한국어 소형문 연구

함병호 ( Ham Byeong-ho ) 한말연구학회 2021 한말연구 Vol.- No.60

This paper discusses the status of minor sentence in the Korean sentence system. Minor sentences can be viewed as a type of sentence in terms of being an independent linguistic unit with illocutionary force and intonation. And elliptical sentence in discourse can also be included in minor sentences. Therefore, minor sentence is defined as ‘sentences in which a fixed form different from the full sentence or a form in which some elements are omitted from the full sentence due to the influence of the discourse context are used independently’. Minor sentences are divided into elliptical minor sentences and typical minor sentences. The latter are subclassed into independent words, subjectless sentence, and nominal construction. There are noun phrases, nominal endings, and ‘-ㄹ 것’ construction in minor sentences with a nominal construction. Word minor sentences are generally included in the elliptical minor sentence, but all words that have their own pragmatic function are included in the interjection minor sentence.

문두 ‘沒(有)+NP+VP’ 구문에 대한 일고찰 - ‘有+NP+VP’와의 비교를 중심으로

오유정(Oh, You-jeong) 한국중어중문학회 2021 中語中文學 Vol.- No.84

This paper reconsiders previous academic discussion on ‘YOU(有)+NP+VP’ subjectless construction as a ‘topic’ structure. Based on this, I explored the information structure and discourse function of ‘MEI(YOU)(没(有))+NP+VP’, which is a negative version of ‘YOU+NP+VP’. ‘YOU+NP+VP’, as a presentational construction, introduces a new referent into the discourse. Through the investigation in this paper, it was found that ‘MEI(YOU)+NP+VP’, as the negative version of ‘YOU+NP+VP’, fulfils a variety of pragmatic functions through the contradictory structures that present ‘non-existent’ referent. Such functions include: emphasizing negative situations, expressing negative emotions such as ‘discontent’ and ‘lethargy’ and conveying a strong positive meaning. It is generally believed that the use of negative sentences is more restrictive than affirmative sentences. However, according to the corpus analysis, the use of negative ‘MEI(YOU)+NP+VP’ was more frequent than that of affirmative ‘YOU+NP+VP’. Furthermore, according to different language registers, the distribution of ‘YOU+NP+VP’/‘MEI(YOU)+NP+VP’, the nouns and verbs of each sentence pattern are different. It can be noticed that language register is an important basis for the investigation of linguistic facts and deserves further attention.

한국어 무주어문 유형 연구

고석주(Ko Seok-Ju) 담화·인지언어학회 2011 담화와 인지 Vol.18 No.2

This study is concerned with presenting the importance of subjectless sentences in Korean and classifying the types of them. At first, it is presented that subjectless sentences in Korean are more general than suggested in previous studies. And then, the various aspects of subjectless sentences are investigated and explained in terms of whether they represent a specific state-of-affairs or a type of state-of-affairs. As a result, it is showed that subjectless sentences in Korean has two types; one has no subject referent, and the other has no proper expression for the agent of the events.

한국어 “-것”의 통사범주와 범주 자질

한진희 ( Jin Hee Han ),홍성심 ( Sung Shim Hong ) 한국현대언어학회 2013 언어연구 Vol.29 No.2

The Journal of Studies in Language 29.2, 345-361. This paper, based on Han (2013), attempts to analyze ``-kes`` in Korean Internally Headed Relative Clauses in Jhang (1994) and argues that Korean ``-kes`` would not be an expletive but a nominal Complementizer. ``-Kes`` in IHRC has been argued to be an expletive (Yoon, 2005). However, the current study provides three arguments against Yoon, within X-bar syntax. First, the parameters of Korean and English assure the consistency when ``-kes`` is on of CP. Secondly, in terms of the configuration of the data, Korean ``-kes`` is a Head so it would not occupy Specifier position of TP, whereas the English expletives are maximal projections so it is positioned at Spec-TP. The last piece of evidence is that the sentence ending with ``-kes`` can be used as a sentence fragment. Likewise, in English, a clause introduced by the complementizer ``if`` can also be used as an answer but a clause (TP) missing the complementizer cannot. In this respect, ``-kes`` occupies the Head position of CP. The theoretical implication of this study, then, is that in Korean there might not be an expletive, unlike what Yoon(2005) has argued for, and that it is best to maintain that Korean ``-kes`` in some of the constructions under investigation is of a category type C with a nominal feature within the Minimalism (Chomsky 1995, Adger 2003). (Chungnam National University)

