The Effect of Role Predictability and Word Predictability on Sentence Comprehension

( Hong Oak Yun ),( U Pyong Hong ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2014 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.15 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the degree of difficulty in the integration of a word into a sentence could be determined by not only how likely the word would be for a given context but also how likely the thematic role associated with the word would be to occur. For our aim, we used dative sentences in Korean in which three arguments (i.e., agent, recipient, and patient/theme) appeared prior to a sentence-final verb. We manipulated 1) the degree of role predictability corresponding to the third argument by scrambling the internal arguments that occurred after an agent and 2) the predictability of words corresponding to the third arguments that was either highly likelyor unlikely for a given context. A self-paced moving window reading with a secondary judgment task was conducted. A linear mixed-effect regression son the reading times of the words corresponding to the third arguments was run while controlling for the effects of lexical frequencies and lengths on the processing of target words. The results from the model revealed that the words were read faster when they were highly likely for given contexts than when they were unlikely, and importantly, that the words were read faster when the roles associated with the words were strongly expected than when they were weakly expected. Our results showed that both role predictability and word predictability had independent effects on the processing of a word in a sentence. We claim that a processing model should be loaded with at least two components that take into account role predictability as well as word predictability.

Linguistic Ignition in Associative Anaphora: Stream of Consciousness and Information Processing

윤홍옥 ( Hong Oak Yun ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2002 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.3 No.-

High glucose and palmitate increases bone morphogenic protein 4 expression in human endothelial cells

Oak-Kee Hong,Soon-Jib Yoo,Jang-Won Son,Mee-Kyoung Kim,Ki Hyun Baek,Ki-Ho Song,Bong-Yun Cha,Hanjoong Jo,Hyuk-Sang Kwon 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.20 No.2

Here, we investigated whether hyperglycemia and/or free fatty acids (palmitate, PAL) aff ect the expression level of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), a proatherogenic marker, in endothelial cells and the potential role of BMP4 in diabetic vascular complications. To measure BMP4 expression, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to high glucose concentrations and/ or PAL for 24 or 72 h, and the effects of these treatments on the expression levels of adhesion molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. BMP4 loss-of-function status was achieved via transfection of a BMP4-specific siRNA. High glucose levels increased BMP4 expression in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. PAL potentiated such expression. The levels of adhesion molecules and ROS production increased upon treatment with high glucose and/or PAL, but this effect was negated when BMP4 was knocked down via siRNA. Signaling of BMP4, a proinfl ammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokine marker, was increased by hyperglycemia and PAL. BMP4 induced the expression of infl ammatory adhesion molecules and ROS production. Our work suggests that BMP4 plays a role in atherogenesis induced by high glucose levels and/or PAL.

High glucose and palmitate increases bone morphogenic protein 4 expression in human endothelial cells

Hong, Oak-Kee,Yoo, Soon-Jib,Son, Jang-Won,Kim, Mee-Kyoung,Baek, Ki-Hyun,Song, Ki-Ho,Cha, Bong-Yun,Jo, Hanjoong,Kwon, Hyuk-Sang The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2016 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.20 No.2

Here, we investigated whether hyperglycemia and/or free fatty acids (palmitate, PAL) affect the expression level of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), a proatherogenic marker, in endothelial cells and the potential role of BMP4 in diabetic vascular complications. To measure BMP4 expression, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to high glucose concentrations and/or PAL for 24 or 72 h, and the effects of these treatments on the expression levels of adhesion molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. BMP4 loss-of-function status was achieved via transfection of a BMP4-specific siRNA. High glucose levels increased BMP4 expression in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. PAL potentiated such expression. The levels of adhesion molecules and ROS production increased upon treatment with high glucose and/or PAL, but this eff ect was negated when BMP4 was knocked down via siRNA. Signaling of BMP4, a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokine marker, was increased by hyperglycemia and PAL. BMP4 induced the expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules and ROS production. Our work suggests that BMP4 plays a role in atherogenesis induced by high glucose levels and/or PAL.

Serum Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 Contributes to Discriminating Coronary Artery Disease Severity

Park, Chul Soo,Hong, Oak-Kee,Kim, Mee Kyoung,Chung, Woo Baek,Choi, Yun Seok,Baek, Ki-Hyun,Song, Ki-Ho,Lee, Man Young,Kwon, Hyuk-Sang Williams & Wilkins Co 2015 Medicine Vol.94 No.39

