of sports must be improved on the based of interest, age, local charac-teristics and sports facilitie must be expanded for to health, welfare of one's place of work and enterprise.

老齡者의 建康을 위한 生活習慣 實態調査

申東敏,長鳳愚,李揆文,金賢俊,金昌範,崔宗洙,崔鍾晥,李鍾珏,金圭碩,趙庚旭,金鍾聲,朴鍾振 平生體育硏究所 論文集 1987 平生體育硏究所 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

With a view to examining the habit and method in which old people maintain and improve their health, we consulted 551 men and 444 women who were over 65 years old, and concluded as follows: 1. Habit of eating It's been revealed that most of the old people keep a regular eating hour, control the quantity of meal or eat a little food, and prefer vegetables to meat. 2. Mental health Old people feel the necessity for mental health and most of them (about 80%) keep good mental health without becoming pessimistic. Their chief concenrs have turned out to be about their sons and daughters and their own health and finance. 3. Managing Good Health It has been revelaed that old people do not possess any special kind of secret to keep good health but taking plenty of rest, regular meal, and proper exercise, and many of them (about 60%) have been shown to eat invigorant food that they can easily get around their living area. 4. Physical Functions It has been revealed that many old people are conscious of some symptoms about their parts of body and about to percent of them suffers from neuralgia. Some measures like medical aid especially for old people need to be taken as soon as possible. As we have found that the health-keeping method of old people consists plenty of rest, proper exercise, and appropriate nutrition, we can conclude that the recreatonal and culture facilities and programs for keeping old people in good health should be developed. It is also necessary to study food that contribute to their health and develop ways to get rid of the stresses to which they are exposed in their daily life. Presides, it is natural that government found an administrative department to deal with these matters effectively.

老人들의 餘暇活動 實態調査

朴鍾鎭,李鍾珏 忠北大學校 平生體育敎育硏究所 1988 平生體育硏究所 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

The purpose of this study was to examine the lersure acitivity of the old. The subjects of this study were randomly sampled persons over sixty years old(248 males and 605 females) who reside in Seoul, Inchon and Chung-buk Province. For this study, Frequency data and percentages were reported for each response on the 15-item questionnaire along with analysis of the data by sex, age, dwelling place, academic background, religion, and standard of living. The results were as follows: 1. The old regarded leisure activity as "taking a rest(29.7%)", "spending time with their family(27.0%)", or "taking a trip(17.5%)". 2. The old's usual leisure activities proved to be "watching T.V or listening to the radio(17.1%)", and "taking a walk(17.1%)". 3. Their leisure activities in the morning proved to be "taking a rest(16.3%)", "taking a walk(15.9%)" and "helping with household affaire(15.2%). 4. Their leisure activities in the afternoon proved to the "taking a rest(19.8%)", "talking with friends(15.4%)", and "watching T.V or listening to the radio(9.6%)". 5. Their leisure activities in the evening proved to be "watching T.V or listening to the radio(50.4%)", and "having a talk with family(18.6%)". 6. Their leisure activities on holidays and weekends proved to be "participating in religious activites or performing public service(13.6%)", "visiting close acquaintances(12.3%)", and "watching T.V or listening to the radio(11.6%)". 7. Their leisure activities in the home proved to be "helping with houshold affairs(22.5%)", "talking with family(15.5%)", and "taking a rest(14.4%)". 8. The outdoor leisure activities proved to be "talking with friends(26.5%)", and "going to the old men's community hous(12.1%)". 9. The favorite acitivites for the future proved to be "taking a trip(23.6%)", and "participating in religious activities or performaing social service(13.4%)". 10. The reasons given for participation in the leisure acitivites were "the acitivty provided a feeling of pleasure(36.9%)", "no special reason(20.8%)", and "to kill time(17.7%)" etc. 11. The partners of the old in their leisure activities proved to be "their family(36.2%)", "neighbours or relatives(20.6%)", and "their friends(20.4%)" etc. 12. Most of the old proved to be content with their leisure acitivitives(48.6%). The reason given for this contentment with leisure acitivities was "because of the pleasure and the fulfilment of life(39.0%)". Old persons not content with their leisure activities gave "poor health(38.5%)" as the reason for their discontent. 13. Most of the old proved to spend the leisure "in the home(70.1%)".