Emotion Expressiveness and Knowledge in Preschool-Age Children: Age-Related Changes

Nana Shin,Lisa Krzysik,Brian E Vaughn 한국아동학회 2014 Child studies in Asia-Pacific context Vol.4 No.1

Emotion is a central feature of social interactions. In this study, we examined age-related changes in emotion expressiveness and emotion knowledge and how young children`s emotion expressiveness and knowledge were related. A total of 300 children attending a daycare center contributed data for the study. Observation and interview data relevant to measures of emotion expressiveness and knowledge were collected and analyzed. Both emotion knowledge and expressed positive affect increased with age. Older preschool children expressed positive affect more frequently than did younger preschoolers. Older preschool children also labeled, recognized, and provided plausible causes mores accurately than did younger preschool children. In addition, we tested whether children`s errors on the free labeling component conform to the structural model previously suggested by Bullock and Russell (1986) and found that preschool children were using systematic strategies for labeling emotion states. Relations between emotion expressiveness and emotion knowledge generally were not significant, suggesting that emotional competence is only gradually constructed by the child over the preschool years.

Emotion Expressiveness and Knowledge in Preschool-Age Children: Age-Related Changes

Shin, Nana,Krzysik, Lisa,Vaughn, Brian E. Korean Association of Child Studies 2014 Child studies in Asia-Pacific context Vol.4 No.1

Emotion is a central feature of social interactions. In this study, we examined age-related changes in emotion expressiveness and emotion knowledge and how young children's emotion expressiveness and knowledge were related. A total of 300 children attending a daycare center contributed data for the study. Observation and interview data relevant to measures of emotion expressiveness and knowledge were collected and analyzed. Both emotion knowledge and expressed positive affect increased with age. Older preschool children expressed positive affect more frequently than did younger preschoolers. Older preschool children also labeled, recognized, and provided plausible causes mores accurately than did younger preschool children. In addition, we tested whether children's errors on the free labeling component conform to the structural model previously suggested by Bullock and Russell (1986) and found that preschool children were using systematic strategies for labeling emotion states. Relations between emotion expressiveness and emotion knowledge generally were not significant, suggesting that emotional competence is only gradually constructed by the child over the preschool years.

학동 전기의 소아 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 폐렴의 임상적 고찰

전정호,임인석,이동근 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1994 中央醫大誌 Vol.19 No.4

We studied 181 cases of pneumonia in children above 2 years of age who were admitted to the pediatric ward of Chung-Ang medical Center between March 1, 1993 and February 28, 1994. Of these cases, 78 cases were diagnosed as having Mycoplasma pneunomiae pneumonia, based on the result of the Mycoplasma antibody titer(I.H.A. test). We performed clinical studies of 50 preschool aged patients of Mycoplasma pneunoniae pneumonia patients. These results were compaired with patients above 6 years of age. The results were as follows : 1) Among the total 181 cases with pneumonia, the incident of M. pneumoniae pneumonia was found in 27.2%(78 cases). The incidence of preschool aged M. pneumoniae pneumonia was 17.4% (20cases), and the peak distribution of age was below 4 years of age(35 cases;44.9%). 2) Male to female ratio was 1.5 : 1. 3) Monthly distribution showed a high frequency in November(9cases;18%), and seasonal distribution showed a high frequency in winter(12,1,2)(20cases;40%). That is similar to the seasonal distribution patients of above 6 years of age. 4) The M. pneumoniae pneumonia mostly had developed 7 days later from onset, and mean of duration was 5.5days. o significant difference in duration between children below 6 years of age an those above 6 years of age(p<0.05). 5) The most frequent symptom was cough(49cases:98%), and then followed by fever, fatigue, rhinorrhea. Rhinorrhea was more than patients below 6 years of age, but headache was more than patients above 6 years of ago. 6) The most frequent physical findings was rale(31cases:62%), and then followed by throat injection, tonsilar hypertrophy, wheezing, hepatomegaly, cervical lymph node enlargement, but normal findings were observed in 10 cases(20%) of patients. The result was more than patients above 6 years of age(7.1%). 7) WBC counts were 5,000 to 9,999/m㎥ in 58% of patients, and neutrophile was less than 70% in 86%, and CRP was positive in 56%, and increased ESR(>20mm/Hr) was noted in 88%. These results were similar to results of patients above 6 years of age. 8) Cold agglutinin titers were higher than 1:64 in 56% of patients. Mycoplasma antibody titer were noted in a high frequency in 1:1280. These results were similar to results of patients above 6 years of age. 9) Among the chest X-ray findings, bronchopneumonia(24%), segmental pneumonia(20%), intersitial pneumonia(20%), lobar pneumonia(18%) were noted, and pleural effusion was noted in 8%. The most common infiltrated site was right lower lobe and left lower lobe(10 cases;20%). Among the chest X-ray findings in patients above 6 years of age, segmental pneumonia(25%), lobar pneumonia(25%), interstitial pneumonia(17.8%), bronchopneumonia(14.3%) were noted, and pleural effusion was noted in 3.6%. The most common infiltrated site was left lower lobe(9 cases;37.5%). 10) As for the the complication and concomittant illness, asthmatic bronchitis, pleural effusion, hepatitis, skin rash, chronic sinusitis, thrombocytosis were noted. These results were similar to result of patients above 6 years of age, but hepatitis was not noted in patients above 6 years of age. 11) Mean hospital duration in children below 6 years of age was 7.59(±2.69), in that above 6 years of age was 7.09(±2.19), which was not statstically significant(p>0.05).

