닥지 고해과정에 따른 먹 번짐 효과에 관한 연구

고은지(Ko, Eun-Ji) 동서미술문화학회 2019 미술문화연구 Vol.15 No.15

본 연구는 닥지 제조방법을 통한 표현 효과에 대한 방법 연구이다. 닥지의 제조과정 중에서 고해과정을 변용하여 닥섬유 길이에 따른 먹 번짐 특성을 연구하고 회화에서 표현 도구로 사용되는 닥지와 먹물의 상관관계를 파악하고자 한다. 세 가지 방법으로 제작된 닥지는 ‘두들닥지’, ‘두들손가위닥지’, ‘손가위닥지’이다. 제작된 닥지는 네 가지 실험을 진행하였다. 1. 형태적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 광학현미경으로 표면 관찰을 하였다. 2. 물리적 특성은 인장강도를 측정하여 파악하였다. 3. 광학적 특성은 분광 광도계를 이용한다. 4. 회화적 특성은 먹물을 이용하여 실험하고 고찰하였다. 닥나무의 백피를 두드리는 과정을 통해 제작된 ‘두들닥지’는 섬유의 길이가 길고 섬유의 방향에 따라 먹물이 불규칙하게 번지는 특성을 나타낸다. 가위로 백피를 절단한 닥섬유와 고해 과정을 거친 닥섬유를 배합하여 제조한 ‘두들손가위닥지’는 먹물이 전체적으로 원형을 유지하지만, 최종적으로 도달한 부분은 섬유의 방향에 따라 거칠게 번지는 특성을 보인다. 닥섬유 길이가 짧은 ‘손가위닥지’는 번짐이 원형을 유지하면서 곱게 번지는 특성을 나타낸다. 따라서 예술가는 닥지 제조방법을 응용해서 기법과 먹의 운용을 다양화할 수 있으며, 가치관이나 의도에 부합한 작품을 구현할 수 있다고 판단한다. The present study is a method study concerning the expressive effects connected to mulberry paper production methods. The study aimed at examining ink smear characteristics in accordance with mulberry fiber length by alternating the refining stages during the mulberry paper production process thereby undertaking an understanding of the correlation between the expressive tools of painting, namely, mulberry paper and ink. The three mulberry papers produced using three different methods are ‘Dudeul mulberry paper’, ‘DudeulSon-gawi mulberry paper’, and ‘Son-gawi mulberry paper’. The surface of the mulberry paper produced was observed under an optical microscope in order to understand its morphological properties; its tensile strength was measured to determine its physical properties; a spectrophotometer was used to determine its optical characteristics; and experiments were conducted using ink to determine its pictorial characteristics. Produced through a process of beating the white bast of the paper mulberry, ‘Dudeul mulberry paper’ has longer fiber length, with the ink irregularly smearing along the direction of the fiber. ‘DudeulSon-gawi mulberry paper’, on the other hand, which is produced through a mix of mulberry fibers with their white bast cut with scissors and rough mulberry fibers which have gone through a refining process, allows the ink to maintain its original shape as a whole but ultimately causes it to roughly smear along the direction of the fiber at the brush’s end point. Lastly, ‘Son-gawi mulberry paper’, with its short mulberry fiber length, allows the ink to smear smoothly while maintaining its original shape. Thus, the artist is able to realize an artwork that reflects his or her values or intentions through the use of the brush and techniques which utilize the production method of the mulberry paper.

Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Paper-mulberry(Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold) used in the Manufacture of Traditional Korean Paper(Hanji) at Jeolla-do Region

고인희,정선화 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.0

Paper-mulberry woods used for the manufacture of traditional Korean paper(Hanji) are generally distinguished by observing the shapes of leaves and stems. However, There are many of cases paper-mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold) is misidentified. Because they are similar in character to the Morus alba L. and the Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her. ex Vent. And it is also paper-mulberry called by 7 different names at the Hanji factory in Jeolla-do region. The purpose of this study is to find a method to solve the problem of the identification for paper-mulberry wood species in Jeolla-do region. The analysis carried out to classify the phylogenetic relationship among several paper-mulberry woods.

