조선업 용접공의 용접흄 생애누적노출량을 이용한 환기기능 평가

정춘화,임현우,구정완,박정일 大韓産業醫學會 2002 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.14 No.4

목적 : 조선업 용접공들의 용접흄 생애 누적노출량을 이용하여 그들의 환기기능을 평가하기 위하여 본연구를 실시하였다. 방법 : 1개 대규모 조선소에서 용접흠에 5년이상 노출된 남자근로자 241명과 대조군으로 사무직 남자 근로자 80명을 대상으로 개인별 생애 누적노출량을 산출하였고 환기기능으로서 노력성폐활량(FVC), 1초량(FEV_1), 1초율(FEV_1%), 최대중간호기 속도(MMF), 최고호기기류속도(PEER)와 호기 FVC의 50%, 75% 시점에서의 최대호기기류인 FEF_50, FEF_75를 얻고저 노력성 호기곡선과 최대호기기류-용량곡선을 측정하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 결과 : FEF_50과 FEF_75의 예측치에 대한 백분율(%pred)의 평균은 노출군이 대조군보다 유의하게 감소하였고 MMF는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 현재의 노출수준 증가에 따라 감소하는 유의한 환기지수는 없었다. 환기지수 중 MMF, FEF_50 및 FEF_75는 노출 기간이 길수록 유의하게 감소하였다. 노출수준×노출기간으로 산출한 용접흄 누적노출량(C1)이 증가함에 따라 최대노출군에서 유의하게 감소한 환기지수는 FEF_75 뿐이었다. 노출수준, 노출기간, 환기시설, 생산량, 보호구사용, 용접봉 및 와이어 종류 등의 변수들을 고려하여 산출한 용접흠 누적 노출량(C2)이 증가함에 따라 최대노출군에서 유의하게 감소한 환기지수는 FEF_75이었으며 MMF 및 FEF_50은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 환기지수중 MMF, FEF_50 및 FEF_75의 경우 생애 누적노출량(C2)이 증가함에 따라 비정상적인 환기기능을 보인 근로자 비율이 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론 : 본 연구결과는 노출 관련 요인들을 고려하여 산출한 생애 누적노출량(C2)을 이용하여 용접흠에 노출된 근로자들의 환기기능을 평가하는데 있어서 MMF, FEF_50 및 FEF_75가 유용한 지수이었다. Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the ventilatory function in shipyard welders using the lifetime cumulative exposure to welding fumes. Methods : Ventilatory function tests were performed on 241 male welders at one large shipuad. exposed to welding fumes for over five years, and was compared to 80 male control subjects. Ventilatory function indices, such as forced vital capacity(FVC). one-second forced expiratory volume(FEV), rato of FEV_1 to FVC(FEV_1%), maximal mid-expira-tory flow(MMF). peak expiratory flow rate(PEER) and maximal expiratory flow at 50 and 75% of expited FVC(FEF_50 and FEF_75), were obtained by analuyzing forced expiratory spirograms and maximal expiratory flowvolume curves that were simultaneously mea-sured by an Impulse ocillometry(IOS) program in the standing position. Results : FEF_50 and FEF_75 expressed as a percentage of the predicted values were significatly lower in the exposure group than in the controls, and the MMF tended to decrease. The mens of all the ventilatory indices, expressed as percentage of the predicted values, were not significantly increased at the current exposure levels. The MMF, FEF_+50 and FEF_75, expressed as a percentage of the predicted values, were significantly decreased with an increase in exposure duration. Onlu the FEF_75, expressed as a percentage of the predicted value, was significantly decreased with an increase in the cunulative exposure to welding fumes(C1). The FEF_75, expressed as a percentage of the predicted value, was significantly decreased with an increase in the cumulative exposure to welding fumes(C2), The above parameters were calculated to consider the durrent exposure level, exposure duration, application of the ventilator sustem, production rate, personal protection device, electrode and swelding wire. The MMF and FDF_50, expressed as a percentage of the predicted value, tended to decrease, The proportion of workers with abnormal MMF, FDF_50 and FDF_75 were significantly increased with an increase in the cumulative exposure to welding fumes(C2). Conclusions : These findings suggested that the MMF, FDF_50 and FDF_75 are sensitive and practical indices for the evaluation of the ventilatory function of workeers exposed to welding fumes, when the lifetime cumulative exposure(C2) is considered as a factor affedting exposure.

