능격 동사 ‘명사+-화(化)+-하다’에 대한 연구

정수현 ( Jeong Su-hyeon ) 영주어문학회 2021 영주어문 Vol.48 No.-

본 연구는 우리말 동사 중 자동사와 타동사로 모두 쓸 수 있는 능격 동사의 실제 쓰임을 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구의 연구 대상은 ‘명사+-化+-하다’ 구성인 동사 가운데 자동사와 타동사로 모두 쓰인다고 “우리말샘”에 풀이된 동사이다. 이 구성이 실제로 자동사, 타동사로 모두 활발히 쓰이고 있는지를 말뭉치의 검색 결과로서 검토해 보고자 한다. ‘명사+-化+-하다’가 자동사로 쓰이는 경우에는 ‘명사+-化+-되다’와 통사적으로 의미적으로 큰 차이가 없는데, 이러한 쓰임이 실제 언어 현실에서는 어떻게 반영이 되어 있는지를 확인한다. 본 연구의 결과로서 ‘명사+-化+-하다’ 구성은 전반적으로 타동사로의 쓰임이 강하게 나타난다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한편, ‘-하다’ 자동사의 수가 타동사의 수보다 많거나, 자동사로만 쓰인 말뭉치 검색 결과는 그 수가 적었다. ‘-化’는 ‘그렇게 만들거나 됨’을 뜻하므로 그 의미에 이끌리다 보면 ‘명사+-化’ 구성이 자동사와 타동사로 모두 나타나는 것이 당연하고 그 비율도 어느 정도는 비슷할 듯하나 언어 현실에서는 그렇지 않음을 보여 준다. ‘명사+-化’에 ‘-되다’, ‘-시키다’가 결합한 동사의 쓰임도 비교해 보았다. 전반적으로 ‘명사+-化+-하다’의 타동사의 쓰임이 우세한 단어에서는 ‘-되다’가 붙은 자동사의 쓰임이 조금 더 우세하게 나타나기도 하였다. ‘명사+-化+-하다’가 피동과 자동의 의미를 모두 나타내기에 그 기능의 부담이 많아 기능의 부담을 탈피하기 위해 ‘-되다’를 생산적으로 사용하여 식별한 것일 수 있다. 한편, ‘-되다’와 대립되므로 ‘-하다’는 타동사로서 쓰이는 경향을 보일 수 있겠다. 비슷한 맥락에서 자동사의 의미가 ‘ㅇㅇ되다’와 통하고, 타동사의 의미가 ‘-시키다’가 붙은 표현 ‘ㅇㅇ시키다’와 통하기 때문에 ‘-시키다’의 쓰임이 생산적으로 생겨날 수도 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 ‘ㅇㅇ시키다’가 전반적으로 쓰임이 많지 않은 것은 ‘ㅇㅇ하다’가 타동사로의 쓰임이 확보되면서 몇몇 개별 어휘를 제외한 전반에서는 ‘-시키다’가 현저히 많지는 않았다. 결론적으로 ‘명사+-化+-하다’가 자동사로의 쓰임이 타동사로의 쓰임보다 적다는 것을 확인할 수 있다면 이는 우리말의 언어 현상의 하나를 설명할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to confirm the actual use of the verb, which can be used in both automatic and transitive Korean verbs. The verb ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ has the use of intransitive and transitive verbs. But in language reality, we seem to recognize the use of this composition a little differently. Therefore, we would like to examine whether the verb ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ is actively used for intransitive or transitive verbs. It also conducted research on cases where there is a ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ verb paired with a ‘N+-hwa+-toida’ verb. Most of the subjects studied are in this case. Since ‘N+-hwa+-toida’ verbs are only used as intransitive verbs, there are differences in individual vocabulary. However, it is a review of the shrinking use of ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ as an intransitive verb. The research process showed that ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ which can be used as both intransitive and transitive in general, has a lot of uses for other verbs. More specifically, we can categorize it into three. In some cases, the use of other verbs is dominant. Or, on the other hand, there is no use for transitive verbs. On the other hand, the use of intransitive and transitive verbs is boiling. If we present the results in a more conclusive manner, the use of ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ verbs, the use of transitive verbs prevailed. The number of intransitive verbs was higher than that of transitive verbs, or fewer were used only as automatic verbs. Overall, words combining ‘-sikida’ and ‘-toida’ were found in words with many transitive verbs of ‘N+-hwa+-hada’. There is a significant functional burden for ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ verbs to be used as an intransitive and transitive verb. Therefore, it is less likely to distinguish between passive and transitive verbs. Therefore, ‘-toida’ can be seen as being distinguished using productive use. For similar reasons, the use of ‘-sikida’ may be productive. If it proves that the use of intransitive verb is less than that of transitive verb, it can explain one of the linguistic phenomena in Korean.

