어린이집 실내, 외 석면노출 가능성 조사에 관한 연구

박화미 ( Wha Me Park ),손병훈 ( Byeung Hun Son ) 한국산업보건학회 2014 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Objectives: Because of its properties such as resistance to heat, chemicals and corrosion; tensile strength; sound absorption; and affordable price, asbestos has been widely used as a building material, fire resistant and retardant, thermal and heat insulator, soundproofing material, and electrical insulation. Since the prolonged inhalation of asbestos can cause serious illnesses such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis after an incubation period of 20 to 40 years, the mineral was classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization. Children and infants are more at risk than are adults if they are exposed to carcinogens, due to aweaker immunity that has not yet been fully developed. Most childcare centers are operated all day and children tend to spend a great amount of time in the centers. This is why it is important for them to be systematically isolated from environments that may expose them to asbestos. Materials: In order to understand both indoor and outdoor hazards to which children may have been exposed, the study focused on actual surveys of asbestos used in childcare centers, paying special attention to slate-roofed buildings in the vicinity of the centers. Results: A survey of a total of 211 childcare centers showed that the buildings of 18.1% of the centers contained asbestos, with 60.53% of the material being found in classroom ceilings. “Tex” was the most used material for ceilings, making up 89.47% of all ceilings. An outdoor survey showed that childcare centers in Daegu Metropolitan City had an average of 143 slate-roof buildings within a distance of 1km. Conclusions: Buildings housing mainly toddlers, children, teenagers and others more vulnerable to the toxicity of asbestos are not subject to asbestos investigation by law. A legal and practical basis for asbestos control is required for such buildings. In particular, housing materials which contain asbestos in day care centers require asbestos control. GIS should be used to identify the location of buildings with slate roofing materials in the vicinity of daycare centers in order to gauge toxicity of exposure to asbestos caused by potential asbestos friability possibility in outdoor conditions.

서울시 지하철 객차내에서의 이산화탄소 농도 조사

박화미(Wha Me Park),노영만(Young-Man Roh),이철민(Choel Min Lee),김윤신(Yoon Shin Kim),박동선(Dong Sun Park),장봉기(Bong Ki Jang),원영재(Young Jae Won) 한국실내환경학회 2006 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.3 No.1

This study was performed to investigate the concentration levels of CO₂ and the associated parameters in the subway from lines 1 to 8 in Seoul metropolitan area, during 1 to 30 Sept. 2005. CO₂ concentration was measured at the entrance and center in subway passenger cabin by non-dispersive infrared analyser. The associated parameters for CO₂ were estimated based on the number of passenger, open and closed doors etc. The mean CO₂ concentrations were measured to be 1.646±712 ppm in subway passenger cabins. The CO₂ concentrations showed the highest values between 7 and 9 AM in rush hour(p <0.01). The correlation coefficient between CO₂ and the number of passenger was highly significant(r=0.824). The general linear model indicated that subway line, subway location (ground and underground tract), and measurement point (enterance and center of cabins) and running time (morning and afternoon) significantly influenced the concentrations of CO₂. An extended study is needed to examine the sources of CO₂ in subway cabins and to compare pollutants concentration among subway lines.

서울시 지하철 객차 내 PM과 CO₂의 농도 분포

이철민,박화미,노영만,김윤신,박동선,Lee, Choel-Min,Park, Wha-Me,Roh, Young-Man,Kim, Yoon-Shin,Park, Dong-Sun 한국환경보건학회 2008 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.34 No.1

