김정은 시대 북한정치의 특징과 전망

김일기(Kim, Il-Gi),이수석(Lee, Su-Suk) 북한학회 2013 북한학보 Vol.38 No.2

이 글은 김정은 시대 북한 정치의 특징을 분석하고 향후 변화를 전망하고 있다. 북한 정치의 특정은 권력구조와 리더십 그리고 통치이념을 중심으로 분석하였다. 먼저, 북한의 권력구조는 수령체제라는 북한 정치체제의 특성에 주목하여 유일영도체계와 함께 권력엘리트의 재편에 초점을 두었다. 김정은 시대 유일영도체계는 김정일 시기에 비해 약해지고 있으며, 권력엘리트들은 당-정-군 모두에서 세대교체가 가속화되고 있다. 둘째, 김정은의 정치적 리더십은 인격적 리더십과 제도적 리더십을 통해 분석하였다. 김정은은 김정일 사망 직후 최고지도자의 지위에 기반한 제도적 리더십을 갖춘 이후, 현재까지 인격적 리더십 확립에 매진하고 있다. 셋째, 북한의 통치이념은 주체사상에서 김일성-김정일주의로 변경되었다. 그리고 북한은 김정은 시대의 실천담론으로서 김정일 애국주의를 확산시키고 있다. 결론적으로, 북한은 김정은 시대의 새로운 비전과 목표를 제시할 것이며, 이를 통해 김정일과의 차별성 및 변화를 모색할 가능성이 높다. This paper analyzes the characteristics of North Korean politics and predicts future changes under Kim Jong-Un era. It is analyzed power structure, political leadership and ruling ideology as the characteristics of North Korean politics. First, The power structure is consist of 'uilyongdochege (monolithic leadership)' and change of power elite. The 'uilyongdochege' has weakened and the replacement of power elite has accelerated compared to Kim Jong-Il era. Second, there were analyzed personal leadership and positional leadership as Kim Jong-un's political leadership. Kim Jong-Un established institutional leadership based on position of supreme leader soon after the death of Kim Jong-Il and has been trying to establish personal leadership. Third, The ruling ideology of North Korea changed from 'Juche Ideology' to 'Kimilsung-Kimjongilism'. And The 'KimJongil Patriotism' is spreading to the entire society as the discourse for practice 'Kimilsung-Kimjongilism'. Finally, North Korea will present a new vision and goals and try to differentiate Kim Jong-Un era from Kim Jong-Il era.

일반논문 : 김정은 체제의 대남정책과 남북관계

김일기 ( Il Gi Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2012 글로벌정치연구 Vol.5 No.1

북한은 작년 김정일 사망 이후 권력승계의 속도를 빠르게 진행하여 올해 4월의 제4차 당대표자회와 제12기 제5차 최고인민회의를 통해 김정은 체제를 공식적으로 출범시켰다. 현재 김정은 체제의 대내외 정책 방향은 김정일의 유훈에 따라 진행되고 있으나, 구체적 내용들은 아직 공개되지 않고 있다. 이 연구는 이러한 점에 주목하여 김정은 체제의 대남정책 방향과 남북관계를 전망하였다. 김정은 체제는 북한의 전통적 대남전략 목표인 ``한반도 공산화``를 계승함과 동시에 강온 양면의 이중적 대남정책을 전개할 것이다. 북한의 대남 유화정책은 경제난 해결과 미북 관계 개선 및 6자회담 재개를 위해 전개될 가능성이 높다. 반면, 대남 강경정책은 미북 관계와 북핵 협상 미진, 체제위기 탈피, 남북관계 주도권 확보 차원에서 추진될 가능성이 높다. 김정은 시대의 남북관계는 북한의 이중적 대남정책에 따라 경색과 회복의 국면을 반복할 것이다. 북한의 대남정책에서 새로운 변화가 없는 한 당분간 남북관계는 경색국면을 벗어나기 어렵다. 그러나 장기적 측면에서 보면 남북관계는 김정은 체제의 안정화 속에서 제한적이지만 점진적으로 개선되는 방향으로 나아갈 가능성이 높다. 아마도 남북관계와 한국, 미국, 중국의 권력교체가 완료되고 새로운 정부가 출범하는 2013년 이후에 새로운 변화의 가능성을 기대할 것으로 예상된다. Kim Jong-un regime has been officially launched from the fourth Conference of the Workers` Party of North Korea, and the fifth session of the 12th Supreme People`s Assembly was held on April 2012. The policy of Kim Jong-un regime has been followed by the teachings left by Kim Jong-il, but the details of it have not been known. So, this article analyzes not only the North Korea`s Policy against South Korea, but also inter-Korea relations which could be expected in the Kim Jong-un Regime. While it maintains the past policy objective, "the communization of the entire Korean peninsula", North Korea will be continued to purse the dual strategy of hardline and moderate toward South Korea. Inter-Korea relations of Kim Jong-un Era will be swung back and forth such as pendulum in the wall clock. If there is no change in strict policy toward South Korea, inter-Korea relations will become progressively worse. Taking the long-term perspective, however, inter-Korea relations will be improved gradually.

