미국의 규제영향분석제도에 관한 연구

한귀현(Han, Kwi-Hyeon) 한국비교공법학회 2016 공법학연구 Vol.17 No.2

규제영향분석이란 규제가 경제․사회에 미치는 영향을 정량적, 정성적으로 분석하는것을 말한다. 규제영향분석의 실시는 실체적․절차적 의의를 가짐과 동시에 행정의 재량통제의 수단으로서 중요한 역할이 기대된다. 규제영향분석제도는 이미 모든 선진국에서 규제개혁의 중요한 수단으로서 채용되어 있다. 특히 미국은 중요한 신규의 규제의 영향에 관하여 체계적인 분석․평가를 발전시킨 최초의 국가라고 할 수 있다. 이에 본고에서는 미국에 있어서 규제영향분석제도의 발전 경위 및 규제영향분석의 근거가 되고 있는 최근의 행정명령의 주요내용에 관하여 살펴보았다. 첫째, 미국에 있어서 규제영향분석제도는 규제개혁에 있어서 결할 수 없는 수단으로서 중시되어 왔을 뿐만 아니라, 규제영향분석의 법적 근거와 관련하여 주로 법률이 아니라 대통령의 행정명령에 근거하여 실시되고 있다는 것이 특징으로 지적될 수 있다. 둘째, 행정명령 제13563호(규제개선 및 규제심사)는 행정명령 제12866호에서 설정된 모든 원칙을 재확인함과 동시에 모든 규제입안과정에서 공중의 참여를 최대한 보장․촉진하는 한편, 각 행정기관에 대해 기존의 규칙에 대한 소급적 분석을 의무지우고 있다. 셋째, 행정명령 제13579호(규제 및 독립규제행정기관)는 행정명령 제13563호와 관련하여 특히 독립규제행정기관의 기존 규칙들에 대한 소급적 분석에 관하여 규정하고 있다. 이와 같이 미국에서는 규제영향분석 절차의 합리화와 효율성을 제고함은 물론 규제영향분석제도의 의의에 비추어 그 확대를 도모하고 있다. 요컨대 우리나라에서도 규제완화와 규제개혁이 사회적 화두가 됨에 따라 규제영향분석제도의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 그러나 규제영향분석제도 자체는 객관적인 정보에 기초한 평가의 수법․절차로서 중립적인 것이며, 규제영향분석제도가 본래적으로 규제완화의 수법인 것은 아니라는 점을 간과해서는 안 될 것이다. 이러한 전제 위에서 규제영향분석에 있어서 공중참여의 확대 및 행정기관간 협력의 증대를 도모함과 동시에 특히 기존의 규제에 대한 소급적 분석을 촉진할 필요가 있다고 본다. Regulatory impact analysis system means a system that quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the impact that regulation exerts on economy and society. Conducting the regulatory impact analysis not only has substantive and procedural significance but is expected to perform an important role as means of controlling administrative discretion. Regulatory impact analysis system has already been employed by all advanced countries as important means of regulatory reform. Especially, the United States can be counted as the first country that has developed systematic analysis and evaluation of the impact of important new regulation. This paper examines the details of development of regulatory impact analysis system of the U.S. and the main contents of the recent executive orders that provide grounds for regulatory impact analysis. Firstly, regulatory impact analysis system has been regarded as paramount in the U.S. as indispensable means for conducting any regulatory reform, and the legal ground of the regulatory impact analysis can be characterized by the fact that most analyses are executed not on the basis of the law but on the basis of executive orders issued by the President. Secondly, the Executive Order 13563 (on Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review) reconfirms all principles set forth in the Executive Order 12866, and at the same time, it guarantees and promotes public participation to the maximum extent possible throughout the regulatory planning process and imposes each executive branch a duty to analyze existing rules retrospectively. Thirdly, the Executive Order 13579 (on Regulation and Independent Regulatory Agencies) prescribes particularly concerning the retrospective analysis of existing rules of independent regulatory agencies in connection with the Executive Order 13563. As seen from above, not only the rationalization and efficiency of the procedures for regulatory impact analysis are improved in the U.S. but the expansion thereof is also promoted in the light of the importance of the regulatory impact analysis system. In short, the importance of regulatory impact analysis system is increasing in our country, too, as deregulation and regulatory reform have become social issues. However, it should not be overlooked that regulatory impact analysis system is neutral in itself as means and procedures for evaluation based on objective information and it is not inherently means of deregulation. On such premise, it seems to be necessary to promote the expansion of public participation and the coordination across agencies in analyzing regulatory impact, and at the same time, to facilitate retrospective analysis of existing regulation in particular.