전통한지의 주재료인 닥나무의 분자계통학적 분류에 따른 인피섬유의 형태학적 특성

고인희,조아현,장경주,박규태,박선미,박선주,정선화 한국펄프·종이공학회 2022 펄프.종이기술 Vol.54 No.5

Paper-mulberry is the main raw material used to manufacture traditional Korean paper. About 20 workshops across Korea inherited the traditional method of Korean paper. How- ever, the common name for the paper-mulberry tree varies based on the region. Although an attempt at classification occurred using the dendrologic method, erroneous identifica- tion by researchers due to a variation in leaves was reported, and it was not possible to identify flowers or fruits. The precise scientific name is given via molecular phylogenetic analysis through gene sequencing of the paper-mulberry to solve this problem, and the effect on the pulp paper was investigated according to the morphological characteristics of the paper-mulberry bast fiber. In this study, paper-mulberry used in the manufacture of Korean paper were classified into two scientific names through taxonomic analysis: hybrid (B. kazinoki x B. papyrifera) and B. kazinoki. The hybrid has a relatively long fiber length, showing superior strength characteristics,B. kazinoki, has a relatively thick fiber width and cell thickness, thus rendering a bulky and highly absorbent paper. The morphological characteristics of bast fibers are different according to molecular phylogenetic classifica- tion, and the results of this study provide an opportunity to select the quality of paper in accordance with the intention of the consumer. .

태국산 닥지로 제작한 줌치한지의 강도 특성

홍희숙,조현진,김성주 한국의류학회 2022 한국의류학회지 Vol.46 No.4

In recent years, Jumchi-Hanji made of mulberry paper is used as a material for fashion items. This study examined the effect of the type of Choji method (Oebal-teugi or Ssangbal-teugi), layer number (one or two layers) and Jumchichigi time (20, 40, or 60 minutes) on the tensile, wet tensile, tearing and bursting strengths of Jumchi- Hanji. Jumchi-Hanjis used as test samples in this study were made from mulbery paper which was manufactured with either bleached or unbleached paper mulberry from Thailand. The results showed that Jumchi-Hanji made with two layers of mulberry papers had higher strength properties than Jumchi-Hanji made with only one layer. The strength properties of Jumchi-Hanji also increased with longer Jumchichigi time. Furthermore, this study confirmed that the effects of Jumchichigi time on Jumchi-Hanji strengths differed based on the type of Choji method, the layer number of mulberry papers used, and the specific strength property measured. Therefore, to guarantee the strength properties required by the application of Jumchi-Hanji paper as a fashion material, it is necessary to carefully consider the adequate Choji method and layer number to apply in the manufacture of Thai mulberry paper and the adequate duration time needed to perform Jumchichigi to Thai mulbery paper.

전주한지의 역사성에 관한 기초적 고찰

이동희 전북사학회 2014 전북사학 Vol.0 No.45

Jeonju has been one of the representative hanji-producing centers for a long time. This is to analyze the historical background of Jeonju hanji. It is not clear when the paper-making technique was introduced to Jeonju. But it is assumed that the skill would be brought into the area in the 3rd to 4th century, in light of the fact that it began to be imported to Baekje kingdom at that time. Among the three kingdoms, Baekje played the most important part in the development of paper manufacture. The nation imported papers made of the mulberry tree for the first time in the Korean peninsular from China. Baekje had ideal soil conditions for growing the mulberry tree, then it was most likely that the nation already grew up to the typical producing center of hanji in the Three Kingdoms era. The tradition of Jeonju hanji was succeeded to the Koryo dynasty. Gyeonhwon, a king of Later Baekje, sent a fan as a gift to Wanggeon, a founder of Koryo. And Isaek, a famous civil minister of the late Koryo and the early Joseon dynasty, gave high praise to Jeonju, naming it the hometown of paper. Jeonju produced papers of the best quality with the Namwon area during the Joseon dynasty period, which were used for the diplomatic documents. It is quite natural for Gyeongguk daejeon, complete code of law in the Joseon Dynasty, to record that Jeonju and Namwon had equally 23 Jijang, paper artisan, which was the highest number throughout the country. Jeonju has continued to be a typical paper-producing center from Japanese colonial rule to the post-liberation times. According to Joseonji encyclopedia published in 1944, Jeollabukdo province had the highest number of inhabitants engaged in paper-manufacturing industry all over the country. To sum up, Jeonju is the most representative paper-making place with the historical background from the Baekje kingdom to the present age.