양안 근점거리의 분포형

구정완,오민화,이승한 가톨릭대학산업의학센타 산업의학연구소 1991 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.30 No.2

Near point distance for both eyes of 71 healthy subjects. who no special eye conditions, were measured in order to clarify their distribution form and to select a measure that is suited to continuous observation of visual fatigue of VDT workers. The results were as follows: 1. Near point distance for both eyes(appear. disappear) followed normal distribution only after natural log-transformation(Shapiro-Wilk test). 2. The variance and the coefficient of variation of near point distance(appear) were 0.04 and 4.13, respectively, while they were 0.08 and 6.30 in near point distance(disappear). The findings suggested that near point distance(appear) could be a preferable measure to near point distance(disappear)in the sequential monitoring of visual fatigue. 3. The mean near point distance(appear, disappear)for both eyes of study subjects were 138,82 mm in the age4 group of 20-29 years and were 156,97 mm in the age group of 30-39 years. respectively.

중소규모 제조업체 근로자의 인구·사회학적 특성이 건강행동변화단계에 미치는 영향

구명회,임현우,박정일,이강숙,구정완 大韓産業醫學會 2002 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.14 No.1

목 적 : 근로자 건강증진을 위한 사업장 건강증진 사업 프로그램 기획실에 건강 위험요인을 평가하고 근로자 특성에 4따른 행동변화단계를 조사하여 행동 변화단계에 따른 성공적인 근로자 건강증진전력을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 진행하였다. 방 법 : 경인지역이 중소 기업 제조업체 근로자 282명을 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하였으며, 일반적 특성에 대한 조사, 건강위험평가, 위험요인에 대한 행동변화단계를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 건강위험평가에서 흡연자는 남자 근로자에 서 65.7 %, 규칙적인 운동을 하지 않는 남자 근로자는 70.5 %, 여자 근로자는 86.1 %이었고 음주는 남자 근로자의 78.6 %, 여자 근로자인 50 %이었고 과음은 남자 근로자의 29.5 %, 여자 근로자의 11.1 %이었다. 건강한 생활습관으로의 행동변화단계로 계획전단계, 계획 단계, 실천단계, 유지단계 등 4개의 단계로 보면 근로자에서의 금연에 대하여 각각 40.5 %, 23.7 %, 12.1 % 및 23.7 %, 운동에 대하여는 18.4 %, 37.6 %, 17.7 % 및 26.3 %, 음주하였던 사람중 절주에 대하여는 20.9 %, 15.4 %, 10.0 % 및 53.7 %이었다. 흡연을 하는 보건관리자의 행동단계가 일반근로자 보다 유의하게 많았다. 운동에 대해서는 근로자중 50세 이상과 생산직 근로자에서 계획전단계가 다른 근로자보다 유의하게 많았다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과로 대부분의 근로자가 금연을 제외하고는 건강한 생활습관으로의 행동변화를 원하는 것을 알 수 있었으며 근로자의 특성에 따라 행동 변화단계가 다르므로 이를 고려한 다양한 건강증진 프로그램을 개발함으로써 참여율 및 성공율을 높일 수 있으리라 사료된다. Objectives : This research attempts to investigate the relationship between health risk factors and workers' behavioral changes based on individual worker's characteristics to allow the development of more effective health promotion programs in businesses places. Methods : A questionnaire survey was conducted with 282 workers employed in small to medium sized enterprises in the Kyong-in area of Korea. The questionnaire was composed of general characteristics, a health risk assessment and an evaluation of the stage of behavior change for health promotion strategy in the workplace. Results : The health risk assessment revealed that 65.7 % of male workers smoke, 70.5% of male workers do not exercise on a regular basis, 86.1 % of female workers do not exercise at all, and 78.6 % of male workers and 50 % of female workers drink alcohol. In addition, the survey identified that 29.5% of male workers are addicted to excessive drinking, as are 11.1% of female workers. Based on the four stages of behavioral changes that lead to health, the pre-contemplation stage, contemplation stage, action stage, and maintenance stage, 40.5 %, 23.7 %, 12.1 % and 23.7 % of workers are in these stages, respectively, with regards to quitting smoking. As for regular exercises, 18.4 %, 37.6 %, 17.7 %, and 26.3 % of workers belong to each stage, respectively. As for moderation in drinking, 20.9 %, 15.4 %, 10.0 %, and 53.7 % are in each stage, respectively. The rate of health managers in the active stage of quitting smoking is significantly higher than that of general workers. Among the workers who do not exercise on a regular basis, workers over 50 years-old and blue color workers are more common in the precontemplation stage than any other worker groups. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that the stages of behavioral change vary with worker characteristics. An awareness of the effects of the high risk factors is essectial for promoting workers' attendance in health promotion programs.

