한반도 지역에서 관측된 꽃가루 농도 특성에 관한 연구

박기준 ( Ki Jun Park ),김헌애 ( Heon Ae Kim ),김규랑 ( Kyu Rang Kim ),오재원 ( Jae Won Oh ),이선영 ( Sun Young Lee ),최영진 ( Young Jean Choi ) 한국농림기상학회 2008 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.10 No.4

Airborne pollen is known as one of the major causal agents to respiratory allergic reactions. Daily number of pollen grains was monitored using Burkard volumetric spore traps at seven locations including Seoul and Jeju during 1997-2007. Pollen grains were observed throughout the year especially from February to November. They showed similar distribution patterns of species among locations except in Jeju, where Japanese cedar vegetation is uniquely found. Peak seasons for pollen grains from trees and weeds were March to May and August to October, respectively. Tree pollens were mainly composed of pine, oak, alder, and birch. Weed pollens were mainly from Japanese hop, Wormwood, and ragweed. Diameter of pollen grains, which has a typical range of 20~60μm, has close relationship with allergenicity. Allergenicity of tree and weed pollens is higher than that of grass pollens in general. In the case of trees and shrubs, pine trees account for about 70% of all tree pollens. However, pine pollens are weak allergens. The remaining 30% of tree pollens, including alder trees, white birches, and oaks, are moderate to strong allergens despite the smaller numbers. Grass and weeds are also highly likely to cause allergies. Especially, the pollens of Wormwood and Japanese hop are highly likely to cause allergies. Daily fluctuations in the number of pollens have to do with a variety of meteorological factors, such as temperature and rainfall.

Macromolecular Microencapsulation Using Pine Pollen: Loading Optimization and Controlled Release with Natural Materials

Prabhakar, Arun K.,Potroz, Michael G.,Tan, Ee-Lin,Jung, Haram,Park, Jae Hyeon,Cho, Nam-Joon American Chemical Society 2018 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.10 No.34

<P>Pine pollen offers an all-natural multicavity structure with dual hollow air sacs, providing ample cargo capacity available for compound loading. However, the pollen exhibits reduced permeability because of the presence of a thin natural water-proofing layer of lipidic compounds. Herein, we explore the potential for compound loading within pine pollen and the potential for developing all-natural formulations for targeted delivery to the intestinal tract. Removal of the surface-adhered lipidic compounds is shown to improve surface wetting, expose nanochannel structures in the outer pollen shell and enhance water uptake throughout the whole pollen structure. Optimization of loading parameters enabled effective compound loading within the outer pollen shell sexine structure, with bovine serum albumin (BSA) serving as a representative protein. All-natural oral delivery formulations for targeted intestinal delivery are developed based on tableting of BSA-loaded defatted pine pollen, with the incorporation of xanthan gum as a natural binder, or ionotropically cross-linked sodium alginate as an enteric coating. Looking forward, the large cargo capacity, ease of compound loading, competitive cost, abundant availability, and extensive historical usage as food and medicine make pine pollen an attractive microencapsulant for a wide range of potential applications.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

송화분을 이용한 간기능 증진제 개발 연구

하은주,이해경,한준표 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1993 연구논문집 Vol.47 No.1

To investigate the effect of the pine pollen on serum and liver of rat pretreated with carbon tetrachloride. Rats were first administrated CCl₄and then treated orally with the water-washed pine pollen as indicated in the book of "Imperial courtcookery" The results are summarized as follows ; GPT activity of rat administrated the pine pollen was lower than that of rat treated with CCl₄to induce a chronic liver injury and was similar to that of nontreatment group. Totla cholesterol in serum of pine pollen administrated rat decreased significantly compared with that of the CCl₄-treated group. There was a noticeable improvement in the activity of the live protein synthesis of pine polllen-administrated rat, compared with that of CCl₄-treated group. Body weight of non-treated group are increased but that of CCl₄-treated and pine pollen-treated group were retarded according to time.

