만큼의 의미-기능적 특성에 대한 일고

김지은(Ji Eun Kim) 언어과학회 2015 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.72

This article aims to study several usages of mankeum in the aspect of semantico-functional change. The argued results are summarized as follows: [1] The bound noun mankeum meaning basically ``degree of equivalence`` appears as a noun phrase, composed of {determiner/ modifier form +mankeum+case marker}. [2] The constructions of {modifier form+mankeum} are divided into three types. Mankeum meaning ``a degree`` responds to the adnominal ending form ``-ㄹ,`` assuming the feature [-certainty], whereas mankeum meaning ``a cause`` responds to the adnominal ending form ``-ㄴ`` assuming the feature [+certainty]. The construction {-ㄹ+mankeum} is not an antecedent clause of the subordinate conjoined sentence, but an embedded adverbial sentence functioning as an adverbial phrase within the main sentence, whereas the construction {-ㄴ+mankeum} functions as an antecedent clause of the subordinate conjoined sentence. Lastly, the construction {-는+mankeum} meaning ``a degree of proportion`` also functions as an antecedent clause of the subordinate conjoined sentence. [3] Mankeum is widely used as three types of postpositional particle such as a special particle, a comparative marker or a compound particle. First, mankeum as a special particle appears with the construction {N+mankeum+case marker}. In this case {N+mankeum} can be paraphrased into the construction {Ni(/eul) -neun+mankeum} where N appears as a subject NP or as an object NP of the same predicate as the main sentence. This shows that mankeum is changed from a bound noun into a special particle. Second, mankeum appears as a comparative marker with the construction {N+mankeum}. Third, mankeum appears as a compound particle like Nmankeum-eun, Nmankeum-iya, Nmankeum-do, Nmankeum-irado, Nmankeum-ina, or Nmankeum-man when it is fused with a particle like eun, (i)ya, do, (i)rado, (i)na, or man. These compound particles signify a new meaning respectively. To sum up, the word mankeum is not just divided into two usages such as a bound noun and a postpositional particle. From the point of view of semantico-functional change, it has several usages like an adverbial clausal ending, a conjunctional ending, a special particle, a comparative marker or a compound particle, which emerges from the fusion with an adnominal ending or with a particle.