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP-4) is a known pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokine. Here, we investigated whether the serum BMP-4 level predicts coronary artery disease (CAD) severity in humans.</P><P>We measured serum BMP-4 concentrations in 1044 consecutive patients who underwent elective coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. CAD severity was estimated by the number of diseased vessels showing ≥50% diameter stenosis.</P><P>Among males, the serum BMP-4 level was significantly lower in patients with multivessel disease (MVD) compared with those with single-vessel disease (SVD) (16.3 ± 22.6 vs. 22.0 ± 28.4 pg/mL, <I>P</I> < 0.01). After adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, a high serum BMP-4 level was an independent predictor for a decreased risk of MVD (odds ratio, 0.992; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.985–0.998; <I>P</I> = 0.01) and patients in the lower tertile were 1.55-fold more likely to have MVD compared with upper tertile patients. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the serum BMP-4 level had a 54% sensitivity and 54% specificity for predicting MVD (area under the curve [AUC], 56.5%; 95% CI, 51.9–61.0%; <I>P</I> < 0.01). Serum BMP-4 improved the predictive capability of risk factors for MVD (AUC with and without BMP-4: 64.9 and 63.6%, respectively). Considering the likelihood ratio and number of parameters, adding the serum BMP-4 level provided a better-fit model for predicting MVD compared with the model consisting of conventional risk factors (likelihood ratio <I>χ</I><SUP>2</SUP> = 6.20, <I>P</I> = 0.01). However, an association between serum BMP-4 and CAD was not observed in females.</P><P>Serum BMP-4 levels are independently associated with CAD severity and contribute to discriminating CAD severity in males.</P>

Streptozotocin으로 유발된 당뇨쥐의 간세포 내 Gi 단백의 양과 기능 변화

옥선명,손현식,홍옥기,이정민,김성래,장상아,윤건호,강무일,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.24 No.6

연구배경:당뇨병과 인슐린 작용에 있어 Gi 단백의 역할은 정설이 없는 상태이며, 당뇨병의 유병 기간에 따른 Gi 단백의 변화는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 streptozotocind으로 유발된 인슐린의존성 당뇨쥐의 간세포를 대상으로 당뇨병의 유병 기간에 따른 Gi 단백의 기능적 변화와 Gi 단백의 양적인 변화를 α소단위의 종류에 따라 비교함으로서 인슐린 작용 및 당뇨병의 병인에서 Gi 단백의 역할을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법:Sprague­Dawley계 흰쥐 수컷에 streptozotocin을 정맥 주사하여 당뇨병을 유발시킨 후 1, 2, 3 및 5주에 간조직을 differential ultracentrifugation와 gradient centrifrgation방법으로 전세포분쇄물과 중간분쇄물 및 간세포막으로 분획한 다음 Giα의 양적 변화를 평가하기 위해서 Giα1&2, Giα₃에 대한 항체로 western blot을 실시하였고, 기능적 변화를 평가하기 위해서 pertussis toxin­catalyzed ADP­ribosylation과[35S]­GTPγS binding assay를 실시하였다. 결과:당뇨군과 대조군의 간세포에는 Giα², Giα³이 존재하는데 주로 간세포막에 존재하며, 대조군에 비해 당뇨군의 간세포막의 Giα²와 Giα³의 양이 유의하게 높게 측정되었으나 (p<0.01)당뇨병의 유병 기간 증가에 따른 변화는 없었다. Pertussis toxin­catalyzed ADP­ribosylation와[35S]­GPTγS 결합률을 실시한 결과 대조군에 비해서 당뇨군의 간세포막에서 저하되었으나(p<0.01), 당뇨병의 유병 기간 증가에 따른 변화는 없었다. 결론:인슐린의존성 당뇨쥐의 간세포에서 Gi 단백의 양적 및 기능적 변화가 있으나, 당뇨병의 유병 기간과 관계가 없는 것으로 보아, 인슐린 결핍에 의한 인슐린저항성에 대한 보상 반응으로 생각되며, 이는 인슐린 작용 및 당뇨병에서 Gi 단백이 관여함을 알 수 있었다. Background : The functional and expressional changes of Gi proteins in diabetes have been investigated extensively, no agreement has been reached in the results. Moreover, studies using rats with different diabetic duration, and using α subunits (G_ia) of Gi proteins are lacking in literatures. Thus, we assessed the changes according to the duration of diabetes and examined the expressional changes of G_ia and functional changes of G_i proteins in hepatocytes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes ; 1, 2, 3 and 5 weeks after teh onset of diabetes, livers from the control and diabetic rats were fractionated into homogenate, interface, and plasma membrane. The levels of G_ia 1&2, G_ia 3 were quantified with western blots in each fraction. The functional changes of Gi proteins were evaluated by performing pertussis to xin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation and measuring GTPγS binding activity. Results : 1) G_ia 2 and G_ia 3 were present mainly in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes in the diabetic and control rats, but the levels of these subunits were significantly higher in the diabetic rats, but the levels of these subunits were significantly higher in the diabetic rates than in the control rats (p<0.01). The levels of these subunits were not affected by the duration of diabetes. 2) In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the levels of ADP-ribosylation of Gi proteins in liver plasma membranes decreased when pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation was performed with liver tissues. However, the levels of these proteins were not affected by the duration of diabetes. 3) For the GTPγS binding activity of G_i proteins in liver plasma membranes, the diabetic rats showed significantly less activity than the control rats (p<0.01). However, the activity was not affected by the duration of diabetes. The activity was somewhat restored by the insulin treatment of liver plasma membranes in diabetic rats. Conclusion : These results suggest that the insulin-deficient diabetic state induces the quantitative and functional changes in G_i proteins may be the important compensatory reactions for the insulin resistance occurring in the insulin deficient state (J Kor Diabetes Asso 24:666~677, 2000).