유아의 연령과 성별에 따른 신체활동 성향에 대한 연구

전선혜(Sun Hye Jun),전희준(Hee Jun Jeon) 한국여성체육학회 2011 한국여성체육학회지 Vol.25 No.1

A study is aimed to verify the preference for types of physical activities of children that have significant different by age and gender. The correlations were investigated the preference of physical activities by ratio distribution of age and gender difference in age 4 to 7-year-old through the guidance of each type of physical activities. First, according to the preference of physical activities of femininity and masculinity by sexual characteristics of children, male and female children prefer the physical activities that are strongly correlated with their gender. Second, according to the preference of femininity and masculinity of physical activities by age of children, the preference of physical activities of masculinity tends to decrease as all volunteers(children) get older. Especially the preference of femininity activities of female children shows a remarkable increase as they get older. Third, according to the preference of gross and fine motor by sexual characteristics of children, more male children prefer gross motor and more female children prefer fine motor. Fourth, although the preference of gross and fine motor by age of children has no significant difference, 4-year-old male and female children prefer fine motor more than older children.

Indonesian parents’ perception of educational involvement during the COVID-19

Masganti Sit,Arrafi Insani,Tri Bayu Purnama The Pacific Early Childhood Education Research Ass 2023 Asia-Pacific journal of research in early childhoo Vol.17 No.3

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting closure of public institutions such as schools, it has become crucial for parents to educate their children on COVID-19 literacy. Early childhood education practices are greatly influenced by informational sources and media, making parental involvement more important than ever. This study seeks to explore the significance of parental involvement during the pandemic, particularly for preschool-aged children. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting closure of public institutions such as schools, it has become crucial for parents to educate their children on COVID-19 literacy. Early childhood education practices are greatly influenced by informational sources and media, making parental involvement more important than ever. This study seeks to explore the significance of parental involvement during the pandemic, particularly for preschool-aged children. It is imperative that capable individuals take swift action to offer comprehensive and impartial COVID-19 health guidance to both children and their guardians, with a focus on quantity, quality, and availability.