송화분이 Chloroform 투여 흰쥐의 혈청 및 간장에 미치는 영향

백경연,하은주,신해경,한준표 동아시아식생활학회 2000 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.10 No.4

This study was attempted to investigate the effect of pine pollen on the chloroform toxicity in rat serum and liver. The subjects were administrated with the graded concentration of two different levels of chloroform(1%. 5%) and an additional amount of pollen(19%, 5%) to some groups, The results were as follows : The activity of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in serum, liver, and kidney increased in proportion to the chloroform concentration, but decreased in the pine pollen-treated groups. The amount of total cholesterol in serum of the chloroform administration groups was higher than that of the control group, and it decreased gradually with pine pollen administration.

올리고당을 첨가한 송화다식의 물리적 특성

조은자,황지희,문정숙 誠信女子大學校 生活文化硏究所 2003 生活文化硏究 Vol.17 No.-

The present study also investigated possible use of oligosaccharides in Dasik making, as a low caloric and healthy replacement of honey(HON), isomalto-oligosaccha ride(IOS) and fructo-oligosaccharide(FOS) were subjected to a series of tests where they were substiduted for a half or all of honey supplemented in pine pollen Dasik. The treatments were, 100%HON(SI), 100%IOS(S2), 100%FOS(S3), 50%IOS+50%HON(S4), 50%FOS+50%HON(S5), Syrup100%(S6), Sensory and physical characteristics of the Dasik supplemented with various amounts of the oligosaccharides and honey were compared using various methods. The results of the study are summarized as follow: 1. Isomalto-oligosaccharide(23%) had the highest Water activity while Ash ranked the highest position in Honey(0.13%), Fructo-oligosaccharide(2.8poise) had the highest viscosity and pH. 2. Water activity rate in pine pollen Dasik including 100% of honey ranged from 0.50 to 0.56, and Water activity in pine pollen Dasik including oligosaccharide ranged from 0.54 to 0.67. All kinds pine pollen Dasik showed low water activity rate of limitation growth compated to those in yeast or mold during the storage period of six days. 3. The pH of pine pollen Dasik including 100% of honey ranged 3.90 4.06 while that of pine pollen Dasik including oligosaccharide range 3.97 4.11. 4. Total plate number derived from the storage of the pine pollen Dasik added with 100% of honey was 2.1×10^1 1.9×10^3 CFU/g, and that of the pine pollen Dasik added with 100% of oligosaccharide was equal to 2.1×10^1 1.9×10^3 CFU/g. However, the pine pollen Dasik, made up of 50% of honey and 50% of oligosaccharide, had total plate number of 1.2×10^1 2.0×10^2 depending on storage period which was remarkably lower than others. 5. In an actual manufacturing day, the more oligosaccharide was added, the higher result with high brightness was derived. As the storage period became longer, all brightness(L value) and yellowness(b value) decreased, and redness(a value) increased gradually. Color in storing pine pollen Dasik in cold temperature changed less than that in room temperature. 6. Hardness and adhesiveness of Taxture characteristics while storing pine pollen Dasik in cold temperature increased more steadily than that in room temperature. Furthermore, pine pollen Dasik including oligosaccharide revealed low Taxture characteristics 7. Sensory evaluation in terms of appearance of all pine pollen Dasik did not show difference in manufacturing day, but as the storage period increased, score about elasticity and hardness of pine pollen Dasik increased gradually. However, pine pollen Dasik with syrup added decreased remarkably. score ablut adhesiveness increased higher on three days before a manufacturing day. Especially, pine pollen Dasik with combining 50% of honey and 50% of Fructo-oligosaccharide positioned high in overall quallity and score during the entire storing period.

Use of Pine (Pinus densiflora) Pollen Cones as an Environmentally Friendly Sound-Absorbing Material

장은석 한국목재공학회 2022 목재공학 Vol.50 No.3

This study examined the utility of pine (Pinus densiflora) pollen cones as an environmentally friendly material with sound-absorbing properties. Pine pollen cone samples with widths of 0.8–1.2 cm and lengths of 3.5–4.5 cm were prepared. After filling impedance tubes to heights of 6, 8, 10, or 12 cm with the pine pollen cones, the sound absorption coefficient of the pine pollen cones was investigated. The peak sound absorption frequency of the samples with a thickness of 6 cm was reached at 1,512 Hz; however, this value shifted to 740 Hz in samples with a thickness of 12 cm. Therefore, the sound-absorbing performance of pine pollen cones at low frequencies improved as the material thickness increased. According to KS F 3503 (Korean Standards Association), the sound absorption grade of pine pollen cones ranges from 0.3 to 0.5 M, depending on the material thickness of the pine pollen cones. In conclusion, the pine pollen cones demonstrated good sound absorption properties. They, thus, may be considered an environmentally friendly sound-absorbing material.

