국내 토지이용도별 토양 중 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)의 농도 수준 및 분포 특성

노회정,윤정기,윤대근,유순주,김태승,이재영,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yoon, Jeong Ki,Yun, Dae-Geun,Yu, Soon-Ju,Kim, Tae Seung,Lee, Jai-Young 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.6

We investigated soil contamination depending on the land use by examining the contamination levels and distribution characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the national soil. Total PAHs (the sum of 16 PAH concentrations) and carcinogenic PAHs (the sum of seven carcinogenic PAH concentrations) were $8.50{\sim}3,437.16{\mu}g/kg$ and $2.94{\sim}2,136.96{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene, one of the contaminants regulated by the soil quality standard in the nation, was $ND{\sim}924.73{\mu}g/kg$. Its maximum value of $924.73{\mu}g/kg$ was detected in railroad (Region 3) and is approximately 13% of the standard value for Region 3 (i.e., 7 mg/kg). We also investigated the characteristics of contamination sources of PAHs in soil of the upland, forests, roads, and railroads, examining the fraction distribution of PAHs concentration by the number of benzene rings against the total PAHs concentration. The results demonstrate that the mean fraction of 4~6-ring PAHs against total PAHs concentration in soil was in the range of 51.8~80.7% with relative abundance of high-molecular PAHs, showing that the origin of contamination is under the category of combustion sources. When the molecular indices (Flu/(Flu/Pyr), Ant/(Ant+Phe), InP/(InP+BP), and BaA/(BaA+Chr)) were applied, they were also categorized as petroleum-based combustion sources. The individual PAH concentrations in soil by the land use were grouped into Regions 1, 2, and 3, which are statistically treated and are the parts of the national category system of soil quality standard. As a result, the concentration level of 16 PAHs was $0.02{\sim}2.63{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 1, $0.05{\sim}4.26{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 2, and $2.36{\sim}178.27{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 3. The concentration level of 6 carcinogenic PAHs was 14.2~320.4% against that of benzo(a)pyrene in Region 3 and sites of recycling waste sleepers. Considering that there were similarities among PAHs in terms of structures and toxicities, it would be recommended to review other types of carcinogenic PAHs together with benzo(a)pyrene when developing the soil quality standards in the nation.

자외선/가시선 분광법을 이용한 토양 중 6가 크롬 분석방법의 방해요인 분석 및 이온크로마토그래피 적용에 관한 연구

노회정,이명규,이현석,김미라,김동호,김태승,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Lee, Myung-Gyu,Lee, Hyeon Seok,Kim, Mira,Kim, Dongho,Kim, Tae Seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2012 지하수토양환경 Vol.17 No.6

This study was performed to find the problems according to interference factors (organic matter, pH, Cr, Mn, Fe, clay, and etc.) when we analyzed the hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in soils using UV/VIS spectrometer (US EPA 7196A), attempted to evaluate the domestic applicability of analytical method (US EPA 7199) using IC-UV/VIS spectrometer as alternative method. The recovery rate of certified reference materials was 75.0% (US EPA 7196A) and 101.4% (US EPA 7199) by the analytical methods. As the results of performing QA/QC about US EPA 7199, method detection limit (MDL) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.062 mg/kg, 0.196 mg/kg, respectively. The LOQ of US EPA 7199 was lower than that of the current soil official testing method in Korea (0.5 mg/kg). Cr(VI) contents in 23 soil samples were compared by the analytical methods of EPA 7196A and 7199. Cr(VI) was detected in 13 of 23 soil samples by EPA 7196A, while EPA 7199 was not detected in any soil samples. The Cr(VI) content in 23 soil samples by EPA 7196A was not clearly correlated with Cr, Fe, Mn and clay content in the soil samples. However, the contents of Cr(VI) and organic matter of the soil samples had the highest coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.80. In order to evaluate the correlation between the recovery rates of Cr(VI) and organic matter contents in the soil samples, the recovery rates of 5 soil samples added Cr(VI) standard solution were analyzed by the analytical methods. According to the results, the higher the organic matter contents in soil samples, the lower the recovery rates of Cr(VI) by US EPA 7196, while in case of US EPA 7199, the recovery rates were stable regardless of the organic matter contents.