한국인 전반적 급진성 치주염 환자에서 IL-6 유전자 다변성에 관한 연구

방선정,김일신,김옥수,김영준,정현주,Bang, Sun-Jung,Kim, Il-Shin,Kim, Ok-Su,Kim, Young-Jun,Chung, Hyun-Ju 대한치주과학회 2008 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.38 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of generalized aggressive periodontitis with IL-6 promoter gene single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP). Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 52 generalized aggressive periodontitis patients(GAP) and 30 periodontally healthy control subjects, who were systemically healthy non-smokers. Genomic DNA was obtained from buccal swab. The IL-6 promotor SNP at the positions of -597, -572, and -174 were genotyped by amplifying the polymorphic region using polymerase chain reaction(PCR), restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Result: The genotype distributions for G/G, G/A and A/A genotypes of IL-6 -597 were 30.8%, 40.4%, and 28.8% in the GAP group and 53.3%, 40%, and 6.7% in the control group and were statistically different between 2 groups(p<0.05). Allele 2 frequency of IL-6 -597 were significantly higher in the GAP group than the control group(p<0.01). At the position of IL-6 -572, the distribution for C/C, C/G and G/G genotypes were 23.1%, 55.8% and 21.2% in the GAP group and 20%, 33.3%, and 46.7% in the control group. In female subjects, the genotype distribution were significantly different between 2 groups(p<0.01). In male subjects, allele 2 frequency of IL-6-572 was significantly lower in the GAP group than the control group(p<0.05). The genotype distribution of IL-6 -174 in the GAP group were 96.2%, 3.8% for G/G, G/C genotypes whereas only the G/G genotype was detected in the control group. Conclusion: In conclusion, significant associations were found in IL-6 gene promoter(-597, -572) polymorphisms and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Further cohort study will be necessary in larger population.

괴화 추출물이 대식세포에서의 nitric oxide와 interleukin-6의 생성에 미치는 영향

이지은,이주연,최점일,김종관,김성조,Lee, Ji-Eun,Lee, Ju-Youn,Choi, Jeom-Il,Kim, Chong-Kwan,Kim, Sung-Jo 대한치주과학회 2005 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.35 No.1

Both nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease as it does in other inflammatory diseases, and the inhibitors of NO and IL-6 production have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated methanol extract of Sophorae Flos for inhibition of NO and IL-6 production in Prevotella intermedia LPS-induced mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Dried Sopharae Flos was sliced, and extracted with 100% methanol. LPS from p. intermedia ATCC 25611 was prepared by the standard hot phenol-water method. NO production was assayed by measuring the accumulation of nitrite in culture supematants and IL-6 was measured using mouse IL-6 ELISA kit. Western blot analysis of iNOS and analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were carried out. The methanol extract of Sophorae Flos concentration-dependently reduced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in RAw264.7 cells treated with P. intermedia LPS. Sophorae Flos also suppressed IL-6 production and the expression of IL-6 mRNA in RAw264.7 cells stimulated by P. intermedia LPS. The inhibition of NO and IL-6 production by Sophorae Flos may be useful in the therapy of inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested.