Audit of Cancer Patients from Eastern Uttar Pradesh (UP), India: A University Hospital Based Two Year Retrospective Analysis

Nandi, Moujhuri,Mandal, Abhijit,Asthana, Anupam Kumar Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.9

Background: A retrospective analysis of all cancer patients attending the radiotherapy outpatient department (OPD) of a single unit during the period of January 2005 till December 2006 was conducted to know the geographical distribution and incidence of the most common cancers, their stage of presentation, treatment compliance among the patients and follow-up. Materials and Methods: A total of 4,484 patients were registered in the Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University during the period of January 2005-December 2006; of which 1,975 registered in an individual unit were included for the retrospective analysis. Results: Most of the patients hailed from the various districts of UP and Bihar. Females outnumbered males with a ratio of 1.33:1. Females mostly belonged to the age group of 40-59 years; whilst males were a decade older. Major cancer sites in females were cervix and breast followed by head and neck. Leading cancer sites in males were head and neck, brain, bone, soft tissue and lung. Most of the cases presented in advanced stage of disease (74%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histopathology (56%). A significant proportion of patients defaulted after undergoing preliminary investigations (16%). Only 53.9% of females and 58.5% of males took treatment out of which 68% and 63% completed the prescribed treatment. Compliance with follow-up was poor. Conclusions: The outcome of this study will significantly help us to define region specific strategies needed for cancer management in eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Prognostic Factors of Idiopathic Facial Palsy: A Retrospective Study

박기남,정정교,김은석,김정호,김영일 대한침구의학회 2017 대한침구의학회지 Vol.34 No.3

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical prognostic factors affecting facial palsy in 98 idiopathic facial palsy patients who were hospitalized and treated in 2015, using retrospective statistical analysis. Methods : We investigated patients with idiopathic facial nerve palsy, admitted to a Korean medical hospital in 2015, and examined patients’ variables and therapeutic variables. For analysis of clinical data, an independent sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and simple regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. Results : 1. The initial degree of facial palsy showed statistical significance with age. The older the age, the more severe the initial palsy. 2. Following treatment degree of facial palsy was statistically significant with age, hypertension, and fasting blood sugar (FBS). The higher the value, the slower the recovery from facial palsy. There was a statistical significance with the number of treatments in a Korean medical hospital. The more frequent the treatment, the faster the facial palsy recovery. 3. Degree of facial palsy after 12 months was statistically significant with age, hypertension, diabetes, FBS, and the initial severity of facial palsy. The higher the value, the slower the facial palsy recovery. 4. Sex, left or right sided palsy, alcohol consumption, smoking, history of facial palsy, season of onset, total number of treatments and bio chemistry (BC), complete blood cell count (CBC), urinalysis (UA) factors had no statistical significance with prognosis of facial palsy. Conclusion : Age, season of onset, hypertension, diabetes, FBS, initial severity of facial palsy, and the number of treatments at a Korean medical hospital showed statistical significance. The number of treatments at the Korean medical hospital positively correlated with facial palsy prognosis, and the others variables showed a negative correlation with facial palsy prognosis.

담화분석에 의한 문법교육 −회상법을 중심으로−

이숙 국제한국어교육학회 2008 한국어 교육 Vol.19 No.2

This paper concerns the effective analysis of Retrospection in teaching Korean as a second language. It points out that neither the tense approaches nor the semantic approaches to Retrospection can help Korean learners to distinguish between past tense sentences and retrospective sentences, and then shows that the functional analysis of Retrospection can lead Korean learners to the appropriate explanation. From the functional perspective, Retrospection is analyzed as a discourse strategy to express the speaker’s psychological remoteness from the information given by the described sentence. The speaker's remoteness in first person-subject sentences puts the hearer in the same position as the speaker. In second or third person-subject sentences, the speaker's remoteness can save the hearer’s face-wants by expressing that the given information is much closer to the hearer, or by expressing that the speaker is not forcing the hearer to respond to the given information. This paper shows that the functional analysis cannot only account for the heterogeneous syntactic behaviors of Retrospection depending on the person of the sentential subject, but also helps Korean learners to understand the discourse effects expressed by Retrospection.