아동 중국어 교육의 역할과 목적에 관한 논의-학령전기 아동을 중심으로

김미순 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2020 외국어교육연구 Vol.34 No.2

본고는 아동 중국어 교육의 역할과 목적을 되짚어봄으로써 교육의 지향점을 확고히 하고자 하였다. 특히 3-5세 유아를 대상으로 한 ‘학령전기 아동 중국어 교육’을 중점적으로 고찰하였다. 모국어도 완벽히 습득하지 못한 3-5세 유아에게 중국어 교육이 필요한가? 중국어 교육의 역할과 목적이 어디에 있느냐에 따라 그 대답은 달라질 수 있다. 3-11세는 발달이 이루어지는 가장 중요한 시기이다. 따라서 아동 중국어 교육의 역할은 중국어를 경험할 수 있도록 다양한 기회를 제공하는 것이고 목적은 이러한 경험을 통해 아동 발달을 도모하는 데 두어야 한다. 이에 본고는 교육부에서 고시한 ‘2019 개정 누리과정’에 입각하여 학령전기 아동 중국어 교육의 목적 및 목표를 설정하고 이를 달성하기 위한 교육 내용 및 방법에 대해 몇 가지 의견을 제시하였다. 현행 교육과정과의 연계를 고려하여 ‘아동 놀이 중심의 통합 교육과정’에 기반을 둔 중국어 교육을 실시한다면 아동 발달이 순조롭게 이루어질 것이다. The study attempted to clarify the educational goal by retracing the role and the purpose of childhood Chinese education. In particular, the study focused on ‘Chinese education for preschool age’ for children aged 3-5. Is it necessary to teach Chinese for children aged 3-5 who have not yet mastered their native language? The answer may vary depending on where the role and purpose of Chinese education are. 3-11 years old is the most important period of development. Therefore, the role of childhood Chinese education is to provide a variety of opportunities to experience Chinese, and the purpose must be to promote child development through these experiences. Thus, this study sets the goal and purpose of Chinese education for preschool age based on the ‘2019 revised Nuri curriculum’ presented by the Ministry of Education and suggests several implementations on the contents and methods of education to achieve these goals. Chinese education for preschool age is ‘Chinese education for child development’. If Chinese education lay the foundation on ‘Play-based Integrated educational curriculum’ considering the connection with the current curriculum, child development will be accomplished with ease.

그림상징 유형에 따른 학령전기 아동의 개념이해 및 선호도

이효주,박현주 한국보완대체의사소통학회 2016 보완대체의사소통연구 Vol.4 No.1

Background and Objectives: Graphic symbols are the type of symbol used most often in the AAC intervention process for young children. The presentation of graphic symbols appropriate to the child’s level of linguistic-conceptual understanding promotes thecomprehension and usage of symbols by lessening the associated cognitive burden and learning demands. However, as the lack of domestic research on the conceptual comprehension of graphic symbols makes it difficult to obtain information on the subject, this study aimed to ascertain whether preschool-aged children experienced a significant difference in conceptual understanding and preference according to the type of graphic symbols presented. Methods: The subjects of the study were average Seoulite children between the ages of 3 and 5, 20 per age group for a total of 60 subjects. The data on comprehension accuracy and preference for the three types of graphic symbols (DAS, MT, PCS) were analyzed respectively with repeated measures ANOVA and chi-square testing. Results: Comprehension accuracy according to type of graphic symbols increased with age. Conceptual comprehension accuracy also showed a significant difference according to the type of graphic symbols presented, the comprehension accuracy of DAS being greater than those of MT and PCS. In terms of preference in types of graphic symbols, DAS was rated highest overall by all age groups. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the conceptual understanding and preference of young children differ from those of adults. Therefore a deeper consideration of these matters is necessary. 배경 및 목적: 그림 상징은 어린 아동의 보완대체 의사소통 중재 과정에서 주로 활용되는 상징 유형이다. 아동의 언어적 개념 수준에 맞는 그림 상징의 제시는 인지적 부담과 학습 요구를 줄임으로써 상징의 이해와 사용을 촉진하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그런데 국내에서는 그림 상징에 대한 개념 이해와 관련해 연구된 바가 없기에 본 연구에서는 학령전기 아동의 그림 상징 유형에 따른 개념 이해와 선호도가 연령에 따라 유의한 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 서울에 거주하는 만 3세, 4세, 5세 일반 아동 각 20명씩 총 60명이 참여하였다. 세 가지 상징유형(DAS, MT, PCS)에 따른 그림상징 이해 정확도와 선호도를 반복측정분산분석(Repeated measures ANOVA)과 카이제곱검정(Chi - square test)을 실시하여 분석하였다. 결과: 그림 상징 유형에 따른 이해 정확도는 연령에 따라 증가하였다. 또한 개념 이해 정확도는 그림 상징 유형에 따라서도 유의한 차이가 나타나 DAS에 대한 이해 정확도가 MT와 PCS에 대한 이해 정확도보다 높았다. 그림 상징 유형에 따른 선호도는 모든 연령에서 DAS가 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론 및 논의: 본 연구 결과는 어린 아동의 그림상징에 대한 이해와 선호도가 성인과 다름을 시사한다. 따라서 이에 대한 좀 더 깊이 있는 고찰이 요구된다.