주조직적합항원이 불일치하는 마우스 동종 조혈모세포이식에서 IL-2로 유도된 CD4+CD25+ T세포를 이용한 이식편대숙주병의 억제

현재호,정대철,정낙균,박수정,민우성,김태규,최병옥,김원일,한치화,김학기,Hyun, Jae Ho,Jeong, Dae Chul,Chung, Nak Gyun,Park, Soo Jeong,Min, Woo Sung,Kim, Tai Gyu,Choi, Byung Ock,Kim, Won Il,Han, Chi Wha,Kim, Hack Ki 대한면역학회 2003 Immune Network Vol.3 No.4

Background: In kidney transplantation, donor specific transfusion may induce tolerance as a result of some immune regulatory cells against the graft. In organ transplantation, the immune state arises from a relationship between the immunocompromised graft and the immunocompetent host. However, a reverse immunological situation exists between the graft and the host in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In addition, early IL-2 injections after an allogeneic murine HSCT have been shown to prevent lethal graft versus host disease (GVHD) due to CD4+ cells. We investigated the induction of the regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells after a transfusion of irradiated recipient cells with IL-2 into a donor. Methods: The splenocytes (SP) were obtained from 6 week-old BALB/c mice ($H-2^d$) and irradiated as a single cell suspension. The donor mice (C3H/He, $H-2^k$) received $5{\times}10^6$ irradiated SP, and 5,000 IU IL-2 injected intraperitoneally on the day prior to HSCT. The CD4+CD25+ cell populations in SP treated C3H/He were analyzed. In order to determine the in vivo effect of CD4+CD25+ cells, the lethally irradiated BALB/c were transplanted with $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM and $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+CD25+ cells. The other recipient mice received either $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM with $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+ CD25- cells or the untreated SP. The survival and GVHD was assessed daily by a clinical scoring system. Results: In the MLR assay, BALB/c SP was used as a stimulator with C3H/He SP, as a responder, with or without treatment. The inhibition of proliferation was $30.0{\pm}13%$ compared to the control. In addition, the MLR with either the CD4+CD25+ or CD4+CD25- cells, which were isolated by MidiMacs, from the C3H/He SP treated with the recipient SP and IL-2 was evaluated. The donor SP treated with the recipient cells and IL-2 contained more CD4+CD25+ cells ($5.4{\pm}1.5%$) than the untreated mice SP ($1.4{\pm}0.3%$)(P<0.01). There was a profound inhibition in the CD4+CD25+ cells ($61.1{\pm}6.1%$), but a marked proliferation in the CD4+CD25- cells ($129.8{\pm}65.2%$). Mice in the CD4+CD25+ group showed low GVHD scores and a slow progression from the post-HSCT day 4 to day 9, but those in the control and CD4+CD25- groups had a high score and rapid progression (P<0.001). The probability of survival was 83.3% in the CD4+CD25+ group until post-HSC day 35 and all mice in the control and CD4+CD25- groups died on post-HSCT day 8 or 9 (P=0.0105). Conclusion: Donor graft engineering with irradiated recipient SP and IL-2 (recipient specific transfusion) can induce abundant regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells to prevent GVHD.

실천신학적 접근에 의한 한국교회 설교 현장 분석과 윤리적 설교 실행에 관한 연구

김양일(Yang-Il Kim) 영남신학대학교 2016 신학과 목회 Vol.46 No.-

Today is not only the age of changing but also of crisis. The incredible development of civilization has led to remarkable changes but appropriate responding to them lacks, causing various problem in the entire society. In addition, the church facing these situations are not free from it, and the real problems arising from those jeopardize the status of the church. Rather, people’s lives are abundant, and things which were considered as impossible in the past become now easily available ones in daly lives. However, our spirits seem not to experience these bodily abundance at the same time. People’s souls become poorer and devastated than before and news about lots of accidents from them are delivered to us via mass media. The church"s responsibility for this reality is heavier. And in the middle of this responsibility, the role of mission of preaching is located. This article tries to analyze these situations of the time based on four core tasks of the famous Christian educationalist and practical theologian, Richard R. Osmer"s Practical Theology. According to four tasks of the descriptive-empirical task, the interpretive task, the normative task, and the pragmatic task suggested by Osmer, today’s situations are analyzed and understood. Then, based on theology of ethical preaching by Charles L. Campbell, solutions for the age of crisis are sought according to discussions of theology of preaching. And specific solutions for today’s the age of crisis are made according to suggestions from Campbell’s theology of preaching. In this age of crisis, the church has faced complex and difficult crises which cannot be solved by simply one or two suggestions. However, the recovery of mission of preaching, one of the most important ones in the church will be a meaningful step for overcoming these crises. In the time of the broken ethics and norms and needs of recovery of perfect order, attempt for preaching to recover evangelical ethics will be surely one of meaningful efforts.