日本語使役形他動詞의 特殊用法硏究

兪長玉(Yoo, Jang-Ok) 일본어문학회 2016 일본어문학 Vol.75 No.-

As I studied the verbs that become transitive verbalized with a Causative form in a dictionary, there are sixteen transitive verbs that have a Causative form of intransitive verbs without their transitive counterparts, one that has a Causative form of intransitive verbs with their transitive counterparts, one that has a Causative form of intransitive and transitive medial verbs, nine transitive verbs that are transitive verbs without their intransitive counterparts, three transitive verbs are transitive verbs with their intransitive counterparts. This research indicates that the Causative form has not only causative meaning but also different meaning from its original one after being a transitive verb.

능격 동사 ‘명사+-化+-하다’에 대한 연구

정수현 영주어문학회 2021 영주어문 Vol.48 No.-

The purpose of this study is to confirm the actual use of the verb, which can be used in both automatic and transitive Korean verbs. The verb ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ has the use of intransitive and transitive verbs. But in language reality, we seem to recognize the use of this composition a little differently. Therefore, we would like to examine whether the verb ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ is actively used for intransitive or transitive verbs. It also conducted research on cases where there is a ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ verb paired with a ‘N+-hwa+-toida’ verb. Most of the subjects studied are in this case. Since ‘N+-hwa+-toida’ verbs are only used as intransitive verbs, there are differences in individual vocabulary. However, it is a review of the shrinking use of ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ as an intransitive verb. The research process showed that ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ which can be used as both intransitive and transitive in general, has a lot of uses for other verbs. More specifically, we can categorize it into three. In some cases, the use of other verbs is dominant. Or, on the other hand, there is no use for transitive verbs. On the other hand, the use of intransitive and transitive verbs is boiling. If we present the results in a more conclusive manner, the use of ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ verbs, the use of transitive verbs prevailed. The number of intransitive verbs was higher than that of transitive verbs, or fewer were used only as automatic verbs. Overall, words combining ‘-sikida’ and ‘-toida’ were found in words with many transitive verbs of ‘N+-hwa+-hada’. There is a significant functional burden for ‘N+-hwa+-hada’ verbs to be used as an intransitive and transitive verb. Therefore, it is less likely to distinguish between passive and transitive verbs. Therefore, ‘-toida’ can be seen as being distinguished using productive use. For similar reasons, the use of ‘-sikida’ may be productive. If it proves that the use of intransitive verb is less than that of transitive verb, it can explain one of the linguistic phenomena in Korean. 본 연구는 우리말 동사 중 자동사와 타동사로 모두 쓸 수 있는 능격 동사의 실제 쓰임을 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구의 연구 대상은 ‘명사+-化+-하다’ 구성인 동사 가운데 자동사와 타동사로 모두 쓰인다고 “우리말샘”에 풀이된 동사이다. 이 구성이 실제로 자동사, 타동사로 모두 활발히 쓰이고 있는지를 말뭉치의 검색 결과로서 검토해 보고자 한다. ‘명사+-化+-하다’가 자동사로 쓰이는 경우에는 ‘명사+-化+-되다’와 통사적으로 의미적으로 큰 차이가 없는데, 이러한 쓰임이 실제 언어 현실에서는 어떻게 반영이 되어 있는지를 확인한다. 본 연구의 결과로서 ‘명사+-化+-하다’ 구성은 전반적으로 타동사로의 쓰임이 강하게 나타난다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한편, ‘-하다’ 자동사의 수가 타동사의 수보다 많거나, 자동사로만 쓰인 말뭉치 검색 결과는 그 수가 적었다. ‘-化’는 ‘그렇게 만들거나 됨’을 뜻하므로 그 의미에 이끌리다 보면 ‘명사+-化’ 구성이 자동사와 타동사로 모두 나타나는 것이 당연하고 그 비율도 어느 정도는 비슷할 듯하나 언어 현실에서는 그렇지 않음을 보여 준다. ‘명사+-化’에 ‘-되다’, ‘-시키다’가 결합한 동사의 쓰임도 비교해 보았다. 전반적으로 ‘명사+-化+-하다’의 타동사의 쓰임이 우세한 단어에서는 ‘-되다’가 붙은 자동사의 쓰임이 조금 더 우세하게 나타나기도 하였다. ‘명사+-化+-하다’가 피동과 자동의 의미를 모두 나타내기에 그 기능의 부담이 많아 기능의 부담을 탈피하기 위해 ‘-되다’를 생산적으로 사용하여 식별한 것일 수 있다. 한편, ‘-되다’와 대립되므로 ‘-하다’는 타동사로서 쓰이는 경향을 보일 수 있겠다. 비슷한 맥락에서 자동사의 의미가 ‘ㅇㅇ되다’와 통하고, 타동사의 의미가 ‘-시키다’가 붙은 표현 ‘ㅇㅇ시키다’와 통하기 때문에 ‘-시키다’의 쓰임이 생산적으로 생겨날 수도 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 ‘ㅇㅇ시키다’가 전반적으로 쓰임이 많지 않은 것은 ‘ㅇㅇ하다’가 타동사로의 쓰임이 확보되면서 몇몇 개별 어휘를 제외한 전반에서는 ‘-시키다’가 현저히 많지는 않았다. 결론적으로 ‘명사+-化+-하다’가 자동사로의 쓰임이 타동사로의 쓰임보다 적다는 것을 확인할 수 있다면 이는 우리말의 언어 현상의 하나를 설명할 수 있을 것이다.