한국어 부사격 조사 `-에`와 `-에서`의 중국어 대응 양상 연구

이문화 ( Li Wen-hua ) 국제어문학회 2015 국제어문 Vol.0 No.65

이 연구는 사전 기술과 드라마 병렬말뭉치 자료를 중심으로 한국어 조사 `-에`와 `-에서`의 의미를 살펴보고 세부 의미별로 대응되는 중국어 표현을 분석하였다. 현재 한·중 사전은 `-에`, `-에서`에 대응되는 중국어 표현을 매우 빈약하게 제시하고 있다. 병렬말뭉치 분석 결과 한국어 `-에`와 `-에서`는 조사이지만 그에 대응되는 중국어 표현은 조사뿐만 아니라 `개사`, `명사`, `접속사`, `개사구`, `부사` 등으로 다양했다. 또한 한국어에서 `-에`와 `-에서`는 분명히 구별되지만 `장소` 의미에 대응되는 중국어 대역어는 동일하게 나타났다. 그리고 `-에`와 `-에서`의 의미 중 중국어에 대응 표현이 없는 경우도 있었다. 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 자세히 다루어지지 않았던 `-에`와 `-에서`의 중국어 대응 표현들을 체계적으로 분석하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 한·중 병렬말뭉치를 분석해 실증적으로 한·중 대응 표현을 분석한 본 연구의 결과는 교수학습 현장 및 대조언어학 연구의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 한·중 사전에서 `-에`와 `-에서`의 대역어를 보충하는 데에도 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Chinese learners of Korean language usually commit many errors in distinguishing between the Korean `e` and `eseo` postpositional particles. It is primarily because of the similarities in form, distribution, and use of both particles. Also, there exists various and complicated Chinese corresponding phrases to these two particles. Furthermore, the category of such Korean particles differ from their corresponding Chinese expressions. Specifically, the former belong to particle category only while the latter belong to noun, adverb, conjunction, and other domains, thus a variety in usage. This study investigated existing dictionary sources and parallel corpus of dramas used as substantiating evidence. From these materials, the meanings of Korean `e` and `eseo` postpositional particles were examined. After which, their respective meanings were analyzed and juxtaposed with their corresponding Chinese counterparts. Results revealed the following. First, it confirmed that there are insufficient conditions in the Chinese particles in regard to `e` and `eseo` particles that can be found in the Korean-Chinese dictionary. Second, it clarified that Chinese counterparts of Korean `e` and `eseo` particles include various categories such as noun, conjunction, adverb and others. This was evident when forms and syntax of various Chinese corresponding expressions in different categories were presented and explained. Third, despite the difference in form between `e` and `eseo`, they share a similarity with regards to the meaning of `location` in the form and meaning of five kinds of Chinese target words. Fourth, it identified conditions where the respective meanings of `e` and `eseo` do not correspond. Specifically in the meaning of `e` particle, this study discovered that it does not correspond well with Chinese categories involving `emphasis`, `qualification`, `time`,`measure`, `tool`, `means`, and `subjunction`. Fifth, it also identified the Korean modifier expression of `eseo`. Sixth, it revealed the new and frequency use of corresponding spoken Chinese expressions of Korean `e` and `eseo` particles which the existing literature have not identified. This study is significant in three ways. One is that it can be a material which can further substantiate the parallel corpus as a dependable source of data/information from which Chinese learners are the subject of study. Another way is that it can be a helpful resource to Korean language instructors as well as Chinese learners of Korean language in the field of language education. Finally, it can be a useful basic material in Contrastive Linguistics studies. Specifically, it can enrich the five kinds of Chinese target words relating to `e` and `eseo` particles.

중세국어 의문보조사의 문법 범주

양영희(Yang younghee) 한국언어문학회 2007 한국언어문학 Vol.63 No.-

  This paper suggests that ‘ga/go’ of ‘noun+ga/go’ should be known as conclusive ending with following reasons. This ‘ga/go’ form is considered as ‘additional particle’ and is also considered as ‘interrogative auxiliary particle’ or ‘interrogative postposition’. On the former case, ‘da/ga/go’ of ‘nda, nga, ngo’ form as well as ‘ga/go’ are considered as ‘additional particle’ so that ‘da’ in assertive sentence is considered as ‘conclusive ending’ and ‘da’ in interrogative sentence is considered as ‘additional particle’. With this view, it is difficult to make connection between conclusive endings. In addition, additional particle which is a kind of focus postposition should be given function of interrogative mood and politeness mood. This burden is applied on both situations of considering them as auxiliary particle and postposition.<BR>  This study proposes to establish the above as conclusive ending. If the attention placed on the role of ‘ga/go’ in the sentence rather than the preceding of ‘ga/go’ whether it is independent form or not, then it should be interpreted that the listener who is the lower class than the speaker is requested to explain or answer something. This, therefore, should be understood as conclusive ending not postposition because not postposition but ending is in charge of the function of politeness mood and interrogative mood. (Chonnam Univercity)