국제 기능 · 장애 · 건강 분류

김희영(Hee-Young Kim) 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2015 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.9 No.4

이 연구는 국제기능 · 장애 · 건강분류아동 청소년 버전(ICF-CY)을 기반으로 뇌성마비 아동의 놀이관련요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 2014년 8월부터 12월까지 2∼6세의 뇌성마비 아동 80명을 대상으로 하였고, 총 73명이 최종 분석대상이 되었다. 대상자에게는 뇌성마비 아동에 대한 ICF-CY의 주요 건강관련 카테고리를 제시하고 ICF 평가치로 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 뇌성마비 아동의 연령, 뇌구조, 언어에 대한 정신기능, 지적기능, 수면기능, 의사소통용품 사용, 일상생활용품 사용, 공공건물 및 기술 사용, 실내외 이동용품 사용, 직계가족, 환경요인에서 친구, 건강전문가, 사회적 태도가 놀이참여의 관련요인으로 나타났다. The aim of this study is to investigate the related factors with play activities in preschool aged children with cerebral palsy. The study included 73 preschool-aged children with cerebral palsy and the study was conducted from 08/2014 to 12/2014 based on the ICF coresets for cerebral palsy. Structure of brain in body structure, intellectual functions, sleep function, mental functions of language in body function. And products and technology for personal use in daily living and personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation, Design, construction and building products and technology of building for public use, immediate family, health professionals, social attitudes, friends in environmental factor, age in personal factor were related to engagement in play. Efforts to manage and improve the participation of play of preschool aged children with cerebral palsy, should focus on mental functions of language, intellectual functions, sleep functions and also should apply a products and technology for play and community educational program for the promotion of disability awareness.

만 3세, 4세 유아의 내러티브 구성능력의 발달 경향 분석

설희정(Hee Jung Sul),송하나(Ha Na Song) 한국열린유아교육학회 2015 열린유아교육연구 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구는 만 3, 4세 유아를 대상으로 내러티브 구성능력의 발달 경향과 유아의성과 연령에 따른 내러티브 구성능력의 차이 및 상호작용 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행 되었다. 만 3세(남=5명, 여=5명), 만 4세(남=5명, 여=5명)의 유아 20명과 그 들의 어머니가 연구에 참가하였다. 유아의 내러티브를 이끌어 내기 위해 Sales, Fivush 그리고 Peterson(2003)의 연구를 참고하여 인터뷰 상황을 구성하였다. 유 아와 어머니는 실험 공간에서 최근에 경험한 긍/부정적인 사건 각각 두 가지에 대해 서 이야기를 나누었다. 유아의 내러티브는 모두 전사되었고, 각 내러티브는 5수준의 준거에 따라 코딩된 후 분석되었다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면 유아들이 내러티브를 구 성하는 능력은 유아의 연령과 성에 따라 다른 발달 경향을 보였다. 그러나 이런 차이 를 통계적으로 살펴보았을 때 만 4세는 만 3세보다 더 높은 수준의 내러티브를 구성 하였지만, 성차에 따른 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 또한 연령과 성의 상호작용 효과가 유의하였고, 구체적으로 만 4세 여아가 만 3세 여아에 비해 더 높은 수준으로 내러 티브를 구성하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 유아의 내러티브 발달을 위한 교육 프로그램 구성에 기초적인 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. The primary purpose of this study is to examine preschool children’s narrative development trends. The study also investigates the narrative developmental differences according to children’s age and gender and the interaction effect between age and gender. Participating in this study are 20 threeand four-year-olds along with their mothers. Children’s narrative during mother-child conversation are measured using Sales, Fivush, and Peterson’s(2003) setting. In a quiet place, children and their mothers discuss recent positive and negative events. The results show that children’s narrative development trends according to levels of narrative construction. Also 4-year-old children’s narrative levels are higher than those of 3-year-old. The study identifies no significant difference, however, in narrative level according to gender. Lastly, an interaction effect is observed regarding the children’s age and gender. This interaction effect indicates that in the girl group, 4-year-olds have a higher level of narrative than that of 3-year-old. These results could offer basic information in education or program of preschool children’s narrative development. The paper also identifies the studies limitations and offers suggestions for future studies.