The objective of this study is to provide the research data on the actual concentrations of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;PM_1\;and\;CO_2$ in Seoul subway carriages. Mean concentrations of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1,\;and\;CO_2$ in subway carriages were investigated at levels of $215.1{\pm}101.4{\mu}g/m^3,\;86.9{\pm}38.6{\mu}g/m^3,\;27.0{\pm}11.4{\mu}g/m^3,\;and\;1,588{\pm}714ppm$, respectively. The mean concentrations in subway carriages were higher when the train ran on an underground track rather than on an above ground track. The measured concentration of particulate matter varied with the time of day and was highest in the morning, followed by noon and evening while the $CO_2$ concentration was highest in the morning, followed by evening and noon. In relation to correlation among the pollutants: the correlation between $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ was 0.92, and that between $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$ was 0.94. The inclusion rate of $PM_{2.5}\;to\;PM_{10}$ was $41{\pm}7%$ and that of $PM_1\;to\;PM_{2.5}\;was\;32{\pm}4%$. In addition, the $CO_2$ concentration had a positive relation with the number of people in a carriage, whereas the concentration of $PM_{10}$ had negative correlation to the number of people. In relation to these two pollutants we calculated using a regression equation (34.06+0.04$CO_2$(ppm)-0.09 PM10$({\mu}g/m^3)$($R^2$=0.30, p<0.01, n=707), that a maximum number of 61 persons would ensure that each pollutant is maintained below the criteria level, applicable to subway stations.

일부 공공 및 학교시설에서의 석면 분포특성 조사

노영만(Young-Man Roh),박화미(Wha Me Park),이철민(Choel Min Lee),김윤신(Yoon Shin Kim),이상운(Sang Woon Lee),석미희(Mi Hee Suk),정춘화(Chun Hwa Jeong) 한국실내환경학회 2007 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.4 No.3·4

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of asbestos distribution in 6 public and 6 school buildings from August to September in 2006. The bulk samples were analysed by PLM(polarized light microscope). Also the airborne samples were analysed PCM(phase contrast microscope) and confirmed by SEM-EDX(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive using X-ray analysis) method. The 6 public buildings included the ACM(asbestos containing material) ranged 2-7 % of chrysotile in 70 % of samples from ceiling, floor tile, and wall board and has 20 % tremolite in 2 ceiling plaster. The 6 school buildings were identified 1.5 % tremolite in one sample and showed the similar asbestos distribution with the public building. The airborne concentrations of fiber materials were ranged with 0.000-0.017 f/cc in public places and 0.000-0.012 f/cc in school building by PCM. However, the asbestos fibers could not be found by SEM-EDX. In the result of physical assessment of ACM in each buildings, it is considered that there is no chance of a hazardous situation because the ACM is not friable. Its suggested that the asbestos control plan should be established to prevent asbestos exposure to occupants from damaged ACM by repairing and custodial work.

HPLC와 Jaffe method의 요중 크레아티닌 및 비중이 마뇨산 보정값에 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

김기영 ( Key Young Kim ),김종규 ( Jong Gyu Kim ),윤기남 ( Ki Nam Yoon ),박화미 ( Wha Me Park ),박훈희 ( Hun Hee Park ) 한국산업보건학회 2015 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relevance of adjusting a urinary sample for urine hippuric correction value and its effects. Urinary biological monitoring data are typically adjusted to a constant creatinine and specific gravity concentration to correct for variable dilutions among spot samples. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of adjusting the urinary concentrations of urine creatinine and specific gravity(SG). Methods: We measured the concentrations of hippuric acid, in spot urine samples collected from control(119), case(120) individuals. The value of hippuric acid was adjusted by SG and urinary creatinine(HPLC & Jaffe). Results: The major results were as follows. The concentrations of urinary creatinine and SG for the control group were 1.84 g/L(SD 0.99) for arithmetic mean and 1.56 g/L(GSD 1.86) for geometric mean by HPLC method, 1.57 g/L (SD, 0.82) for arithmetic mean and 1.33 g/L(GSD 1.85) for geometric mean by Jaffe method, 1.028(SD 0.09) for arithmetic mean and 1.02(GSD 1.06) for geometric mean by refractometer. Hippuric acid levels were 0.40 g/L(SD 0.51) by arithmetic mean and 0.20 g/L(GSD 3.59). In that case the exposed group was 1.40 g/L(SD 0.58) for arithmetic mean and 1.28 g/L(GSD 1.55) for geometric mean by HPLC method, 1.27 g/L(SD 0.56) for arithmetic mean and 1.14 g/L(GSD 1.62) for geometric mean by Jaffe method, 1.045 L(SD 0.27) for arithmetic mean and 1.02(GSD 1.13) for geometric mean by refractometer(P<0.05). Hippuric acid levels were 0.67 g/L(SD 0.79) for arithmetic mean and 0.39 g/L(GSD 2.94)(p<0.05). The urine creatinine concentrations were affected by gender(p < 0.01) but SG levels were not affected by gender or age(p>0.05). After adjustment, urine hippuric acid was correlated with creatinine(HPLC & Jaffe)(r=0.723, P<0.05, r=0.708, P<0.05) and SG(r=0.936, P<0.05) and the control group shows significantly higher than the case group. In the case group for adjusted urine hippuric acid was correlated with creatinine(HPLC & Jaffe), (r=0.736, P<0.05), r=0.549, P<0.05), SG(r=0.549, P<0.05). After adjusting urine hippuric acid by urine creatinine(HPLC and Jaffe method) and specific gravity, significant associations were found between the control group and case group, respectively(r=0.832, P<0.05, r=0.845, P<0.05) and (r=0.841, P<0.05, r=0.849, P<0.05). Specific gravity adjustment appears to be more appropriate for variations in the urine creatinine method. Conclusion: we found that urinary creatinine concentrations were significantly affected by gender, and other factors and that care should therefore be exercised when correcting urinary metabolites according to the urinary creatinine concentration in spot urine. It is determined that additional study is needed for biological monitoring.