アニメキャラクターが使用する日韓の「キャラ語尾」に関する研究

郭銀心(곽은심) 한국일본어학회 2018 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.58

본고에서는 일본의 애니메이션 캐릭터의 말투에 사용되는 ‘캐릭터어미’에 관해 한국어 음성더빙판과의 비교를 시도했다. 먼저 일본어 캐릭터 어미의 사용 실태를 파악하고 그것에 대응하는 한국어 더빙판의 번역 실태에 대해 분석하였다. 다음으로 일본어와 한국어의 캐릭터어미의 문법적 특징에 대해 고찰하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 일본어 원작에서 사용된 일본어 캐릭터어미는 동물의 울음소리 · 동작을 나타내는 것, 신분을 나타내는 것, 방언을 사용한 것, 캐릭터의 이름에서 따온 것으로 분류된다. (2) 한국어 더빙판에서 사용된 한국어 캐릭터어미는 일본어 발음을 그대로 사용한 것, 캐릭터의 이름과 종류에서 따온 것, ‘하오체’와 ‘해라체’를 사용하여 캐릭터의 신분을 나타내는 것, 방언을 사용한 것으로 분류된다. (3) 일본어 캐릭터어미는 종조사와의 위치관계, 도치문과 문절말에서의 출현 가능성, 확실한 모델의 존재, 명령표현에 사용되는 동사의 형태, 코퓰러와의 대체 여부에 따라 캐릭터조사, 캐릭터코퓰러, 동물 캐릭터종조사, 캐릭터코퓰러와 동물 캐릭터종조사의 중간형태로 분류된다. (4) 한국어 캐릭터어미는 문말에 플러스알파로 추가된 형식와 종결어미의 두 가지로 나누어진다. 문말 추가 형식은 캐릭터조사로, 종결어미는 캐릭터코퓰러와 캐릭터조사의 중간형태로 분류된다. This study attempted to compare the `character endings` used in the Japanese animation characters` way of speech with a version with dubbed voice in Korean. First,, it grasped the realities of usage of Japanese character endings, and analyzed the translation-realities of a Korean-dubbed version in response to it. Next, it examined the grammatical properties of Japanese and Korean character endings. The results are as follows: (1) Japanese character endings are classified into the sound of an animal, what shows its gestures, what shows its status, what shows its dialects, and what is derived from a character’s name. (2) Korean character endings are classified into what was used accepting Japanese pronunciation, what was derived from a character`s name and type, what shows a character"s status using "Hao style,’ ‘Haera style,’ and a dialect. (3) Japanese character endings are classified into a character postpositional particle, a character copula, an animal character postpositional particle, and an intermediate form between character copula and animal character postpositional particle according to its location in relation with the its final postpositional particle, appearance possibilities in inversion sentences and the end of a clause, the existence of an authentic model, a verb form used in a command expression, and whether or not it may alternate copula,. (4) Korean character endings are divided into two: a sentence-final form to which something is added as extra and a sentence-final ending. Further, the sentence-additional form in a sentence end is classified as a postpositional particle of a character, and the sentence-final ending is classified as an intermediate form between a character copula and a character postpositional particle.

한국어 학습자의 문법 습득 양상 연구 (Ⅱ)

김호정(Kim Ho-jung),강남욱(Kang Nam-wook) 국어국문학회 2010 국어국문학 Vol.- No.156

This paper aimed at examining Korean learners' grammar acquisition focusing on the postpositional particle Ii/gal and leun/neun}. As such. we examined 13.748 syllables intermediate mid to advanced low written texts over a two year period. One hundred eighty one errors out of a total of 1.296 [i/ga} and [eun/neun} postpositional particles were investigated. We found a total of 131 errors regarding the use of li/ga} and among them. replacement errors from the use of {eun/neun] occurred 22 times. Errors regarding the use of [sun/neun! numbered 50. of which 16 replacement errors resulting from the use of Ii/gal occurred. representing the largest proportion of leun/neun} errors. The error rates regarding the use of Ii/gal (35.89%) were found to occupy the largest proportion of postpositional particle errors. Compared to leun/neun} replacement errors. li/ga} replacement errors appeared more often. especially in a complex sentence such as a conjunctive and a relative clause. The phenomena of replacement errors involving Ii/sal and Ieun/neunl could be explained by the function and semantic area in terms of grammatical and lexical notion of postpositional particle. In this study. we considered aspects of acquisition of li/ga} and leun/neun} and focused on the educational implications of these postpositional particles with respect to markedness. condition of grammar use. and error cause analysis.