유아용 시력선별검사법에 관한 연구

주정화,이규병,마기중 대한시과학회 2015 대한시과학회지 Vol.17 No.3

목 적: 유아를 대상으로 한국과 일본에서 시행하고 있는 시력선별검사법을 비교 분석하여 개선을 위한 참고자료를 제안하고자 한다. 방 법: 유아(3~6세) 307명(614안)을 대상으로 한국과 일본에서 시행하는 시력선별검사를 실시하고, 표 준시시력표를 이용하여 나안시력을 측정하였다. 결 과: 한국과 일본의 시력선별검사 결과의 일치도는 낮았으며(k=0.40, p<0.001), 시력선별검사시표가 주된 요인으로 나타났다. 표준시시력표와 한국의 시력선별검사 결과는 일치도가 낮았으나(k=0.27, p<0.001), 표준시시력표와 일본의 시력선별검사 결과는 일치도가 높았다(k=0.89, p<0.001). 한국 시력선별 검사법 중 시력 판정 결과의 특이도(Specificity)는 100%로 높지만 연령별 민감도(Sensitivity)는 17.1% 이 하로 낮았다. 란돌트환시표를 사용하고 연령별 시력 판정기준을 다르게 적용했을 때 민감도와 특이도는 각 각 3세(시력 0.5 기준)에서 100.0%와 93.9%, 4세(시력 0.7 기준)에서 97.3%와 96.7%, 5세(시력 1.0 기준) 에서 85.4%와 99.1% 및 6세(시력 1.0 기준)에서 88.9%와 100.0%로 나타났다. 결 론: 현재 국내에서 유아를 대상으로 시행하는 시력선별검사법은 임상에서 적용하는 기준에 비하여 민감도가 낮다. 그러므로 그림시표를 란돌트환시표로 대체하고 연령별 시력의 판정기준을 다르게 적용할 필요가 있다고 사료된다. Purposes: To suggest a new vision screening test with high validity for preschool children, Korean and Japanese vision screening tests were conducted on preschool children and then their results were analyzed and compared. Methods: The vision screening tests that are currently used to screen preschool children in Korea and Japan were performed on 307 preschool children (age, 3–6 years; 614 eyes), and their unaided visual acuity were measured by the standard visual acuity chart. Results: The agreement of the results of Korean and Japanese vision screening tests was low (k = 0.40, p < 0.001), and the used acuity chart was found to be a major factor related to the decision of pass or fail. While the agreement of the results between a standard visual acuity chart and the acuity chart used Korean vision screening test was low (k = 0.27, p < 0.001), but the agreement of the results between a standard visual acuity chart and the Japanese screening test was high (k = 0.89, p < 0.001). The specificity of the decision by visual acuity in Korean vision screening test was high (100%), and the sensitivity was low (≤ 17.1%). However, when Landolt’s ring chart and different age-specific visual acuity criteria were applied, the sensitivity and specificity were 100.0% and 93.9% for 3-year-olds (criterion; 0.5 VA), 97.3% and 96.7% for 4-year-olds (criterion; 0.7 VA), 85.4% and 99.1% for 5-year-olds (criterion; 1.0 VA), and 88.9% and 100.0% for 6-year-olds (criterion; 1.0 VA), respectively. Conclusion: To improve the sensitivity and specificity of the current Korean vision screening test for preschool children, there is considered that the figure chart has to be replaced by the Landolt’s ring chart and age-specific visual acuity criteria need to be established.