외상성 두부 손상 환자의 주관적 증상 호소 정도에 따른 다면적 인성검사와 신경심리 검사의 비교

구본훈,정은정,서완석,송창진,장혜경,배대석 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.6

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of "fake bad" and "fake good" patients with traumatic head injury in neuropsychological tests. Methods : We measured subjective symptoms by SCL-90-R and objective symptoms by McBride obstacle-valuation measure. The patient was divided into three groups according to differences between subjective and objective symptoms. We also examined their intelligence, memory, clinical characteristics, using K-WAIS, K-MAS, MMPI. Results : The group who overly expressed their subjective symptoms has its psychotic symptom exaggeratingly measured, so it will be helpful to be careful to such over-expressed symptoms in those who present a psychotic symptom in a clinical Viewpoint. An K-WAIS measurement among those who exaggerated their subjective symptoms showed less value than the actual one, which weakens the reliability of this intelligent test. Rather, for that grouP, the result of K-MAS can be used with a confidence in the estimation of their severity of symptoms. Conclusion : MMPI and neuropsychological tests are helpful to understand characteristics between subjective symptoms and objective disabilities of patients with traumatic head injury.

은행원의 VDT작업에 따른 안자각종상

구정완,이승환,이자영 가톨릭대학산업의학쎈타 산업의학연구소 1991 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.30 No.5

In order to investigate the effects due to visual display terminal(VDT) work of banking operations, the questionnaire survey for subjective eye symptoms was carried out on 378 bank clerks who had been engaged in VDT work for various length of work hours. The results were as follows: 1. Of the 17 items of questionnaire, the highest percentage was accounted for by 'eye strain' (61.1%),follwed by 'feel pressure in eyes'(33.3%),'eyes feel ache' (26.7%),'eyes feel heavy'(21.4%) and 'blurred vision of objectl'(16.7%) in the order of sequence. 2. The average weighetd score of subjictive eye symptoms was 13.75, 14.39, 16.78 and 13.13 in the age groups of less than 25,25-29, 30-34, and 35-44 years, respectively, it was significantly increased from the age group of less than 25 years to 30-34 years. Also, it was significantly increased according to increasing with work duration. 3. The average weighted score of female was larger than that of male and the score of green color was larger than that of black-white color by the color of cathode ray tube display. 4. Aggravating time of subuective symptioms was during the end of month in period of a month, a monday in a day of week and on duty (P.M.) in a daily work.

제조업 종사 지체장애근로자의 스트레스 관련요인

정민예,박정일,구정완,노영만 大韓産業醫學會 2003 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.15 No.1