일본어 동사의 사역 성립에 관한 연구

이윤정(Yi Yun Chong) 일본어문학회 2018 일본어문학 Vol.83 No.-

Dictionary of the Usages of Basic Verbs in Japanese includes 51 verbs which cannot be causativized. We collected data where these verbs form causatives through BCCWJ and Yahoo! Japan, and this paper discusses them, especially the meanings of causative. The set of the aforementioned verbs includes honorific verbs, change-ofstate/ property verbs, highly stative verbs, directional verbs, and so on. Among these verbs, we found four intransitive verbs which lack the transitive counterparts, six transitive verbs which lack the intransitive counterparts, and ten intransitive verbs which exhibit the corresponding transitive verbs. Among the verbs susceptible to causativization, we found three transitive verbs without the intransitive counterparts, 11 intransitive verbs without the transitive counterparts, and 17 intransitive verbs with the transitive counterparts. In these verbs, the agentivity of the causee NP is weak, and these causativized verbs tend to function as transitive verbs with the causee NP being o-marked (rather than ni- marked). Theoretically speaking, in the cases where intransitive verbs do not have transitive counterparts, the causative forms are used as their transitive counterparts. We may then expect that intransitive verbs without the transitive counterparts are more susceptible to causativization than the intransitive verbs with the transitive counterparts. Our survey, however, reveals that out of 31 verbs which cannot be causativized, the number of intransitive verbs with the transitive verbs (17) outstrips that of intransitive verbs without the transitive verbs (11).