전통한지의 제조 기술 및 우수성에 관한 論考

정선화 국립문화재연구원 2015 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.48 No.1

Hanji(Korean traditional paper) is a valuable cultural heritage highly praised, even to this date, for its importance and technology by craftsmanship of our ancestors; it is a product of a combination of craftsmanship, well-established technologies, natural paper mulberry fiber and eco-friendly and durable natural materials and mucilages. Origin of the word ‘Hanji(Korean traditional paper)’ is from handmade paper made of bast part of the paper mulberry; as paper manufacturing with paper machines introduced in Japan was adopted in late Joseon, paper produced previously was called ‘Hanji’ and paper produced with western machines was called ‘Yangji(machine made paper)’. Hanji has been called by many different names and used in various ways according to materials and production methods; and the functions varied. Hanji, from the era of three states to Joseon era, has been praised for its unique and excellent quality in three Asian countries(Korea, China and Japan); its unique excellence continues to this date in many paper-related national cultural heritages. Also total of 11 cases are registered to UNESCO Memory of the World for its importance, 8 of which are associated with traditional Korean paper: Hunminjeongeum, the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Jikjisimcheyojeol, Seungjeongwon Ilgi, the Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty, Donguibogam, Ilseongnok and A War Diary . To examine excellent characteristics of conservation science in Hanji, many studies have been developed. By developing analysis and manufacturing technologies, the excellence of our Hanji should be re-verified scientifically and the tradition should continue as one of the representative Korean cultural heritages. 한지는 우리의 옛 선조들의 뛰어난 기술과 장인정신으로 오늘날에도 그 가치와 기술을 높게 평가받고 있는 귀중한 문화유산으로 이는 그 시대의 장인정신과 축적된 기술, 한지제조에 적합한 천혜의 자연조건인 닥섬유와 물과 햇빛과 더불어 환경친화적이고 보존성 이 우수한 천연자숙제 및 점질물 등이 잘 어우러진 산물이라고 할 수 있다. 한지는 닥나무 껍질(楮皮)을 가공하여 손으로 만든 종이를 일컫는 것으로 조선 말엽 일본을 통하여 서양식 기계로 제조한 종이가 생산되면서 그간의 종이는 한지라 하고 서양의 종이를 양지라 구분하여 부른다. 한지는 재료 및 초지방법에 따라 다양하게 불리고 사용되어져 왔으며, 그 기능 또한 다양하게 활용되어져 왔다. 또한 한지는 과거 삼국시대부터 조선 시대에 이르기까지 동양 3국(한국, 중국, 일본) 중에서 독특하고 우수한 품질로 각광을 받아왔고, 오늘 날 한지 특유의 우수한 보존성으로 수많은 국가지정 지류문화재들이 지금까지 잘 전승되고 있다. 아울러 세계적으로 그 가치를 인정 한 UNESCO 세계기록유산에 한국은 모두 11건이 등재되었는데 그 중 전통한지로 구성되어 있는 기록물은 8건으로 『훈민정음, 조선 왕조실록, 직지심체요절, 승정원일기, 조선왕조의궤, 동의보감, 일성록, 난중일기』 등이 이에 해당된다. 이러한 한지의 우수한 보존과학적 특징을 규명하기 위하여 다양한 연구 사업들이 진행되어져 왔다. 한지에 대한 분석기술과 제조 기술개발, 복원기술연구 등을 통하여 우리 전통한지에 대한 우수성을 과학적으로 재입증하고 우리나라를 대표하는 전통문화유산의 하나로써 그 명맥을 유지해 나가야할 것이다.