목적: 본 연구는 지체장애근로자의 스트레스의 정도를 파악하고 이에 영향을 미칠 것으로 추정되는 여러 요인 들 즉 일반적 특성, 장애관련 특성, 직업관련 특성, 직무 스트레스 원, 중재변인들과의 관련성을 규명함으로써 지체장애근로자들의 스트레스의 예방적 관리 방안에 대한 방향을 설정하는데 필요한 자료를 구하고자 수행하였다. 방법: 본 연구의 대상자는 경·인 지방 제조업 종사 지체장애근로자로 방문과 우편 설문 조사를 통하여 응답한 341명이었다. 스트레스 수준의 측정은 신뢰도와 타당도가 인정된 Goldberg의 GHQ-60을 수정보완한 사회 심리적 건강 측정도구인 Psychosocial Well-being Index(PWI)를 사용하였다. 관련변수들은 일반적 특성, 장애관련특성, 직업관련특성과 직무 스트레스 원으로 하였고 기타변수로 조직 외 요인(가정요인, 사회적 자원), 개인관련요인(욕구 및 가치, A형 행동, 통제소재 및 인구통계 특성), 자아존중감, 대처전략으로 설정하였다. 수집된 자료는 SAS 6.12 통계프로그램으로 분석하였다. 결과: 지체장애근로자의 스트레스수준에 영향을 미치는 관련요인은 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석한 결과 본인이 지각한 건강상태가 좋지 않은 경우, 자아 존중감이 낮은 경우, 규칙적 운동을 하지 않은 경우, 업무 중 장애로 인한 어려움을 느끼는 경우, 집안이동능력이 독립적이지 못한 경우, 직업에서 집단 갈등이 있는 경우, 그리고 역할 갈등을 느끼는 경우, A형 행동 유형인 경우였다. 결론: 지체장애근로자의 스트레스 수준을 낮추기 위해서는 건강증진프로그램의 개발과 제공, 작업보조시설 지원과 더불어 집단갈등 및 역할갈등을 포함한 직업관련갈등을 감소시키기 위한 방안마련이 요구된다. Objectives: This study was performed to measure the stress level of physically disabled workers, and to inestigate the relationship between the stress dimensions and stress inducting factors of physically disabled workers in the Korean manufacturing industry. Methods: The sample used in this study consisted of 341 physically disabled workers who had been working at companies in Seoul, Inchon, and Gyung-gi provinces. The Psycho-social Well-being Index (PWI), a modified version of Goldberg's 60-items of General Health Questionnaire (GHS), was used to measure the stress level. The following independent and moderate variables were desinged for the same purpose. The independent variables were general and disability characteristics, workplace-related characteristics, and job stressor of the respondents. The other variables included organization-related stressors (social and family support) and person related stressors (needs and values, type A behavior pattern, locus of control and demographics), self-esteem and coping strategy. The collected data were analyzed using SAS version 6.12 program. Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the significant variables on the stress level of physically disabled workers were poor self-perceived health status, low self-esteem, absence of regular exercise, physically disabled condition affecting work performance capability, dependent mobility at home, interpersonal conflict, role conflict and A type behavior pattern. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that appropriate health program should be established and provided for reducing the stress of physically disabled workers in the manufacturing industry. In addition, various vocational programs for decreasing interpersonal and role conflicts should be developed.

방사선 방어용 앞치마를 착용하는 방사선 관련 종사자들의 근골격계 증상호소와 관련요인

유정임,구정완 大韓産業醫學會 2004 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.16 No.2

