Whitman’s American Experience and Democracy and Divine Literatus in Democratic Vistas

( Suh¸ Yun Kyo ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2018 영어권문화연구 Vol.11 No.1

Whitman gave a new order in the political turmoil and division of US society and continued to reflect on the realistic foundation with the utopian interest, such as the analysis of the self and the morality to be equipped to achieve the ideal of democracy ideally. His work Democratic Vistas is basically a reflection of ideal ideals and a new search. After experiencing the Civil War as opposed to ideological early design work, he presents ideas and cultural programs that he urgently needs to turn the United States into a new nation and turn the public into a new humanoid type. In this work he presents the three stages of the present America as an ideal nation, in its own terms the New World. According to him, 1. the establishment of a ‘political foundation’ 2. the realization of material prosperity 3. the gradual rise of religious democracy. Divine Literature to him was not only his concrete solution for American democracy but America's final hope for enacting communication between Body and Soul. He emphasizes Personalism as the basic principle of democracy. In addition, human beings and gods are one person, discovering the identity of God and humanity through human beings, and such assertion asserts consciousness of divine reality.

휘트먼 민주사상의 배경 연구

서윤교 서경대학교 인문과학연구소 1998 人文科學硏究 Vol.6 No.-

쇼우의 페이비어니즘과 사회개혁관 연구

서윤교 새한영어영문학회 2002 새한영어영문학 Vol.44 No.1

In the late 19th century when spiritual confusion through social and economical contradiction and conflict between religion and science, and sufferers consciousness surged in the Britain, Bernard Shaw joined the Fabian Society and over eight years exerted himself for the propaganda of the Fabianism and the need of social improvement. Bernard Shaw was one of the leaders as a member of the execution committee in the Fabian Society. In taking active part in the Fabian Society, Shaw wrote Fabian Essays with Sydney Webb. Here Shaw expressed his Fabianism well and published Fabian Tract and the monthly Fabian News, too. Fabianism was formulated from the ethical attitudes obtained from the inversion of capitalistic logic and optional addition of economical knowledge from Marx, Ricardo, and Adam Smith as well as the influence upon J.S. Mill and Robert Owen. Shaw was greatly influenced by Henry George in the realization of socialistic policy as the criticism of the capitalism and object achievement of socialism. In the Fabian Essays in 1889 Shaw's wish was the formation of beneficial agency organization which synthesized ill-balanced produce in a region and distribute it as resident's effort, and he found that the land rent was the capitalistic toxin of the capitalism. Shaw tried gradual reformation through the permeation into liberalists. Those days he pointed out socialists' illusion boldly. He recognized that success or failure of a nation's organization depends on how people operate it and found the realistic method of mass production of gentlemen class. But Shaw recognized that human remodeling needs a considerable time because men are accustomed to the traditional method of life and thinking. The presentation of Shaw's superman as the subject who can create and manage a new way of life and improved world may be connected with the progress will of Shaw's Life Force. He pointed out that the socialism as well as Marxism except Fabianism is the intellectual disguise of proletariat liberalism, criticizing that socia lists have a point of view of liberalistic illusion. The illusion he pointed out is a religious one that the revolutionary day would be the beginning of golden age and the Marxist drama of class struggle. Shaw insisted that the institution of human society must satisfy requirements of flexibility to keep face with the ascending movement of life and suggested that Fabianism would overcome defect of the capitalism and remove the socialistic illusion. It is reasonable that Shaw's socialistic thought is spiritual rather than material. Shaw's recognition that no one can reform himself before the society would develop upwards and reform itself is humanistic and for this reason, as I pointed out previously, Fabianism means moralism and intellectualism of the middle class against Marx's proletarianism. So we can judge that Shaw's Fabianism is conspicuously moral and intellectual.