한방병원 침구과로 협진의뢰된 한양방 협진 환자 1,549명에 대한 후향적 분석

조희진,권민수,김정환,조대현,최지은,한지선,이승훈,김용석,남상수 대한침구의학회 2016 대한침구의학회지 Vol.33 No.4

An Retrospective Analysis of 1549 patients under the Cooperative Medical Care consulted to the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in a Korean medical hospital Hee Jin Jo1,2, Min Soo Kwon1, Jung Hwan Kim1, Dae Hyun Jo1, Ji Eun Choi1, Ji Sun Han1, Seung Hoon Lee1, Yong Suk Kim1 and Sang Soo Nam1,* 1Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University 2Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University Objectives : The aim of this study is to give a statistical basis for the characteristics of patients who received cooperative medical care after being referred from Western medical departments to the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in a Korean medical hospital. Methods : The request records were searched for cooperative medical treatment at the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in a Korean medical hospital between September 1st, 2011 and August 31, 2016, based on the Order Communication system(OCS). The records were reviewed and retrospectively analyzed according to the patient’s general characteristics, the chief diagnosis code based on the 7th Korean standard classification of diseases(KCD-7) before and after the cooperative medical care in the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and the actual treatment measures which patients received as a result of the cooperative medical care. Results : Among the 2702 records, 1549 patients were included in the analysis. The male to female ratio was 1 : 1.17. Sexagenarians formed the highest age group and the number of patients whose age was over 50 was 1176(75.92 %). The surgery department requested the cooperative care from the department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion for the highest number of patients, 1194(77.08 %). When analysing specific medical departments, Neurosurgery, General Surgery, Neurology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Physical medicine and rehabilitation followed. The frequency of chief diagnosis code used before the cooperative medical care was in the order of I, C, G, S, and M code, from highest to lowest. The order of the codes after the cooperative medical care was the same. Acupuncture treatment was the most frequently-used measure after the cooperative medical care. Following were infrared, moxibustion, transfer, herbal acupuncture, cupping, electroacupuncture, and so on. Conclusion : This study provides a statistical basis for the demands placed on the Department of Acupunture and Moxibustion for cooperative medical care with the Western medical department. Based on the present condition of cooperative medical care, more preparation and effort is required for its activation.

필름 유방 촬영 선별 검사의 효율성에 관한 후향적 분석

박성준,도화봉 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1993 中央醫大誌 Vol.18 No.4

The mammographic screening weill detect many breast cancers at an earlier stage and the accumulating data suggest that appropriate screening not only improves survival but reduces the absolute mortlity from breast cancer. This suty was performed to determine the efficacy of screening mammography. From March 1993 to September 1993, the 1247 cases of women who underwent screening mammography atChung-and University Health Center were reviewed retrospectively. The age distribution of 1247 cases who underwent screening mammography revealed that 328 cases(26.3%) were in 5th decade, 303 cases(24.3%) were in 6th decade and average age was 47.2 years old. The cases of abnormal mammographic findings were 85 cases(6.8%). Of the 85 cases, 38 cases(44.7%) were fibrocystic disease. The person who recommended operation by sugeons were 26 cases(30.6%) of 85 abnormal mammographic findings. Among these cases, the 13 cases(50.0%) were refused operation by themselves. The pathological results of 13 excisional biopsy cases were as follow; IN 8 suspected benign breast disease: 5 cases were fibrocystic disease and 3 cases were fibroadenoma. In 5 suspected malignant breast disease: 1 case was sclerosing adenosis, 1 case was none-made, 1 case was early stage breast cancer(T_1N_0_M_0) and 2 cases were ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS)> Among total 22,527 female cancer patients in Korea, 1992, breast cancer ranked third place -2,571 cases(11.4%)-in female. In the absence of major adbances in treatment, screening seems to have the most immediate potential for control of breast cancer. Mammography has come to be regarded as the most important screening test for breast cancer. These results suggested that mammography is the only imaging modality effective for the early detection of breast cancer and nationwide educational programs are needed to over come the barriers of mammographic screening.

국가환경시료은행의 표준운영절차 적용

김명진 ( Myung Jin Kim ),이장호 ( Jang Ho Lee ),최태영 ( Tae Young Choi ),한아름 ( A Reum Han ),송교홍 ( Kyo Hong Song ),이유진 ( Eu Gene Lee ),이종천 ( Jong Chun Lee ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2012 환경영향평가 Vol.21 No.2

Environmental specimen banks provide the baselines for the scientists and decision makers to do research using the past and present specimens to expect the possible contaminant implications of the future. Many chemicals that are considered harmless now but not found may be found and pose threats in the future. Collected specimens of animals and plants should be conserved without contamination for future analysis. To ensure the availability of samples for the retrospective analysis, the establishment and maintenance of specimen banks in the developing and developed nations has become absolutely necessary. National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) established at National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) in 2009. For the application of NESB, several activities such as standard operating procedures (SOPs) development have been prepared. This study applied the guidelines for sampling and sample treatment of five environmental specimens which had been prepared from 2007 to 2009. The target species were shoots of red pine and Korean pine, leaves of Mongolian oak, eggs of domestic pigeon and muscles and livers of common carp. The NESB will enhance the quality of environmental assessment and environmental monitoring based on real time and retrospective analysis.