한국어 교재를 통해 본 한국어 조사 결합 방식 및 양상

당영총,장자양 한중경제문화학회 2023 한중경제문화연구 Vol.24 No.-

Many Korean sentences use multiple particles following the head noun, a construction known as “조사 결합” (particle combination). However, there is no unified consensus among scholars regarding the concept, classification, and constraints of Korean particle combinations. This study aims to review existing concepts and terminology related to Korean particle combinations through previous research, classify subcategories of particles, and reestablish the concepts of particle combinations and compound particles. Additionally, it selects three representative reading materials commonly used in Korean linguistics and analyzes them to categorize and organize the patterns and order of Korean particle combinations by type. This research seeks to assist learners in better understanding particle combinations and reducing errors in their usage.

現代日本語における「くせ」の意味と機能

方允炯 한국일본언어문화학회 2018 일본언어문화 Vol.44 No.-

In this paper, the meanings and functions of modern Japanese “kuse” are studied based on practical example sentences. Previous research mainly focuses on the usage of “kuse” as a conjunctive particle in a format of “kuseni” connecting to a verb. No literature has reported on the usages of “kuse” as a noun usage or a postposition. In the paper, the usages of “kuse” are described in the three different cases of meanings and functions: (1) noun usage, (2) postposition, and (3) conjunctive particle. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, when “kuse” is used as a noun usage, it basically represents a habit indicated by a front noun, and “N+kuse” takes various cases in the sentences. In this case, “N+kuse” functions as a noun usage. Second, when “kuse” is used as a postposition, it implies the criticism against the meaning of a front noun. Nouns with stereotype meanings are commonly used in N, and unexpected or opposite things are discussed in the predicate. It is morphologically limited to the one fixed form of “N+kuseni”. In this case, “N+kuse” functions as a postposition. Third, when “kuse” is used as a conjunctive particle, it represents the criticism indicated by a front verb. Contradictions to V are discussed in the predicate. It is morphologically limited to the one fixed form of ”V+kuseni“. In this case, “V+kuse” functions as a conjunctive particle. In conclusion, our research found that “kuse” is used as a postposition or a conjunctive particle, although its basic function is a noun usage and it represents a habit in modern Japanese. As a postposition or a conjunctive particle, “kuse” shows significant changes in both aspects of formats and meanings.

복합 조사 유형에 따른 문장 처리에 대한 실험 연구*

정해권 담화·인지언어학회 2023 담화와 인지 Vol.30 No.4

This study aimed to verify the processing of Korean complex nominal affixes(so-called case particle stacking), which appeared at various levels of difficulty and complexity in self-paced reading experiments and eye-tracking experiments. It is expected that compound postpositions in which two or more are combined make processing them more complex and difficult. In a behavioral experiment, the results in accuracy and response time did not show any statistically significant differences between types of complex postpositions. In the eye-tracking experiments, the presented experimental sentences consisted of simple postpositions, compound postpositions, periphrastic postpositions, and filler sentences, totaling 88 sentences with related pictures. In the results, statistically significant differences were found in four variables, which were the time of first gaze fixation, length of gaze fixation, number of gaze fixations, and number of gaze re-fixations, for each type of complex postpositions. This shows that Korean native speakers paid more attention to processing not only compound postpositions but also periphrastic postpositions than simple postpositions. And it could be interpreted that compound postpositions are treated as a combination of two postpositions and periphrastic postpositions are processed like one simple postpostion.