사동형 타동사 파생의 유형과 특징

김기혁 한글학회 2011 한글 Vol.- No.291

The aim of this paper is to show the causative derivation of transitive verbs that look like simple transtive verbs. Here I show the historical process of simple transitivization from causative verbs with around 100 highly-frequent simple transitive verbs. There are three types of simple transitive verbs. First is the transitive verbs that have clear relation between causative verbs and basic verbs. Second is the transitive verbs that have relation between causative verbs and basic verbs. However there are enough data to clarify the process. Third is the transitive verbs that seem to have relation between causative verbs and basic verbs, it is also really hard to find clear data. If there is no clear justification, historical inferences are vague and remain in the level of hypothesis. That is the fatal weakness of the arguments. However, it is necessary to compare the uncertain data with the certain data to supplement the unfulfilled arguments. 현대어의 관점에서 단순 타동사로 여겨지는 많은 타동사들이 실제로는 자동사에서 파생된 사동 타동사임을 보이는 것이 이 글의 목적이다. 현대 국어에서 빈도수가 높은 동사 약 250여개를 골라 단순 타동사와 사동형 타동사로 나누고, 사동 파생형 타동사 100여개 가운데 상당수가 사동화에 의해 타동사가 된 후 역사적으로 굳어져 단순 타동사로 쓰이고 있음을 보인다. 논의의 대상이 된 동사 가운데에는 사동사와 원동사와의 관계가 분명한 타동사, 사동사와 원동사와의 관계의 확인이 가능한 타동사, 사동사와 원동사와의 관계를 예측할 수 있지만 확증이 어려운 타동사가 있다. 역사적인 추론은 확실한 자료가 없는 경우 가설 수준에 머무르는 경우가 많아 논증에서 약점이다. 그러나 확실한 자료를 근거로 부족한 자료의 설명을 보충하는 것도 역사 언어학 그리고 언어학에서 취할 수 있는 방법의 하나이다. 생산적이었던 형태론적 사동법의 생산성이 약화되며 단순 타동사가 형성되고, 통사적 사동이 확대되는 한국어의 사동법은 다른 언어의 사동법과 비교할 때, 이중적 현상을 모두 보이고 있어 언어유형론에서 중요한 논의 대상이 된다.

他動詞와 ‘-어 있-’의 結合에 관한 考察

김천학 한국어문교육연구회 2018 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.46 No.2

The auxiliary verb ‘-e iss-’ has been known to be combined with intransitive verbs. However, this paper aims to present a linguistic analysis of the combined use of transitive verbs and the auxiliary verb ‘-e iss-’. This paper shows that if transitive verbs are analogical transitive verbs as a result of metaphoric extension, the auxiliary verb ‘-e iss-’ can be used with this type of transitive verb. In addition, the sematic role of the adjunct argument in the analogical transitive construction has to be the boundedness of the situation like goal, theme etc. Regarding the characteristics of analogical transitive verbs combined with the ‘-e iss-’, their subject of the sentence can be affected but not the object of the sentence as in the case of primary transitive verbs. In addition, analogical transitive verbs represent not only the inherent state, but also the temporary state that implicates the result state whether their subject can be affected or not. 本稿는 타동사와 ‘-어 있-’의 결합에 대해 그 이유를 밝히는 데 主眼點을 두었다. 주지하다시피 ‘-어 있-’은 [종결성] 자동사와 결합이 가능한 制約이 있다. 그러나 드물게 ‘-어 있-’이 타동사와 결합하는 경우가 있다. ‘-어 있-’의 結合 制約을 이해하기 위해서는 NP1의 동작주성과 NP2의 의미역 그리고 동사의 상적 속성을 함께 考慮해야 한다. ‘-어 있-’이 타동사와 결합할 때에는 조사 ‘-을’의 실현과 관련을 맺게 된다. ‘-어 있-’이 결합 가능한 타동사는 전형적인 타동사라기보다 그 목적어의 은유적 확장을 통해 추론된 타동사로 볼 수 있다. ‘-어 있-’과 결합하는 추론된 타동사는 조사 ‘-을’이 결합된 NP2의 의미역이 사건의 한정(boundedness)을 나타내며, 그 주어가 변화 대상이 된다. 이는 전형적 타동사의 경우, 목적어가 변화 대상이 되는 것과 대비된다. 이들 推論的 他動詞는 그 주어가 사건 발생에 비관여적인 무변화 대상이면 ‘-어 있-’과의 결합에서 本有的 狀態를 나타내고, 그 주어가 사건 발생에 관여적인 대상이면 ‘-어 있-’과의 결합에서 사건의 종결이 함의된 一時的 狀態를 나타내게 된다.