소나무 성 결정 요인의 특성을 고려한 조경공간 식재계획

이창훈 한국전통조경학회 2020 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.38 No.1

This study analyzed the components contained in the pine needles of first and second-year-olds to analyze the factors that the in vivo content of inorganic elements affects the sex determination of pine trees. In response, the plan for pine tree plant and maintenance was intended to be presented in consideration of the reproductive environment and physiological characteristics. The results are as follows. First, last year, when there were many encyclopedias, the analyzed N(%) content was found to be high. The nitrogen content of the previous year's soil was found to affect the production of the spheres the following year. This is believed to be possible to reduce the rate of Pine pollen produced in the new plant in the following year through a dispute over quality consumption in the spring of the previous year. Second, the weapons elements involved in the Pine cones and the generation of the Pine pollen in the new plant appeared to be P(%), K(%), Ca(%), and Fe(%). However, the nutrients from the previous year's leaves of Ca(%) and Fe(%) were found to have a low influence on the sex determination of first-year pine trees. Because Ca(%) and Fe(%) are not able to move nutrients accumulated in aging organs due to the nature of the components, feeding nutrients in the fall when the growth of the previous year's branches is reduced is expected to affect oral generation. Third, pine trees are extremely positive and Pine pollen is related to the time of the northeast wind. Therefore, it is believed that it would be good to be located in the northern direction, where the sunlight is good, in an outdoor space. In addition, it is important to use vaginal consumer products in spring and carry out a quarrel involving Mg and Fe during fall to reduce the effect of the Pine pollen, which is an outdoor plant. This is an important part of maintaining and managing pine trees in outdoor spaces as well as the sex determination of pine trees. This study suggested that plant planning, which derives the correlation between pine inorganic element content on sexual determination and takes into account the physiological characteristics of pine trees, is an important issue in the creation of outdoor space. Follow-up research on other factors affecting pine tree sex determination is expected. 본 연구는 무기원소의 체내 함량이 소나무의 성 결정에 미치는 요인을 분석하기 위해 1, 2년생 솔잎에 포함된 성분을 분석하였으며, 이에 생육환경과 생리적 특성 고려한 소나무 식재계획 및 유지관리 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 구과가 많이 맺힌 작년가지의 잎에서 분석된 N(%)함량이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 작년토양의 질소성분은 다음 연도 구과의 생성에 영향을 주는 것으로 파악되었다. 이는 전년도 봄에 질소비료를 이용한 시비작업을 통해 다음해 신초에서 생성되는 송화비율의저감이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 1년생 가지의 구과 및 송화가 열리는데 관계하는 성분은 인산(P), 칼륨(K), 칼슘(Ca), 철(Fe)이 유의미한 것으로 파악되었으며, 전년도에 생성된 Ca과 Fe는 신초의 성 결정에 낮은 영향력을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. Ca과 Fe는 노화된 기관에 축적된 영양소의이동이 어려운 특성을 지니므로 이듬해 봄철 구과생성에 영향을 미칠 수 있도록 전년도 가을에 양분을 공급을 주어야 할 것으로생각된다. 셋째, 소나무의 송화가루는 봄철 북동풍이 부는 시기와 관련 있고 극양수의 속성을 지니므로 옥외공간에 식재할 때 볕이 잘 드는북향이 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 조경공간에 식재된 송화가루의 저감효과를 위해 봄철에 질소비료로 양분을 비축하고, 가을철에Mg, Fe성분이 포함된 시비작업을 실시하는 것은 소나무의 성 결정 뿐만 아니라 소나무의 유지하고 관리계획에 고려되어야 할 사안으로 보인다. 본 연구는 소나무 무기원소 함량이 성 결정에 미치는 상관관계를 도출하고 소나무의 생리적 특성을 고려한 식재계획은 옥외공간조성에 있어 중요한 사안임을 밝혔으며, 기타 소나무 성 결정에 영향을 주는 요인을 주제로 한 후속연구가 기대되는 바이다.