도시지역 건축물의 석면슬레이트 지붕재료 분포특성 연구

김영찬(Kim Young-Chan),손병훈(Son Byeung-Hun),박화미(Park Wha-Me),홍원화(Hong Won-Hwa) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.27 No.1

Asbestos hazards have been studied by many people. Approximately 10% of slate containing asbestos, and asbestos which was imported in the 1970s was used to construct as building materials. The slate company, Asano which is located in Young-san in 1930's becomes the beginning and the slate is coming to be used until recently. Since 1960 in the aftermath of the Korea Saemaul Movement it was greatly expanded slate industry. Slate containing Asbestos and the surface is likely to drift over time, the government managed the comprehensive plan of 2010 Asbestos slate farmhouse in the National Survey on the usage of the progress and improve farmers slate roof construction. Non-conventional evaluation of the slate there is no index, especially in the concentration of urban population exposure to asbestos is a wide but a range of survey data on an unprecedented situation is urgent so long-term management measures are urgently needed. In this study, slate intergovernmental basic data for comprehensive measures proposed.

대한산업보건협회 산업보건연구소의 PAT 정도관리 참여결과

정규철,최호춘,이준승,유호겸,오미순,박화미,윤기상 한국산업위생학회 1996 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.6 No.2

Our laboratoy has been participated in Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) program which is operated by the Americal Industrial Hygiene Association in cooperation with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The program is designed to assist a laboratory improve its analytical performance by providing samples on a quarterly basis, evaluating the results, and providing reports on how well the laboratory performed. Evaluation of the results reported here covers five rounds of the PAT program (round 121∼round 125). The way a laboratory is evaluated by PAT program is as follows: 1) There is no overall proficiency rating given to a laboratory. 2) A proficiency rating is given for each type of analyze (i.e., metals, silica, asbestos, solvents) that a laboratory analyzed. 3) Proficiency is rated acceptable ($quot;A$quot;) if Z score lies between -3 and +3, and unacceptable if Z score is either higher than +3 ($quot;H$quot;) or lower than -3 ($quot;Lo$quot;). Z score = (reported data - reference value) / standard deviation 4) For a laboratory to be rated proficient it must either have had no outliers over the most recent two rounds or of the samples actually analyzed over the past year (past four rounds), 75 % or more of the analyze sample results must be acceptable. According to the above rating criteria of PAT program, performance of metals including cadmium, lead, chromium and zinc, and asbestos sample analyses were rated acceptable ($quot;A$quot;). For silica analyses, all samples except one out of four samples in round 122 was rated high($quot;H$quot;) were acceptable showing 95 % of ing 95 % of acceptance rate (19/20) throughout the rounds. Analyses of organic solvents were done on 52 samples in 9 types including methanol(MOH), 1,1,1-trichloroethane(MCM), tetrachloroethylene(PCE), trichloroethylene(TCE), benzene(BNZ), o-xylene(OXY), toluene(TOL), chloroform(CFM), 1,2-dichloroethane(DCE). All samples analyzed were rated acceptable except 2 samples that were rated high; one out of each four MCM and TCE samples in round 121, and one that was low out of four o-xylene analyses in round 122 indicating 94 % of acceptance rate(49/52) throughout the rounds. According to the laboratory rating criteria, our laboratory is rated proficient so far for all types of contaminants.