버어나드 쇼우의 페이비언주의와 사회개선사상 연구

서윤교 서경대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 人文科學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Bernard Shaw gave the vital power is British circle where was inactive through the work activity on various subject from the end of 19th century to the beginning of 20th. With the presentation of Life Force he developed the theory of creative evolution and presented the vision for the evolutionary development of life itself. Besides, Shaw insisted that the human institution must meet the flexibility accompanying with the ascending movement of life and according to this need, So fabianism was suggested to overcome the weakness of the capitalism and remove the illusion of the socialism by him. Fabianism was formulated from the ethical attitude obtained from the inversion of capitalistic logic and optional addition of economical knowledge from Marx, Ricardo, and Adam Smith as well as the influence upon J. S. Mill and Robert Owen. Shaw was greatly influenced by Henry George in the realization of socialistic policy as the criticism of the capitalism and object achievement of socialism. In his various works Shaw's wish was the formation of beneficial agency organization which synthesized ill-balanced produce in an region and distribute it as residents' effort and Show found that the land rent was the capitalistic toxin of the capitalism. Show tried gradual reformation through the permeation into liberalists. Those days he pointed out socialists' illusion boldly. He recognized that success or failure of nation's organization depends on how people operate it and found the realistic method of mass production of gentlemen class. But Shaw recognized that human remodeling needs considerable time because men are accustomed to traditional method of life and thinking. The presentation of Shaw's superman as the subject who can create and manage a new way of life and improved world may be connected with the progress will of Shaw's Life Force. He pointed out that the socialism except Fabianism as well as Marxism is the intellectual disguise of proletariat liberalism, criticizing that socialists have a point of view of liberalistic illusion. The illusion he pointed out is religious one that revolutionary day would be the beginning of golden age and the Marxist drama of class stuggle. It is reasonable that Shaw's fabian thought is spiritual rather than material. Shaw's recognition that no one can reform himself before the society would develop upwards and reform is humanistic. The situation improvement and the evolutionary development should be the task simultaneously driven, so in conclusion, we can think that permeation and the general progressivism present the basic principles of Shaw's idea and the literature activity.

버어나드 쇼우와 페이비어니즘

서윤교 서경대학교 인문과학연구소 1999 人文科學硏究 Vol.7 No.-

In the late 19th century when spiritual confusion through social and economical contradiction and conflict between religion and science and sufferers consciousness surged in the Britain Bernard Shaw joined the Fabian Society and over eight years exerted himself for the propaganda of the Fabianism and the need of social improvement. Bernard Shaw was a leader as a member of the execution committee in the Fabian Society. In taking active part in the Fabian Society, Shaw wrote Fabian Essays with Sydney Webb. In Fabian Essays Shaw expressed his fabianism well and he published Fabian Tract and the monthly Fabian News, too. Fabianinsm was formulated from the ethical attitude obtained from the inversion of capitalistic logic and optional addition of economical knowledge from Mark, Ricardo, and Adam Smith as well as the influence upon J.S.Mill and Robert Owen. Shaw was greatly influenced by Henry George in the realization of socialistic policy as the criticism of the capitalism and object achievement of socialism. In the Fabian Essays in 1889 Shaw's wish was the formation of beneficial agency organization which synthesized ill-balanced produce in a region and distribute it as residents' effort and Shaw found that the land rent was the capitalistic toxin of the capitalism. Shaw tried gradual reformation through the permeation into liberalists. Those days he pointed out socialists' illusion boldly. He recognized that success or failure of nation's organization depends on how people operate it and found the realistic method of mass production of gentlemen class. But Shaw recognized that human remodeling needs considerable time because men are accustomed to traditional method of life and thinking. The presentation of Shaw's superman as the subject who can create and manage a new way of life and improved world may be connected with the progress will of Shaw's Life Force. He pointed out that the socialism except Fabianism as well as Marxism is the intellectual disguise of proletariat liberalism, criticizing that socialists have a point of view of liberalistic illusion. The illusion he pointed out is religious one that revolutionary day would be the beginning of golden age and the Marxist drama of class struggle. Shaw insisted that the institution of human society must satisfy requirements of flexibility to keep face with the ascending movement of life and suggested that fabianism would overcome defect of the capitalism and remove the socialistic illusion and problem.