Chemical processing strategies to obtain sporopollenin exine capsules from multi-compartmental pine pollen

Arun Kumar Prabhakar,Hui Ying Lai,Michael G. Potroz,Michael K. Corliss,박재현,Raghavendra C. Mundargi,조대호,방사익,조남준 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.53 No.-

Pine pollen is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and has been consumed as a food product for thousands of years. Owing to wind pollination, its pollen grains are composed of a sporoplasmic central cavity along with two empty air sac compartments. While this architectural configuration is evolutionarily optimized for wind dispersal, such features also lend excellent potential for encapsulating materials, especially in the context of preparing sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs). Herein, we systematically evaluated one-pot acid processing methods in order to generate pine pollen SECs that support compound loading. Morphological properties of the SECs were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic imaging particle analysis (DIPA), and protein removal was evaluated by CHN elemental analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). It was identified that 5-h acidolysis with 85% w/v phosphoric acid at 70 C yielded an optimal balance of high protein removal and preservation of microcapsule architecture, while other processing methods were also feasible with an additional enzymatic step. Importantly, the loading efficiency of the pine pollen SECs was three-times greater than that of natural pine pollen, highlighting their potential for microencapsulation. Taken together, our findings outline a successful strategy to prepare intact pine pollen SECs and demonstrate for the first time that SECs can be prepared from multi-compartmental pollen capsules, opening the door to streamlined processing approaches to utilize pine pollen microcapsules in industrial applications.

Chemical processing strategies to obtain sporopollenin exine capsules from multi-compartmental pine pollen

Prabhakar, A.K.,Lai, H.Y.,Potroz, M.G.,Corliss, M.K.,Park, J.H.,Mundargi, R.C.,Cho, D.,Bang, S.I.,Cho, N.J. Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemi 2017 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.53 No.-

Pine pollen is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and has been consumed as a food product for thousands of years. Owing to wind pollination, its pollen grains are composed of a sporoplasmic central cavity along with two empty air sac compartments. While this architectural configuration is evolutionarily optimized for wind dispersal, such features also lend excellent potential for encapsulating materials, especially in the context of preparing sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs). Herein, we systematically evaluated one-pot acid processing methods in order to generate pine pollen SECs that support compound loading. Morphological properties of the SECs were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic imaging particle analysis (DIPA), and protein removal was evaluated by CHN elemental analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). It was identified that 5-h acidolysis with 85% w/v phosphoric acid at 70<SUP>o</SUP>C yielded an optimal balance of high protein removal and preservation of microcapsule architecture, while other processing methods were also feasible with an additional enzymatic step. Importantly, the loading efficiency of the pine pollen SECs was three-times greater than that of natural pine pollen, highlighting their potential for microencapsulation. Taken together, our findings outline a successful strategy to prepare intact pine pollen SECs and demonstrate for the first time that SECs can be prepared from multi-compartmental pollen capsules, opening the door to streamlined processing approaches to utilize pine pollen microcapsules in industrial applications.

송화가루와 프로폴리스를 이용한 피부 관리가 여드름 피부에 미치는 효과

박정민 ( Jung Min Park ),한채정 ( Chae Jeong Han ) 한국미용학회 2013 한국미용학회지 Vol.19 No.6

Pine pollen and propolis were currently used as an alternative medicine in the management of various ailments, whereas evidence supporting its improving effect on acne has yet to be fully demonstrated. This study was to compare the effects of propolis and pinepollen on acne skin. The study subjects were 30 adults with age 20-30 (propolis group, n=15; pine pollen group, n=15). Propolis group was offered propolis treatment and pine pollen group was treated with pine pollen pack that has been dissolved water once a week fortotal 10 times. After 10 weeks, moisture, and elasticity were significantly increased in both group (p<0.001). Stuff, papule and pustule were significantly decreased in both group (p<0.01). Also, sebum was significantly decreased after treatment in propolis group and pinepollen group (p<0.001). When compared to the propolis group, subjects in pine pollen group showed significant improvements inmoisture, sebum, elasticity and pustule (respectively, p<0.05). These result indicated that propolis and pine pollen treatment are potential and beneficial effects on acne skin, and pine pollen might be more effective than propolis for relief of acne.