러시아어 타동사의 무보어 용법과 타동성 연구

남혜현 ( Nam Hye Hyun ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2019 유럽사회문화 Vol.0 No.23

The use of transitive verb with omitted patient argument (here by objectless transitive verbs) has been gradually expanding in the weakening syntactic relationship between sentences in modern Russian. Furthermore, the use of objectless transitive verbs is closely related to various linguistic phenomena such as absolute construction, labile verbs, and change in the case government model of verbs. The present paper classified the uses of objectless transitive verbs into the following categories: 1) contextual omission, 2) incorporation of the action with the object of action, and 3) omission of non-referential object of action. In the first two cases, the object of action can be restored through the context or the meaning of the verb. However, in the case of omission of non-referential object, the action has non-actual potential mood and cannot be referred to any specific referent. Due to the absence of an explicit object of action, the use of objectless transitive verbs loses transitivity at different levels therefore, it is related to reflexive verb, such as the typical sign for intransitivity in Russian. In the cases of contextual omission and incorporation of the action with the object, objectless transitive verbs are similar to ‘reflexive verbs that include the object of action.’ Reflexive verbs are intransitive verbs that cannot take an object of action, but this type of reflexive verbs incorporate the object of action that has a close relationship with the subject in their meanings. In the case of omission of non-referential object of action, the transitivity is most greatly weakened because the object of action cannot be deduced or restored, unlike the contextual omission or incorporation of the action with the object. When the non-referential object of action is omitted especially in non-actual situations, the actionality and transitivity of verb are reduced, and objectless transitive verbs can be used as an attribute. Thus, in this type of omission objectless transitive verbs are related to reflexive verbs, which indicate a permanent state of subject.

구문레벨로 보는 어휘적 복합동사의 자타대응 -타동성의 관점에서-

야스코우치아키코 ( Yasukochi,Akiko ) 한국일어일문학회 2014 日語日文學硏究 Vol.91 No.1

이 논문은 일본어 어휘적 복합동사의 유대(有對)동사를 대상으로 하여 타동 성이라는 관점에서 일본어 자동사문과 타동사문의 대응 원리를 연구한 것이다. 복합동사는 본동사와 달리 자동사와 타동사의 대립을 갖는 경우에도 타동사 문으로 나타낸 사상을 자동사문으로 바꾸어 쓰기 어려운 경우가 많다. 이 차이 는 본동사의 유대타동사가 동작주의 작용 과정의 양태보다는 작용의 결과 즉 대상의 상태변화에 주목하는 반면 복합동사의 유대타동사는 V1이 V2의 수단을 나타내기 때문에 동작주의 작용 과정 양태에 초점이 맞추어진다는 곳에 있다고 보고 타동성이 약한 타동사문인 경우 자동사문과의 교체가 자연스럽게 이루어 진다는 가정을 세우고 코퍼스분석을 통해 가정을 검증하였다. 그 결과 타동사문의 주어가 동작주인 경우는 타동성이 높아 기본적으로 자동 사문과의 교체가 어려운 반면 경험자주어인 경우와 무생물주어인 경우는 사태 에 관여하는 실체가 하나라는 점과 행위가 의도적이지 않다는 점에서 타동성이 약하여 자동사문과의 교체가 자연스럽게 이루어지는 걸로 나타났다. 또한 동작 주주어의 타동사문인 경우에도V2로 나타내는 결과사상에 동작주의 컨트롤이 완벽하게 미치지 않은 경우, 그리고 작용결과의 상태에 주목하는 경우에는 타동 성이 떨어져 자타교체가 가능한 것을 확인하였다. 또한 동작주의 존재, 행위의 의도성, 대상으로의 영향성 등 기존의 타동성에 영향을 주는 요인 외에 V1이 실질적인 의미를 갖지 않고 접사적인 경우나 V2가 나타내는 변화 내용이 구체 적이지 않은 경우에도 타동성이 약해지는 가능성이 있음을 언급하였다. This study aims to explore the correspondence principle of the Japanese transitiveand intransitive verbs from the perspective of transitivity of the transitive-intransitivepairs of the Japanese lexical compound verbs. In the case of the compound verbs, unlike the main verbs, the events describedwith the transitive verbs are hard to be described with the intransitive verbs evenwhen there are the transitive-intransitive pairs. Because the V1 of the transitiveversion of the compound verb represents the mean of the V2, while the transitiveversion of the main verb focuses on the result of the action or the change of theobject, rather than the aspect of the action process of the agent, it is arguable thatthis difference occurs from the aspect of the action process of the agent. For thisreason, I built a hypothesis that the transitive verbs which have a lower degree oftransitivity can be replaced into the intransitive verbs, and analysed the corpus datato put forward evidence to support the hypothesis. And it appears that the transitive verb cannot be replaced into intransitive verbwhen the subject is the agent and the degree of transitivity is high. In case of theexperiencer subject and inanimate subject, however, there is no problem in replacingthe transitive verb into the intransitive verb because there is just one substance thatis involved in the event and the action is not intentional so the degree of transitivityis low. And even when the agent is the subject of the sentence, substitution intothe intransitive verb can be made if the control has not reached to the consequenceevent represented with V2 and the result of an action is focused. Finally, it is also argued that when affix-like V1 does not have actual meaningor the change expressed with V2 is not concrete, the degree of transitivity can belowered.