목적 : 본 연구는 방사선 방어용 앞치마를 착용하고 근무하는 방사선 관련 종사자들의 근골격계 증상 호소율을 알아보고, 근골격계 자각 증상에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 방법 : 심혈관조영실과 방사선과 혈관조영실에 근무하는 방사선 관련 종사자 192명을 대상으로 근골격계 자각 증상에 관한 NIOSH의 표준화된 설문지를 이용하여 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 각 부위별 증상 호소율은 등/허리가 51.0%로 가장 높았으며, 어깨가 49.0%, 다리/무릎/발목이 47.9%의 순이었다. 부위별 근골격계 증상 호소율에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인을 보기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시한 결과는 어깨부위 근골격계 증상호소에는 방사선 방어용 앞치마의 착용시간이 길수록, 투피스형의 착용형태가 높은 증상 호소율을 보였다. 등/허리 부위에서는 방사선 방어용 앞치마 착용시간이 길어질수록, 여성보다 남성이, 하루 평균 근무시간이 길수록, 근무 시간 중 휴식시간이 짧을수록 높은 증상 호소율을 보였다. 다리/무릎/발목 부위에서는 현 근무 부서의 경력이 많을수록, 방사선 방어용 앞치마 착용시간이 길어질수록, 근무 중 휴식시간이 짧을수록 높은 증상 호소율을 보였다. 결론 : 대상자의 부위별 근골격계 증상호소에 영향을 미치는 요인은 방사선 방어용 앞치마의 착용시간과 착용형태로 조사되었다. 그러므로 방사선 방어용 앞치마를 착용하는 대상자는 방사선 방어용 앞치마를 착용함으로 발생 가능한 근골격계 질환을 예방하기 위해 착용시간의 조절, 근무 중 적정한 휴식시간의 배분과 연장 등이 필요하리라 여겨진다. Objectives: To determine the complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms and understand the related factors of musculoskeletal symptoms in nurses and radiological technologists wearing a lead apron for radiation protection. Method : The study subjects were 192 nurses and radiological technologists who work at the cardiac catheterization room or angioroom in the department of radiology. A self-recording questionnaire was used to investigate the general characteristics, occupational characteristics, characteristics related to wearing a lead apron, and subjective mnsculoskeletal symptoms designed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Results: Complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms by NOISH were 51.0% in the upper/lower back, 49.0% in the shoulder, and 47.9% in the leg/knee/ankle. From multiple logistic regression analysis, musculoskeletal symptoms of the shoulder were influenced by two-piece type apron and long time wearing an apron, symptoms of upper/lower back by long time wearing an apron, sex, higher average working hours per a day and short resting time, symptoms of leg/knee/ankle by long time wearing an apron, working career at the present department (cardiac catheterization room or angioroom) and short resting time. Conclusion: The complaint rates of the musculoskeletal symptoms were affected by the characteristics of wearing a lead apron for radiation protection such as wearing time and apron type. Therefore, it is suggested that the workers who are wearing an apron need the proper wearing time and resting time, and suitable apron type and size for the body.

Wafer final polishing에 따른 표면 현상과 마멸도에 관한 연구

원종구,이정택,황성철,차지완,이은상 한국공작기계학회 2008 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.-

In recent years, developments in the semiconductor and electronic industries have brought a rapid increase in the use of silicon wafer. For further improvement of the ultra precision surface and flatness of Si wafer necessary to high density ULSI, it is known that final polishing is very important. Polishing one of the important methods in manufacturing of Si wafers and in thinning of completed device wafers. This study will report the evaluation on abrasion of wafer according to variety processing condition, which have major influence on the abrasion and surface defect of Si wafer polishing, were adapted to polishing pressure, machining speed, and the slurry mix ratio. Thus the optimum condition selection of ultra precision Si wafer polishing using load cell and infrared temperature sensor. To evaluate each machining factor, use a data through each sensor. That evaluation of abrasion according to variety condition is selected to use a result data that measure a pressure, machining speed, and the processing time. And optimum condition is selected by this result. By using optimum condition, it achieve a ultra precision mirror like surface.

남성 사무직 근로자들의 직무스트레스와 간기능 이상과의 관련성

홍정연,김형렬,이보람,김용규,구정완,박정일 大韓産業醫學會 2009 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.21 No.2