중세⋅근대 국어 계사 구문의 쟁점과 과제

김건희 국어사학회 2021 국어사연구 Vol.- No.33

이 논문은 중세⋅근대 국어 계사 구문 연구의 쟁점과 연구 성과에 대해 논의한 것이다. 첫째, 계사 ‘이’의 문법적 범주 규정에 대한 논의를 살펴보았는데, 특히 이현희(1991, 1994), 한재영(1996)에서 ‘서술격조사’로 규정한 것에 대해 중세 국어 명사문의 특징을 토대로 자세히 논의하였다. 둘째 계사 ‘이’의 기원형에 대해 이기문(1972), 김정대(2005)를 중심으로 후행하는 어미들의 교체 현상을 토대로 살펴보았다. 셋째 ‘이다’와 밀접한 관련성을 맺는 ‘아니다’에 대해 부정의 관점에서 논의하였다. 중세 국어에서부터 이미 용언으로 재구조화된 ‘아니다’를 부사 ‘안’이 후행하는 ‘이다’를 수식하는, 소위 단형 부정으로 분석할 수 없다는 것을 확인하였다. 넷째 외형적으로 명확히 확인이 가능한 계사 구문과 연계된 통사적 관점의 구문, ‘무주어문, 분열문’에 대한 연구 성과를 주로 살펴보고 다만 의미적 관점의 구문으로는 주요 중세⋅근대 국어 계사 구문 연구에서 반복적으로 제시된 ‘소유 구문, 존재 구문’에 대해 살펴보았다. 다섯째 계사 선행 요소로 의존명사나 연결어미 형태가 올 수 있음을 제시하였는데, 이는 중세⋅근대 국어에서 일반적으로 나타나는 현상으로 중세⋅근대 국어에서도 계사에 다양한 부류가 선행하는 것을 확인하였다. 여섯째 ‘이다’에 후행하는 형태에 대해 ‘이다’ 활용형으로 볼지, 아니면 조사로 볼지에 대해서는 두 부류의 논의가 있음을 보이고 통일해서 단일하게 처리해야 한다는 부류와 일정한 기준으로 분류해야 한다는 부류로 나누어 소개하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the issues and research performances on the copular construction in the Middle and Modern Korean. First, the grammatical category establishment of ‘이’ is examined, in particular, the grammatical status of ‘이’ as the predicative case marker is discussed from the characteristics of the NP-sentence in Middle Korean. Second, the prototype of copula is investigated focused on the alternation of ‘이’ following endings. Third, ‘아니다’ which had been reconstructed as predicates from Middle Korean cannot be analysed as ‘안+이다’(short negation form of ‘이다’). Fourth, the research performances of constructions related with the copular construction in the Middle and Modern Korean are examined such as subjectless sentence, cleft construction from the syntax and possessive construction, existential construction from the semantics. Fifth, ‘이’ preceding elements such as dependence noun or connecting ending in the Middle and Modern Korean are demonstrated. Sixth, two viewpoints on the category of ‘이’ following elements, (i) ‘이’ conjugated forms or (ii) grammaticalized particle are exhibited.

‘투성이’의 의미 및 형태·통사적인 변화에 대한 연구

홍정현,이동석 한국어학회 2022 한국어학 Vol.95 No.-

‘Tuseong-i’ first appeared in literature at the end of the 18th century, and originally meant a state in which a viscous material was covered with a surface, but the meaning was later expanded to mean a state in which a non-viscous material was covered and a state with abstract properties. Although the Korean dictionary classifies ‘tuseong-i’ as a suffix, if we analyze actual usage, ‘tuseong-i’ can be used alone or combined with a phrase, and saisiot is sometimes written between the antecedent word and ‘tuseong-i’. Therefore, ‘tuseong-i’ is grammatically judged to have the status of a noun. However, this change is already found in data from the 1920s. In addition, ‘tuseong-i’ can be misanalyzed from the predicate form, and ‘i’ is cut off and the form is changed to ‘tuseong’. And sometimes ‘tuseong-i’ forms a subjectless sentence by combining with the predicate form. ‘투성이’는 18세기 말에 문헌에 처음 등장하며, 원래는 점성이 강한 물질이 표면에 덮인 상태를 의미하였으나 이후 의미가 확대되어 점성이 없는 물질이 덮인 상태와 추상적인 성질을 가진 상태까지도 의미하게 되었다. 국어사전에서는 ‘투성이’를 접미사로 분류하지만, 실제 용례를 분석해 보면 ‘투성이’는 구와 결합하기도 하고 단독으로 쓰이기도 하며 선행어와 ‘투성이’ 사이에 사이시옷을 표기하기도 하는 등 문법적으로 명사의 지위를 가지고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그런데 이러한 변화는 이미 1920년대 자료에서 발견된다. 또한 ‘투성이’는 서술어형에서 오분석이 일어나 ‘이’가 절단되어 형태가 ‘투성’으로 바뀌기도 하며, 서술격 조사와 결합하여 무주어문을 형성하기도 한다.

헝가리어의 수동 표현에 대한 연구

박수영 ( Soo Young Park ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2006 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.37

In this paper I will try to explore how the voice as a grammatical category in Indo-European languages is expressed in Hungarian, Because Hungarian and Korean are grouped into the same typological class, in which the syntactic relations and the semantic meanings are realized morphologically, this study helps to examine the recent tendency of unacceptable derivations of passive -verbs in Korean and to find its solutions. In Hungarian, the expressions of passive meaning are realized either on morphological level. or on syntactic level. On morphological lovel. the passivity is expressed with the oppositions of transitive vs intransitive verb pairs, which are derived from same lexical roots, such as active-transitive verbs, middle verbs and passive verbs, If an active-transitive verb has no its intransitive pair, the passive expression is realized on syntactic level by the subjectless sentences with active-transitive verbs, It results from the hungarian word formational system of verbs, where each verb has its oppositional pari in transitivity and the re-derivation of passive verb from the middle verbs is not permitted.