L2 Learners’ Use of Verb Transitivity Information in English Written Production

김지현 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2020 영미연구 Vol.49 No.-

This study examined whether L2 learners were able to make use of two types of English verb transitivity information in written production. Thirty-one L2 learners of English took part in a written production task, in which they were asked to provide a complete grammatical sentence for thirty-nine English verbs varying in degree of transitivity. The verbs were selected to represent the transitivity bias continuum, ranging from intransitive verbs to highly transitive verbs. The results of the study showed a significant positive correlation between the percentage of transitive use per verb and each verb’s transitivity bias quotient. This was mainly due to fewer uses of the transitive construction for the intransitive verbs, indicating that the L2 learners’ knowledge of verb subcategorization information was reflected in their written production. A higher rate of ungrammatical sentences was found for intransitive verbs, supporting claims that intransitive verbs pose more difficulty in L2 acquisition. The results of the present study suggest L2 learners display different degrees of sensitivity regarding the nature of verb subcategorization and verb transitivity bias.

L2 Learners’ Awareness of Transitivity Bias of English Lexical Verbs: A Corpus-based Comparative Study

SiYeon Pyo 한국언어학회 2021 언어 Vol.46 No.3

Verb biases have received significant attention in the field of psycholinguistics due to their important role in sentence processing and as facilitators in comprehension. Thjs study seeks to identify advanced L2 learners’ awareness of the transitivity bias of English lexical verbs in L2 English essays produced by-bidding 202 Korean university students. The study compares corresponding data from a corpus of native students. In addition to investigating the usage frequency of lexical verbs and conducting a transitivity error analysis, the distributions of three types of verbs by different transitivity biases-high-transitive (HT), mid-transitive (MT), and no-transitive (NT) verbs-, were examined qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The results revealed similar distributions of frequent lexical verbs and verb types by transitivity bias with a significantly higher frequency of HT across the two corpora, despite some minor variables between them. The usage patterns of the three verb types in transitive constructions were similar between L2 learners and native college students. Second, Korean learners’ incorrect use of transitivity bias accounted for 2.21% of all errors, with 12 errors for the NT category and 6 errors for the HT category. However, no errors were observed in the top 50 most frequent verbs. These results verify that the more frequently L2 verbs are used, the higher sensitivity to transitivity learners obtain; this confirms the prediction derived from the Entrenchment Hypothesis. The study also showed that L2 learners have an awareness of obligatory prepositions in intransitive constructions despite having difficulty in realizing a specific preposition in production. From a developmental perspective, greater opportunities of exposure to negative as well as positive evidence of less frequently used verbs need to be provided for advanced L2 learners to reinforce their awareness of the transitivity bias.