양성 갑상선 결절에서 티록신 억제 요법의 효과

윤석기,김철희,김영선,변동원,서교일,유명희 대한내분비학회 2000 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.15 No.4·5

정상인에서 베타3-아드레날린 수용체 유전자의 변이가 복부 비만도 및 지질대사에 미치는 영향

김영선,윤석기,김철희,서교일,김학선,김극배,변동원,유명희 순천향의학연구소 1998 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.4 No.1

The β₃-adrenergic receptor is expressed in visceral adipose tissue in humans and is thought to contribute to the regulation of the resting metabolic rate and lipolysis. We studied the influence of a mutation in the β₃ -adrenergic receptor gene(Trp64Arg) on body fat distribution, central obesity, lipid metabolism in 65 healthy young male adults. One out of 65 subjects were homozygous (Arg/Arg) for the trp64Arg mutation, 17 subjects were heterozygous (Trp/Arg), and 47 lacked the mutation(Trp/Trp). The body weight, height, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio were similar between the subjects with- and without the mutation. Total body fat, abdominal fat amount, body fat distribution, serum total- and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and insulin concentrations were also not different according to the presence or absence of the mutation. These results suggested that Trp64Arg mutation in β₃-adrenergic receptor gene is not a major contributing factor for central obesity or change in lipid metabolism in Korean young adults.

항갑상선제로 치료한 그레이브스병 환자의 관해예측인자

남일송,윤여일,김선규,김용현,이주영,목지오,윤석기,김철희,김영선,변동원,서교일,유명희 순천향의학연구소 2001 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.7 No.2

Background: Most cases of Graves' disease have been treated by antithyroid drugs in Korea. The major drawbacks of antithyroid drugs are the relative high rate of relapse and the inconvinience of long term therapy. Measurement of TBII and TRH stimulation test have been considered as the most reliable tests predicting relapse, but the predictive power is not high enough to use in clinical situation. This study was performed to find good prognostic indicators in Graves' disease patients after the discontinuation of antithyroid drug therapy. Subjects and methods : We restrospectively evaluated 96 patients with Graves' disease who showed normal TRH test at the end of antithyroid drug therapy and were followed for more than one year. Serum T3, T4, T3/T4 ratio, TBII, Anti-TPO Ab and TGAb levels were measured at the time of diagnosis and at the end of therapy. Two to three months after withdrawal of antithyroid medication, serum TSH and free T3 responses to TRH were examined. These parameters were compared between the relapse group and the remission group. Results : Among the 96 patients, 22 patients(22.9%) relapsed(Group Ⅱ) and 74 patients(77.1%) remained in remmision(Group Ⅰ). No significant difference was observed between the relapse and the remission group in clinical parameters, serum T3, T4, TSH, T3/T4 ratio, TBⅡ and Anti-TPO Ab determined before and after treatment. Serum TSH and free T3 levels measured after TRH stimulation were also similar in both groups. Serum TGAb levels determined at the end of treatment were significantly higher in the remission group(p<0.05). Relapse following the discontinuation of therapy occured within 24 months in 72.7% of the relapsed cases. After 24 months, relapse rate was reduced significantly. Conclusion : These results suggest that high serum TGAb levels could be a favorable prognostic indicator for the long term remission of Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drugs, and may suggest that Hashimoto's thyroiditis is combined with Graves' disease in those patients.