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) Is Increased in Adhesive Capsulitis :

Kim, Yang-Soo,Kim, Jung-Man,Lee, Yun-Gyoung,Hong, Oak-Kee,Kwon, Hyuk-Sang,Ji, Jong-Hoon Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2013 Journal of bone and joint surgery Vol.95 No.4

마케팅에서 Network 연구를 위한 탐색적 고찰

한상만 ( Sang Man Han ),김윤식 ( Yun Sik Kim ),홍재원 ( Jae Won Hong ),옥경영 ( Kyung Yeong Oak ) 한국소비자학회 2006 소비자학연구 Vol.17 No.4

성별에 따른 원발성 폐선암 환자들의 차이

박은호 ( Eun Ho Park ),장태원 ( Tae Won Jang ),장리라 ( Li La Jang ),백종현 ( Jong Yun Paek ),옥철호 ( Chul Ho Oak ),정만홍 ( Mann Hong Jung ),장희경 ( Hee Kyung Jang ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2007 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.62 No.3

연구배경: 원발성 폐 선암은 다른 비소세포암에 비해 흡연과의 연관성이 상대적으로 적고 최근 증가 추세에 있으며 여성에서 많이 발생하는 특징을 가진 암종으로 폐 선암의 남녀 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년 1월부터 2005년 12월까지 고신대학교 병원에 내원하여 폐 선암으로 처음으로 진단된 환자 438명을 대상으로 혈액학적, 흡연력, 돌연변이, 병리조직, 생존 기간 및 치료방법에 따른 반응 등을 조사하여 폐 선암으로 진단받은 환자의 남녀간 차이를 비교분석하였다. 결과: 총 438명의 환자 중 남성이 259명(59.1%), 여성이 179명(40.1%)으로 남성이 많았고, 50세 이전에서의 남녀 유병률은 여성이 25.8%로 남성의 17.7%에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p=0.02). 흡연율은 남성이 86%, 여성이 18%로 남성에서 월등히 높았고(p=0.000), 전체 중간 생존기간은 남성이 639일, 여성이 823일로 여성에서 높았다(p=0.01). 전혈구검사상 혈색소가 12 g/dL 미만인 경우는 여성이 64.6%로 남성의 32.4% 비해 유의하게 높았고(p=0.001), 종양 표지자 중 CEA가 5 ng/ml 이상인 경우는 여성이 68.1%로 남성의 32.1%에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p=0.000). 병기에 따른 남녀 구성비의 차이는 보이지 않았고, EGFR 및 K-ras 돌연변이도 남녀 간 차이는 보이지 않았으며, 조직학적 소견상 기관지 폐포암의 성분을 포함하고 있었던 경우는 여성에서 20명(11.2%), 남성에서 13명(5.0%)으로 여성에서 유의하게 높았다(p=0.035). 수술을 받은 76명의 환자를 다시 항암치료를 받은 군(57명)과 항암치료를 받지 않은 군(19명)으로 나누어 생존기간을 비교한 결과 남녀 모두 항암치료를 병행한 군에서 생존기간이 유의하게 연장되었음을 확인할 수 있었고(p<0.001), 수술만 받은 환자군에서는 남녀간 생존기간의 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 수술과 항암 치료를 병행한 군에서는 통계적 유의성은 가지지 못했으나 남성에 비해 여성에서 생존기간이 더 연장되는 경향을 보였다(p=0.054). 결론: 폐 선암 환자에서 남녀 성별에 따라 혈액학적, 흡연력, 기관지 폐포암의 구성 비율, 전체 중간 생존 기간 및 치료 방법에 따른 남녀 생존 기간의 차이를 보였다. 따라서 폐 선암의 진단 및 치료에 있어서 이러한 성별에 따른 차이를 반드시 고려해야 할 것이다. Background: The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lung has been increasing worldwide, and it has been generally been accepted to be relatively unrelated to smoking with a female preponderance. The aim of this study was to examine the gender-related pathological and survival differences in patients with an adenocarcinoma of the lung. Material and Method: A retrospective review of the clinical information of patients diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the lung at Kosin Medical Center from January 1999 to September 2005 was performed. The patient`s demographics (age, gender), smoking history, stage, serum tumor marker, pathology classification, EGFR mutation, K-ras mutation, treatment methods, and survival time were analyzed. Result: Of the 438 patients, 179 (40.9%) were female. The median age at the diagnosis was 58 years for females and 59 years for males. However, 25.8% of women and only 17.7% of men were under 50 years of age (p=0.02). The distribution of the disease stage was similar in both men and women. The bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component was diagnosed more often in women (11.2%) than in men (5.0%). The overall survival rate was higher in women than in men (p=0.01), and women had a superior therapeutic response to a combined treatment of surgery and chemotherapy. Conclusion: This study showed significant genders differences in terms of the smoking history, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component, overall survival, and survival after combined treatment of surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, gender differences should be considered when diagnosing and treating adenocarcinomas of the lung. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2007; 62: 203-210)