목적: 사무직 근로자의 직무스트레스와 간기능 이상의 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 근로자 건강검진에 참여한 남성 사무직 근로자 664명을 대상으로 응답자 직접 기입식 건강 검진 문진 및 한국인 직무스트레스 측정도구(Korean Occupational Stress Scale)의 결과와 각 근로자의 간기능 검사결과를 통해 간기능 이상에 영향을 주는 요인에 대해 분석하였다. 결과: 직무요구도 및 전체 직무스트레스 수준이 높은 군에서 간기능 이상률이 증가하였다. 음주 행동과 BMI에 따라 근로자 군을 분류하였을 때, 직무요구도 및 전체 직무스트레스 수준이 높은 군에서 간기능 이상률이 증가 하였다. 불건강 음주를 하는 군과 BMI 25이상 비만자군의 경우 직무스트레스의 수준이 간기능 이상에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 직무요구도 및 전체 직무스트레스 수준이 높은 군에서 간기능 이상과 관련성을 보였다. 따라서 직무스트레스의 조직적 관리 및 접근을 통해 간기능 건강에 기여 할 수 있을 것이다. Objectives: We wanted to investigate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction in Korean male white collar workers. Methods: A total of 700 male white collar workers who worked at one electronic institute and who participated in an annual surveillance program were recruited: 664(94.9%) workers were initially recruited and the data for 36 workers was excluded due to poor responses and a past history of liver disease. The questionnaire survey included the participants' general characteristics, the job-related factors, the health-related behaviors and job stress. Job stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). We merged the job stress data with the individual liver function results by conducting annual surveillance. Multiple logistic regression analysis with adjusting it for the Confounding variables, including alcohol drinking and the body mass index (BMI), was used to evaluate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction. Results: After adjustment for the confounding variables, the proportion of liver dysfunction cases was significantly higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. After conducting a stratified analysis with considering alcohol drinking and the BMI, the prevalence odds ratio of liver dysfunction was higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the level of job stress (and especially that assessed by the job demands and total score) is related to liver dysfunction. Thus, further preventive efforts and studies are needed to reduce job stress and address liver dysfunction.

일부 종합병원 간호사에서 근골격계 자각증상과 관련 요인

김영옥,구정완 가톨릭대학산업의학센타 산업의학연구소 2002 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.41 No.3

This study examined the influences that are made on the nurses' subjective symptoms of musculoskeletal system. The subjects were 626 nurses who worked for over 1 year at 5 general hospitals located in Seoul and KyeongKi Province. A standardized questionnaire asking nurses' subjective symptoms of musculoskeletal system was used. The collected data were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: 1. As to nurses' complaint rate of subjective musculoskeletal symptoms by body region, the figure was the highest for upper/lower back with 87.2%, followed by shoulder 86.6%, leg/knee/ankle/foot 84.1%, neck 76.2%, and arm/wrist/hand 61.1% respectively. 2. Among the nurses who have under 2 years of experience at present, the complaint rate for upper/lower back was 92.0%. Among the nurses who have over 10 years of career at present, the complaint rate for shoulder was 100.0%, upper/lower back 94.1%, and leg/knee/ankle/foot 94.1%. For the nurses who have 5∼10 years of career at present, the complaint rate for shoulder was 89.7%, leg/knee/ankle/foot 85.6%, and neck 80.2%. 3. With regard to nurses' complaint rate according to their posts, the upper/lower back complaint rate of those who work at the hospice ward was 100.0%, at the emergency room 93.3%, and at the intensive care unit 91.5%. The shoulder complaint rate of those who work at the delivery room was 93.3%, the intensive care unit 91.5%, and the hospice unit 85.7%. The leg/knee/ankle/foot complaint rate of nurses who work at the hospice ward was 100.0% and at the delivery room and the nursery room 88.2%. The arm/wrist/hand complaint rate of nurses who work at the delivery room was 68.8% and at the intensive care unit 65.1%. The neck complaint rate of those who work at the emergency room was 87.8%, at the hospice ward 85.7%, and at the delivery room 82.4%. 4. With regard to nurses' musculoskeletal symptoms, the correlation with the variables including marital status, existence and nonexistence of housework assistants, family dependents, and average housework-time was not significant. A significant difference was found in cases where they are older or younger than norm, they work in special divisions, their breaktime is too short, or the work system is a 3-shift one(p<0.01) . 5. The cure rate for musculoskeletal symptom was 13.0%; the rate of absence from work was 2.4%. As for countermeasures for improvement of symptoms, the rate of relaxation was 82.6%, that of work-place or work post 1.4%, and the other cases occupied 2.0%. The rate of working difficulties was 12.2%; the rate of past complaints 23.2%. In conclusion, musculoskeletal complaints of the subjects were in order of back, shoulder, leg, wrist, and neck. The symptoms were affected by age, working career at the present department, the entire working career, working department, resting time, and the 3-shift system.