음용 지하수 중 라돈 자연저감 특성

노회정,정도환,윤정기,김문수,주병규,전상호,김태승,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Jeong, Do-Hwan,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Moon-Su,Ju, Byoung-Kyu,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Kim, Tae-Seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2011 지하수토양환경 Vol.16 No.1

To investigate the natural reduction characteristics of radon with a short half-life (3.82 day) in drinking Qgroundwater, we analyzed the changes of radon concentrations of groundwater, waters in storage tanks, and tap waters from the small-scale groundwater-supply systems (N = 301) by LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counter). We also analyzed the concentrations of uranium (half-life 4.5 billion years) in the waters by ICP/MS to compare with natural reduction of radon concentration. The radon concentrations of 68 groundwater-supply systems occupying 22.6% of the total samples exceeded the US EPA's Alternative Maximum Contaminant Level (AMCL : 4,000 pCi/L), with the average radon concentration of 7,316 pCi/L (groundwaters), 3,833 pCi/L (tank waters) and 3,407 pCi/L (tap waters). Compared to the radon levels of pumped groundwaters, those of tank and tap waters naturally reduced significantly down to about 50%. Especially, in case of 29 groundwater-supply systems with the groundwater radon concentrations of 4,000~6,000 pCi/L, average radon concentrations of the tank and tap waters naturally decreased down to the AMCL. Therefore this study implies that radon concentrations of drinking groundwater can be effectively reduced by sufficient storage and residence in tanks.

농경지 토양 중 농약성분 실태조사 연구

노회정 ( Hoe-jung Noh ),윤성미 ( Sung-mi Yun ),김지인 ( Ji-in Kim ),윤정기 ( Jeong-ki Yoon ),황지애 ( Ji-ae Hwang ),김인자 ( In-ja Kim ),김현구 ( Hyun-koo Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2019 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2019 No.-

DDT는 유기염소 계열의 살충제로 1940년대 이후 농업에 많이 사용되었으나, 높은 독성, 잔류성, 생물농축성으로 환경 유해성이 입증되어 스톡홀름 협약에 따라 사용 및 배출을 규제하고 있다. 국내에서도 1971년 농약 허가가 취소(보건용은 1973년 금지)된 이후에는 농약 생산 및 판매가 중단된 상태이다. 이러한 이유로 환경부는 1995년 토양환경보전법 제정시, 농림부 및 전문가 의견 수렴단계에서 사용금지 또는 제한 정책기조를 반영하여 유기염소계 농약류는 별도로 토양오염물질로 설정하지 않았었다. 그러나 2017년 8월 경북지역 산란계 방사형 농장의 계란에서 DDT가 검출되었으며, 그 원인이 해당 농장 내 토양에 DDT가 존재하여 닭과 계란에 전이되는 생물농축(bioaccumulation) 과정으로 인한 것으로 추정되었다. 이에 환경부에서는 전국 토양측정망 110 지점(2017~2018년)과 2017년 당시 계란에서 DDT가 검출된 경산·영천시 소재 40 지점(2017년) 등 총 150 지점의 농경지를 대상으로 DDT 등 유기염소계 농약류 15종(DDT, 알드린, 디엘드린, 엔드린, 클로르데인, 헵타클로르, 미렉스, 헥사클로로벤젠, α-HCH, β-HCH, 린단, δ-HCH, 펜타클로로벤젠, 엔도설판, 클로르데칸)을 실태조사 하였다. 이때 토양 시료는 ‘토양측정망 설치 및 운영계획(환경부 고시)에 따라 표토(0~15 cm)를 채취하였고, 분석은 잔류성유기오염물질 공정시험기준(GC/HRMS)에 따라 수행하였다. 실태조사 결과, 토양 중 DDT 농도수준은 평균 0.023 mg/kg(불검출 ~ 2.2 mg/kg)이었으며, 캐나다 환경장관위원회(CCME)에서 농경지 안내지침값으로 제시하는 0.7 mg/kg을 적용할 경우, 2 지점에서 이 값을 상회하여 농림부 협조 하에 관련 지점의 농산물을 조사한 결과 농산물에서는 DDT가 불검출되어 안전한 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 DDT 최고 농도 지점에 대한 DDE, DDD, DDT의 검출 비율은 DDT보다 분해산물인 DDE의 검출비율이 높았는데, 이는 지속적인 농작물 재배로 인한 경운 작업 등으로 호기성 환경이 조성되었기 때문으로 판단되었다. DDT 외 유기염소계 농약류 14종의 경우, 불검출 되었거나, 환경부 잔류성유기오염물질 측정망(POPs 측정망)의 연평균 농도 수준과 비교할 때 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 실태조사 결과를 통해 국내 토양 중의 농약 검출농도가 국외 환경관리기준과 농산물 안전성 조사 결과를 고려할 때 문제없는 수준임을 확인할 수 있었다. 다만 일부 지점에서 DDT와 같이 사용 제한이 오래되었으나 분해기간이 길고 잔류 특성이 높은 농약류의 경우 현재까지도 토양 중에 유의미한 수준으로 일부 존재할 수 있기 때문에 잔류성유기오염물질 특성 파악, 모니터링을 통한 조사체계 구축, 농림부와의 유기적인 협력체계 마련 등을 통한 대비가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