용접사업장 근로자의 흄 및 금속 노출농도에 대한 평가와 혈중 금속 농도

이영자,김소진,최호춘,김강윤,안선희,박화미,정규철 한국산업위생학회 1999 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Airborne concentrations of welding fumes in which 13 different metals such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, and Zn were analyzed were measured at 18 factories including automobile assembly and manufactures, steel heavy industries and shipyards. Air samples were collected by personal sampler at each worker's worksite(n=339). Blood levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were also measured from samples taken from 447 welders by atomic absorption spectrometry and compared with control values obtained from 127 non-exposed workers. The results were as follows ; 1. Among various welding types, CO₂ welding 70.2 % were widely used, shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) 22.1 % came next, and rest of them were metal inert gas(MIG) welding, submerged arc welding(SAW), spot welding(SPOT) and tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding. 2. Welding fume concentration was 0.92 ㎎/㎥(0.02∼15.33 ㎎/㎥) at automobile assembly and manufactures, 4.10 ㎎/㎥(0.02∼70.75 ㎎/㎥) at steel heavy industries and 5.59 ㎎/㎥(0.30∼91.16 ㎎/㎥) at shipyards, respectively, showing significant difference among industry types. Workers exposed to high concentration of welding fumes above Korean Permissible Exposure Limit(KPEL) amounted to 7.9 % and 12.5 %, in CC₂ welding and in SMAW at automobile assembly and manufactures and 62.7 % in CC₂ welding, and 12.5 % in SMAW at shipyards, and 66.2 % in CC₂ welding and 70.6 % in SMAW at steel heavy industries. 3. Geometric mean of airborne concentration of each metal released from welding fumes was below one 10th of KPEL in all welding types. Percentage of workers, however, exposed to airborne concentration of metals above KPEL amounted to 16.8 % in Mn and 7.6 % in Fe in CC₂ welding; 37.5 % in Cu in SAW. 30 % in Cu in TIG; and 25 % in Pb in SPOT welding. As a whole, 76 Workers(22.4 %) were exposed to high concentration of any of the metals above KPEL. 4. There were differences in airborne concentration of metals such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu. Fe. Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti and Zn by industry types. These concentrations were higher in shipyards and steel heavy industries than in automobile assembly and manufactures. Workers exposed to higher concentration of Pb above KPEI. amounted to 7.4 % of workers(7/94) in automobile assembly and manufactures. In shipyards, 19.2 % of workers(19/99) were over-exposed to Mn and 7.1 % (7/99) to Fe above KPEL. In steel heavy industries, 14.4 %(21/146), 7.5 %(11/146) and 13 %(l9/146) were over-exposed to Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively. As a whole, 76 out of 339 workers(22.4 %) were exposed to any of the metals above KPEL. 5. Blood levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in welders were 0.11 ㎍/100㎖, 0.84 ㎍/㎖, 424.4 ㎍/㎖, 1.26 ㎍/100㎖, 5.01 ㎍/100㎖ and 5.68 ㎍/㎖, respectively, in contrast to 0.09 ㎍/l00㎖, 0.70 ㎍/㎖, 477.2 ㎍/㎖, 0.73 ㎍/100㎖, 3.14 ㎍/l00㎖ and 6.15 ㎍/㎖, in non-exposed control groups, showing significantly higher values in welders but Fe and Zn.