NR/BR Compounds의 가황촉진제 병용에 의한 가황 특성 및 기계적 물성 연구

김일진 ( Il Jin Kim ),김욱수 ( Wook Soo Kim ),이동현 ( Dong Hyun Lee ),배종우 ( Jong Woo Bae ),변영후 ( Young Hoo Byon ),김원호 ( Won Ho Kim ) 한국화학공학회 2009 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.47 No.4

Single-cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay에 의한 대합에서의 In Vivo 유전독성 평가

김일용(Il-Yong Kim),현창기(Chang-Kee Hyun) 한국독성학회 2004 Toxicological Research Vol.20 No.3

The suitability of the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay as a test for the<br/> monitoring of genotoxicity of aquatic environment was evaluated. The SCGE assay was employed to<br/> detect DNA damage induced in clam (Spisula sachalinensis) exposed to a direct mutagen, N-methyl-<br/> N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or an indirect mutagen, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The cells of gill<br/> and digestive glands were isolated from clam by homogenization, which was the optimized cell dissociation<br/> method, and the level of DNA damage was assessed and expressed as mean tail length. In<br/> the gill cells, significant dose- and time-dependent increase was observed in the mean tail length at<br/> the concentration from 0.01 to 0.5 ppm MNNG for 96 h. The linear correlation between relative damage<br/> index (RDI) values was suggested to provide criteria of genotoxicity monitoring for direct acting<br/> mutagen. The dose- and time-dependent responses of the digestive glands cells were less sensitive<br/> than those of the gill cells. In contrast, the genotoxic response resulting from the exposure of<br/> 0.01~1.0 ppm B[a]P to clam revealed a higher sensitivity in the digestive glands cells than the gill<br/> cells. The comparison between the time profiles of genotoxic responses in clam and carp, the latter<br/> had been obtained in our previous study, indicated that the metabolism of genotoxic compounds in<br/> the two aquatic organisms were quite different each other. We conclude that the SCGE assay has the<br/> potential as a screening test for routine genotoxicity monitoring of aquatic organisms because of its<br/> higher sensitivity and simplicity.

Soil-Bentonite 혼합토의 불포화 투수특성 연구

김만일 ( Man Il Kim ) 대한지질공학회 2005 지질공학 Vol.15 No.2

본 연구에서는 폐기물 매립장의 차수층으로 사용되는 벤토나이트 혼합토에 대한 연직침윤시험과 Frequency Domain Reflectometry 측정장비를 이용한 유전율 측정시험을 수행하였다. 표준사, 화강풍화토, 벤토나이트 재료에 대해 다양한 배합 비율을 적용하여 제작된 벤토나이트 혼합토의 체적함수비, 간극비, 유전율상수 등의 관계로부터 이들의 불포화 투수 특성을 파악하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 초기 벤토나이트 혼합비는 체적함수비 변화에 영향을 미치며, 체적함수비 변화는 간극비와 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 또한 벤토나이트 혼합토의 체적함수비 변화는 유전율 반응으로부터 명확히 측정됨을 파악하였다. 벤토나이트 혼합토의 불포화 투수 특성을 파악하기 위한 본 연구에서 체적함수비와 유전율상수의 관계함수를 추정하였다. This study presents the results of a laboratory investigation performed to study physical properties of soil-bentonite mixtures through the vertical permeation test and dielectric measurement test using Frequency Domain Reflectometry system for the liner of waste landfill. For the laboratory experiments, geotechnical testing was conducted on pre-mixed soil-bentonite which is consisted of standard sand, weathered granite soil and bentonite for estimating physical parameters such as a volumetric water content, void ratio and dielectric constant. In experiment results, initial soil-bentonite mixing rate has an effect of change of volumetric water content. Also change of volumetric water content of a soil-bentonite mixture is clearly detected to measure a response of dielectric constant. In order to estimate an unsaturated permeable property of soil-bentonite mixtures, equations between volumetric water content and dielectric constant were derived from this study.

등가 모델을 이용한 등방성 격자의 보강된 원통 구조의 좌굴 Knockdown factor의 도출

김한일(Han-Il Kim),심창훈(Chang-Hoon Sim),박재상(Jae-Sang Park),이기주(Keejoo Lee) 한국항공우주학회 2018 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.11