오염원 인근 토양 중 베릴륨(Be), 코발트(Co), 탈륨(Tl), 바나듐(V)의 농도분포 및 오염영향 평가

이홍길,노회정,윤정기,임종환,임가희,김현구,김지인,Lee, Hong-gil,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yoon, Jeong Ki,Lim, Jong-hwan,Lim, Ga-Hee,Kim, HyunKoo,Kim, Ji-in 한국지하수토양환경학회 2018 지하수토양환경 Vol.23 No.4

Beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), thallium (Tl) and vanadium (V) are candidates of 21 priority soil pollutants in Korea. The distribution of their concentration in soils from three contamination sources including industrial, roadside and mining areas was investigated. Concentrations of the metals were evaluated quantitatively using pollution indices and the fractionation of metals was conducted using modified SM&T (Standards Measurements and Testing programme) sequential extraction. Concentrations of the metals for all samples from industrial and roadside soils were within the range of natural background levels, while some of Be in soils from abandoned mines exceeded that the range. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) for Be, Co, Tl and V showed that there are effects or possibilities of anthropogenic activities. Pollution Load Index (PLI) analyses indicated all investigated sites needed further monitoring. The results of sequential extractions indicated mobile fractions (F1+F2) of Be, Tl and V were below 30% except some of Co in soil, which implies their low mobility to neighboring environment media. Variable tools like sequential extraction, comparison with background/actual concentration and pollution indices, as well as aqua regia extraction should be considered when evaluating Be, Co, Tl, V in soil.

Pilot 규모 biopile에 의한 유류오염토양의 정화

윤정기,노회정,김혁,김종하,김태승,고성환,Yoon, Jeong Ki,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Kim, Hyuk,Kim, Jong Ha,Kim, Tae Seung,Ko, Sung Hwan 한국지하수토양환경학회 2013 지하수토양환경 Vol.18 No.2

The pilot scale biopile system was designed and operated for evaluation of bioremediation efficiency for petroleum contaminated soil. The pilot scale biopile consisted of biopile dome, aeration system and monitoring system and two biopiles were operated with nutrients and inoculum for more 100 days. The test pile A and B were analyzed with regard to pH, total carbon contents, water contents, nutrients (N, P) and TPH. The initial TPH concentrations for pile A and pile B were about 10,000 mg/kg and 2,300 mg/kg, respectively. After 100 days, the TPH contents decreased about 70% in the pile A and 30% in the pile B. Also, n-$C_{17}$/pristane and n-$C_{18}$/phytane ratios in all pile were significantly changed. The microbial densities in the pile A was increased by approximately $10^7$ CFU/g-soil~$10^8$ CFU/g-soil, but there was almost no changed in the pile B. The average biodegradation rates were calculated about 66.8 mg/kg-day in the pile A and 10.9 mg/kg-day in the pile B. Over the course of operation period, pile temperature was considered the major limiting factor for the efficiency of all biopiles.

지하수 중 라듐-226의 분석방법 및 환경 특성에 관한 예비 연구

정도환,김문수,노회정,윤윤열,김동수,이영준,주병규,홍정기,김태승,Jeong, Do-Hwan,Kim, Moon--Su,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yoon, Yoon-Yeol,Kim, Dong-Soo,Lee, Young-Joon,Ju, Byoung-Kyu,Hong, Jung-Ki,Kim, Tae-Seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2012 지하수토양환경 Vol.17 No.2

$^{226}Ra$ in groundwater could be analyzed by various methods. LSC (liquid scintillation counter) is used to measure its activity of Ba co-precipitates with Hisafe III scintillation cocktail solution. Counting efficiency was obtained using NIST $^{226}Ra$ standard solution in triplicate and calculated $^{226}Ra$ concentration using the efficiency values. $^{226}Ra$ values of 19 groundwaters having Gross-${\alpha}$ concentrations of more than 5 pCi/L ranged from ND (${\leq}$ 0.1 pCi/L) to 1.18 pCi/L. Geologic settings of the 19 areas are composed of granitic rocks of Pre-Cambrian and Jurassic and Cretaceous, gneiss (schist) of Pre-Cambrian, and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous. No relationship was shown among $^{226}Ra$ a concentrations and in-situ water quality data, and Gross-${\alpha}$, uranium, radon concentrations.