한국어 학습자의 조사 변이 양상 연구

김호정(Kim, Ho-jung) 우리말글학회 2013 우리말 글 Vol.58 No.-

본 연구는 한국어 학습자의 조사 습득의 특징을 다양한 변이 양상을 통해 밝히는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 기초적인 한국어 조사군의 교수 · 학습을 마친 60명의 한국어 학습자를 연구 대상으로 하여 언어 말뭉치를 구축하고, 여기에 나타나는 조사 변이형의 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 72,405음절 규모의 말뭉치에서 25개 개별 조사가 총 4489회 출연한 것으로 확인되었다. 이 가운데 {이/가}(27.97%)>{을/를}(22.25%)>{에}(13.18%)>{은/는}(10.84%)의 순서로 출현 빈도가 높았고, 정확률은 {에서}(43.57%) <{와/과}(50.34%) <{은/는}(51.81%) <{이/가}(57.36%)<{의}(61.01%) <{을/를}(61.73%) <{에}(68.76%)의 순서로 낮게 나타나 학습자들이 가장 기초적이고 핵심적인 조사군을 습득하는 데 어려움을 겪는 것으로 확인되었다. 이어 해당 말뭉치 분석을 통해 ‘비실현형’, ‘대치형’, ‘첨가형’의 변이 유형을 확인하고 개별 조사 및 학습자 숙달도별로 변이형의 세부 양상과 빈도를 살펴보였다. 그 결과 {이/가}의 비실현형이 가장 높은 발생 건수를 기록하였으며, 전체 말뭉치에서 최빈치를 나타내는 대치형은 63종이 확인되었다. 이 같은 조사 변이형의 출현 양태는 학습자 숙달도(초급-상~중급-상)에 따라 세부 유형별 양상을 달리하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이에 본고에서는 조사 변이의 세부 유형별 특징을 고찰하고 그에 맞는 교육 방안을 제안하였다. This paper aimed at examining Korean learners" postpositional particle acquisition focusing on the variability of it. As such, we examined 60 learners" novice-high to intermediate-high written texts over one semester. 4489 times of twenty five postpositional particles out of a total of 72,405 syllables were investigated. The order of frequency rates were {i/ga}(27.97)>{eul/reul}(22.25)>{e}13.18>{eun/neun}(10.84). However the rank of accuracy rates were {eseo}(43.57)<{wa/gwa}(50.34) <{eun/neun} (51.81)<{i/ga}(57.36)<{ui}(61.01)<{eul/reul}(61.73)<{에}(68.76), so learners had trouble with acquiring these basic and core postpositional particles. Then, the aspects and frequency of subtypes of variation were analyzed according to findings of variation types, such as "zero", "replacement" and "addition". With the result of that the frequency of {i/ga} was the highest, and 63 types of replacement variation were found. The detailed phenomena of variation were diverse depending on the pattern and the degree of proficiency. In this study, we explained and proposed the educational treatments for postpositional particles with respect to the traits of subtype of variation.

現代日本語における「いっぽう(一方)」の意味と機能

方允炯(Bahng, YoonHyung) 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2016 日本 硏究 Vol.0 No.42

This paper studies the meanings and functions of “ippo” in modern Japanese by investigating practical example sentences. Previous research mainly focuses on the usage of “ippo” as a conjunctive particle in a format of “ippode” connecting to a verb. However, no literature has reported on the usages of “ippo” as a pseudo noun or a postposition. In this paper, the usages of “ippo” are described in the three cases of meanings and functions: (1) pseudo noun, (2) postposition, and (3) conjunctive particle. The results of the study are presented as follows. First, when “ippo” is used as a pseudo noun, two different meanings are considered, which are “one direction” and “one side”. In both meanings, “ippo” represents a space indicated by a front noun and “N+ippo” takes several cases. In this case, “N+ippo” functions as a pseudo noun. Second, when “ippo” is used as a postposition, it implies a different view from a point indicated by a front noun. In this case, the form of “ippo” is only limited to “N+ippode” or “N+ippo", and then “N+ippo” functions as a postposition. Third, when “ippo” is used as a conjunctive particle, it represents a different aspect from a point indicated by a front verb. In this case, the form of “ippo” is limited to “V+ippode” or “V+ippo", and then “V+ippo” functions as a conjunctive particle. In conclusion, “ippo” is used as a postposition or a conjunctive particle, although its basic function is a pseudo noun and it represents a space in modern Japanese. As a postposition or a conjunctive particle, “ippo” shows significant changes in both aspects of formats and meanings.