환경관련투자의 효율성 분석: 우리나라 제조업을 중심으로

민승기 ( Seung Ki Min ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2011 환경정책연구 Vol.10 No.2

제조업을 중심으로 분석한 환경관련투자 효율성의 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 내부수익률과 편익의 현재가치를 가변비용절감부문, 투자비용절감부문, 임대수입부문으로 분해함으로써 기존 연구의 범위를 확장했다. 그리고 단기총비용과 임대수입의 역할을 탐구하여 편익의 현재가치는 편익의 크기만을 나타내는 반면, 내부수익률은 효율성의 존재여부를 나타냄을 발견했다. 그리고 내부수익률과 시장이자율을 비교하는 투자효율성 방법론으로 환경관련투자와 관련된 투자효율성과 편익을 분석함으로써 사후 비용편익분석을 수행했다. 그 결과 환경투자, 공해방지투자 모두 비효율적인데, 공해방지투자가 환경투자보다 더 비효율적임을 발견했다. We analyzed the efficiency of environment investments by taking examples of central government`s environmental investment (CGEI hereafter) and investment in prevention of environmental pollution (IPEP hereafter). We expanded the scope of existing studies by decomposing the internal rate of return (IRR hereafter) and present value of benefit (Bpv hereafter) into variable cost (VC hereafter) reduction, investment cost reduction (STC-VC hereafter), and rent. And we found that Bpv checks only the magnitude of benefit, while IRR indicates the existence of efficiency by investigating short-run total cost (STC hereafter) reduction and rent. Finally, by analyzing investment efficiency and changing benefit with respect to CGEI and IPEP through the investment efficiency methodology that compares IRR with market interest rate, we executed retrospective benefit-cost analysis. Accordingly, CGEI and IPEP are not efficient. However, IPEP is even more inefficient than CGEI.

Long-term outcomes of liver resection for multiple hepatocellular carcinomas: Single-institution experience with 187 patients

Soo-Young Lee,Chul-Soo Ahn,Young-In Yoon,Sung-Gyu Lee,Shin Hwang,Ki-Hun Kim,Deok-Bog Moon,Tae-Yong Ha,Gi-Won Song,Dong-Hwan Jung,Gil-Chun Park 한국간담췌외과학회 2020 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.24 No.4

Backgrounds/Aims: Surgical resection for the treatment of multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and oncological outcomes after liver resection in patients with multiple HCCs. Methods: Clinicopathological and survival data of 187 patients who underwent curative resection for multiple HCCs between June 2004 and December 2016 at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea were retrospectively reviewed. The prognostic factors for recurrence and survival were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Of the 187 patients, 153 (81.8%) had two nodules, 23 (12.3%) had three nodules, and 11 (5.9%) had more than three nodules. Multiple tumors were located in the ipsilateral lobe in 163 (87.2%) patients. Anatomical resection, non-anatomical resection, and both types of resections were performed in 81.3%, 8.0%, and 10.7% patients, respectively. Recurrence occurred in 133 (71.1%) patients, and the mean time to recurrence after surgery was 34.2 months. Independent risk factors for tumor recurrence in multivariate analyses were indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min ≥15%, preoperative alpha-fetoprotein level ≥400 ng/ml, and total tumor diameter ≥6 cm. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 94.1%, 81.7%, 69.7%, and 39.4%, respectively, and the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 93.5%, 74.2%, 64.9%, and 38.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Our experience shows that liver resection can be considered a first-line treatment option for selected patients with multiple HCCs who have well-preserved liver function.

Computed Tomography Manifestations of Histologic Subtypes of Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma

Lu, Jing,Qin, Qin,Zhan, Liang-Liang,Yang, Xi,Xu, Qing,Yu, Jing,Dou, Li-Na,Zhang, Hao,Yang, Yan,Chen, Xiao-Chen,Yang, Yue-Hua,Cheng, Hong-Yan,Sun, Xin-Chen Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.15

Objective: Liposarcoma (LPS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma and accounts for approximately 20% of all mesenchymal malignancies, often occurring in deep soft tissue of retroperitoneal space. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is therefore necessary. We explored whether computed tomography (CT) could be used to differentiate between the various types of retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RPLS). Method: Forty-seven cases of RPLS, diagnosed surgically and histologically, were analyzed retrospectively. CT features were correlated with postoperative pathological appearance. Results: The study radiologist identified 29, 11, 2, 2 and 3 RPLS as atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDL), dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDL), myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (ML/RCL), pleomorphic liposarcoma (PL) and mixed-type liposarcoma. Analysis of CT scans revealed the following typical findings of the different subtypes of RPLS: ALT/WDL was mainly visible as a well-delineated fatty hypodense tumor with uniform density and integrity margin; DDL was marked by the combination of focal nodular density and hypervascularity. ML/RCL, PL and mixed liposarcoma showed malignant biological behaviour and CT findings need further studies. Conclusions: CT scanning can reveal important details including internal components, margins and surrounding tissues. Based on CT findings, tumor type can be roughly evaluated and biopsy location and therapeutic scheme guided.