농경지 및 공장지역 토양 내 중금속 존재형태와 토양 특성과의 상관성 평가

이홍길,김지인,노회정,박정의,김태승,윤정기,Lee, Hong-gil,Kim, Ji-in,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Park, Jeong-Eui,Kim, Tae Seung,Yoon, Jeong Ki 한국지하수토양환경학회 2016 지하수토양환경 Vol.21 No.6

The Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme (SM&T-formerly BCR) extraction procedure was applied to fractionate Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in 23 top soil samples into: (i) exchangeable phase; (ii) reducible phase; (iii) oxidisable(sulfides and organics bound) phase; and (iv) residual phase. Fractions of Cr and Ni were in the order of residual > oxidisable > reducible > exchangeable phase. The oxidisable phase was identified as dominant for Cu and Pb. Zn had the highest ratio of exchangeable phase in comparision to the other metals. The bioavailability and mobility were assessed to be the greatest for Zn, followed by a decreasing order of Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr. All metal average concentrations in topsoil samples was higher in industrial sites than in agricultural sites. Our results revealed higher concentrations in topsoil samples (0~15 cm) than in sub soils (15~30 cm, 30~60 cm) for most metals at six sites (No. 5, 6, 17, 19, 20, 23). The fractions of exchangeable, reducible ad oxidisable phases showed relatively high correlation with soil pH, Fe/Mn oxide concentrations and organic matter contents, respectively.

토양 중 중금속(Ba, Cr)의 분포특성 평가

윤정기,김록영,김지인,노회정,유순주,김태승,이명규,윤대근,이홍길,김인자,박경훈,Yoon, Jeong-Ki,Kim, Rog-Young,Kim, Ji In,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yu, Soon-Ju,Kim, Tae Seung,Lee, Myung Gyu,Yun, Dae-Geun,Lee, Hong-gil,Kim, In Ja,Park, Gyoung-Hun 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.7

This study was performed to provide fundamental data to establish the new soil pollution standards and the soil contamination management plans in a rational manner. The distribution characteristics of new soil contaminants such as barium (Ba) and chromium (Cr) in soils (n=140) were investigated in relation to land-use classification and geological features. Also, the sequential extraction test was conducted to evaluate fate and mobility of new soil contaminants. The soil samples taken from 140 sites were analyzed to survey distribution levels of selected new soil contaminants. The average concentration and range for hazardous metals (Ba, Cr) were Ba 128.946 (26.757~489.587) mg/kg, Cr 30.121 (2.579~132.783) mg/kg. Based on land use classification, the highest Ba concentration was found in factory soils, followed by dry field and park soils, while Cr concentration was highest in rice paddy soils, followed by dry field and factory soils. Within 10 geological units investigated the highest Ba and Cr concentrations were observed in the soils from Okcheon group and metamorphic rocks, respectively. The BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction was conducted to identify chemical distributional existence of 2 elements of soils from each geological unit. Ba in soils is mainly assumed to exists as reducible form (such as BaSO₄, BaCO₃) and Cr in soils mainly is assumed to exist as residual form (such as Cr₂O₃, Cr_xFe_1-x(OH)₃(x < 1)).

국내 음용지하수중 전알파 특성 연구

정도환,이영준,주병규,노회정,유순주,김문수,Jeong, Do-Hwan,Lee, Young-Joon,Ju, Byoung-Kyu,Noh, Hoe-Jung,Yu, Soon-Ju,Kim, Moon-Su 한국지하수토양환경학회 2011 지하수토양환경 Vol.16 No.5

Groundwaters were sampled from 730 wells being used for drinking purposes during 2007-2009. These samples were analysed using a gas-flow type GPC (Gas Proportional Counter) according to the USEPA method (900.0). We obtained a gross-alpha counting TDS (total dissolved solid) efficiency curve (Y = 0.0017X2 - 0.3122X + 19.165, X = TDS, Y = efficiency, $R^2$ = 0.9734) using natural uranium standard to get gross ${\alpha}$ value of the samples. The gross alpha values ranged from MDA (minimum detectable activity) to 14.88 pCi/L and 429 samples showed values higher than MDA (< 0.9 pCi/L). Correlations of the uranium values with the total alpha values and the gross-alpha values indicate that uranium values have high impacts on gross-alpha values. Groundwater samples of study areas were classified into four regions according to the rock types; plutonic (granite) rock region (427 areas), metamorphic rock region (181 aeras), sedimentary rock region (70 areas), volcanic rock region (52 areas). Groundwater of Cretaceous granite presented the highest gross-alpha value. Gross alpha in groundwaters showed no relationship with uranium in terms of the geological ages, rocks and minerals.