Personalism and Spiritual Democracy in Walt Whitman's Literature

Suh, Yun-Kyo 서경대학교 인문과학연구소 1997 人文科學硏究 Vol.2 No.-

Walt Whitman은 그의 작품 Democratic Vistas에서 미국 민주주의에 대한 그의 견해를 피력하고, 미국 민주주의의 이상향을 제시하면서, 민주주의의 문제점과 해결책을 제시했다. Democratic Vistas는 (1) Democracy (2) Personalism (3) Literature의 세 부분으로 구성되어 있고, 첫 부분 Democracy에서 그는 미국 민주주의의 한계를 인정하고, 미국 민주주의의 발전을 위해서는 개인과 대중사이의 진실한 교류가 있어야 하며, 이러한 교류는 종교적 민주적 이상에 입각한 위대한 문학의 작용에 의해서 달성될 수 있다고 보고 있다. 두 번째 부분인 Personalism에서는 새로운 미국 민주주의의 초석이 되는 미국 개개인의 중요한 역할을 강조하고 있는 바, 이 Personalism이라는 Whitman의 용어는 Democratic Vistas의 핵심어 이며, 그는 Personalism을 미래의 이상 민주주의 속에서 개인과 대중의 융합을 지칭하고 있다. 아울러 인간과 신은 한 인격이며, 인가을 통해서 신과 인간의 동일성을 발견하고, 그러한 확신은 그의 관념인 consciousness of divine reality (신성한 실재의식)을 주장하게 하는 것이다. Whiteman의 Personalism은 인간자아의 신성함, 모든 영혼의 동등성의 원칙의 종합적 개념이며, 인간의 고립은 정치적 민주주의를 위태롭게 하며, 개인의 발전은 개인과 대중과의 조화에 의해서만이 가능하다는 것이다. Whitman은 민주주의 자체는 정치체계라기 보다는 개인의 발전을 위한 웅대한 시도로, 일등급의 인간들을 형성하기 위한 학교로 보고 있고, 정부의 역할은 지역공동사회의 사람들을 교육하는 것으로 보고 있다. 중요한 사실은 개인과 대중의 융화를 통해서, 종교적 동료의식이 형성되며, 이 종교적 동료의식을 모든 사람의 결속으로 전개하고, 신성한 결속체야말로 민주주의가 추구해야 할 것이며, 미국이 추구해 왔던 것이라고 하고 있다. 따라서 Whiteman에게는 국민의 결속이야말로 민주주의 중점이 되는 것이다. Whiteman은 위대한 민주사상가인 Thomas Paine과 민주주의에 대해 상당한 공유 개념을 갖고 있다. Whiteman은 Paine과 지적인 유사성을 항상 지녔고, 반성적자 존중, 모든 형식적 신조와 교리의 거부, 신의 인지, 개개인의 영혼에 반영된 보편적 도덕적 법규에 대한 믿음, 등이 었고, 이러한 원칙들을 Whiteman은 민주적 신념이라고 불렀다. 반면에, Whiteman은 그의 정신적 민주주의 개념에서 Paine과 달랐으며, 그는 민주주의는 정치적 체계 이상이며, 민주주의 개념은 인간과 우주의 본성에 대한 완전한 세계관으로 보았고, 이러한 세계관은 Whiteman의 종교적 동료의식을 주장했듯, 민주주의의 종교적 기반을 제시한 것이다.

버나드 쇼우 문학과 오웬이즘 연구

서윤교 ( Suh Yun-kyo ) 대한영어영문학회 2006 영어영문학연구 Vol.32 No.1

Bernard Shaw expressed his many-sided ideas covering politics, economy, society and labour problems in his dramas to overthrow the social contradiction and irrationality. Bernard Shaw was influenced upon the ethical attitude and optional addition of economical knowledge from Marx, Ricardo, and Adam Smith as well as Robert Owen. Shaw was greatly influenced by Robert Owen in the realization of socialistic policy as the criticism of the capitalism. R. Owen’s academical efforts and social participation focuses on improvement of economical position and cultivation of moral, intellectual quality of the poor, so to speak, realization of human-centered thinking. This accords with Bernard Shaw’s concentrating idea in his dramas. So Owen’s social advancement theory and human welfare view which influenced Shaw’s drama can be understood in view of love for humanity, philanthropic idea and liberal view. In Shaw’s drama Widower’s houses Robert Owen’s idea that security of society would be decided whether the society is based on low class is exposed and his socialistic concept can be found. In Major Barbara Shaw insists that unity of intellect and utility be needed for structural improvement and advancement of society, this is directly connected with Robert Owenl’s idea of cultivation of moral, intellectual quality. (Seokyeong University)