한지 원재료인 닥나무와 인피섬유의 해부학적․화학적 특성 연구

고인희,정선화 한국문화재보존과학회 2018 보존과학회지 Vol.34 No.6

This study using a method different from those employed previously, the anatomical characteristics of paper-mulberry wood were confirmed by observing three different sections. In addition, the factors affecting the pulp and papermaking processes were analyzed in terms of morphological properties such as the fiber length and width, lumen width, and chemical composition of the paper-mulberry bast fiber. The anatomical characteristics of the paper-mulberry wood were a ring porous or semi-ring porous structure with the vessels showing solitary pore and radial array. The medullary ray of the tangential section showed 1-3 rows and common helical thickening. Consequently, the paper-mulberry wood has the same anatomical characteristics throughout. The morphological characteristics of the paper-mulberry bast fiberare a fiber length of 6.58 to 9.01 mm, fiber width of 15.85 to 27.80 μm, lumen width of 4.50 to 12.54 μm. The D sample of Gangwon was the most suitable for the pulp and papermaking processes, in terms of its derived morphological ratios. Comparing the chemical compositions, the C sample of Gyeongsang had a high holocellulose content (90%). Thus, the findings herein will aid in determining the quality of Korean paper post production. 본 연구는 닥나무의 삼단면 관찰을 통하여 공통된 해부학적 특성을 가지는지 확인하고 닥나무 인피섬유의 섬유장·폭, 내강폭과 같은 형태학적 특징과 화학적 특징을 통해 펄프, 제지공정에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 인자들을 분석하였다. 닥나무는 환공재, 반환공재이며 대도관이 고립관공으로 방사상배열이다. 접선단면 방사조직은 1~3열이고 나선비후가 관찰되어져 공통적으로 동일한 해부학적 특성이 나타났다. 인피섬유의 형태학적 특징으로는 섬유장 6.58~9.01 mm, 섬유폭 15.85~27.80 μm, 내강폭 4.50~12.54 μm로 나타났다. 펄프, 제지공정에 중요한 특성으로 여겨지는 runkel ratio, slenderness ratio 등을 고려했을 때 강원도 D시료가 가장 적합하였다. 인피섬유의 화학적 특성으로 경상도 C시료가 낮은 추출물 함량과 높은 셀룰로오스 함량을 가지는 것을 확인하였다. 섬유의 형태학, 화학적 특성은 한지 제조 후 품질을 결정하는 주요 인자의 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

조선전기 官撰地理志로 본 楮 · 紙産地의 변화와 사찰 製紙

전영준(Jeon Young-Joon) 역사문화학회 2011 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.14 No.1

중국 후한의 蔡倫에 의해 발명된 제지기술이 삼국시대에 전래된 이후 고려시대에 더욱 발전하였다. 신라와 고려의 종이는 중국의 문인들이 가장 선호하는 최상의 교역 물목이었다. 고려에서는 종이 생산과 관련한 관청과 생산지가 존재하였으며, 종이의 제조 원료가 되는 닥나무의 충분한 확보를 위해 국가적 차원에서 장려하였다. 이러한 제지 전통은 조선시대에 전승되어 건국 초기부터 막대한 양의 종이가 관수용으로 사용되었다. 실질적으로 조선 정부의 종이 사용 범위는 각 관청의 사무용, 저화 발행, 서적 간행, 喪葬用, 군수용 등 정부의 크고 작은 일용품은 물론이고, 사대교린용 및 민수용으로 특히 중요시되었다. 때문에 정부는 건국 초부터 종이 생산에 필요한 원료와 다양한 제지술의 확보를 위해 제도적 · 정책적 노력을 아끼지 않았다. 그러나 점차 확대되는 종이 수요는 楮田 경작과 종이 생산에 한계를 보였고, 이에 대해 정부는 막대한 양의 종이 확보를 위해 우선적으로 공납체제를 정비하였다. 아울러 서울과 지방의 官營紙所에서 생산되는 종이 외에도 사원 등지에서 생산되었던 종이에 대해서도 관수용으로 확보하고자 하였다. 종이 부족 원인으로 확인되는 몇몇 사실은 조선전기 역대 국왕들의 文治中心 정치에서도 영향을 받았다. 조선전기 확대된 종이 수요의 변화는 관찬지리지의 비교를 통해 확인되지만, 이러한 변화 양상에 적극적으로 대처하였던 정부는 조선전기에도 지속되었을 것이라 생각되는 사원의 제지업에 대해서도 꾸준한 관심을 가졌다. 정부의 이러한 노력은 부족한 종이 공급처 확대를 위한 또 하나의 방편으로 활용하였을 가능성이 크다고 보겠다. Paper-manufacturing invented by Chae Ryun, who the later Han Dynasty China, was further developed in the Goryo period after being introduced in the Three Kingdoms period. The paper of Silla and Goryeo is that the best trade which China literati were best favorite. In Goryeo, the production offices and production area related to paper-manufacturing were existence and paper mulberry, raw materials of the manufacture of paper, to sufficient ensure were encouraged at the national level. This paper-manufacturing tradition was handed down toward Joseon Dynasty and a huge amount of paper were used for governmental offices in demand from early Joseon dynasty. Actually, a using-range of Joseon government for paper included governmental daily necessities, such as supplies in each office, printing of paper money, publishing of books, goods of mourning and funerals, and military goods and more importantly, goods for sadae-gyorin policy and civilian. By this reason, Joseon’s government since the founding of dynasty spared institutional or political effort for needed raw materials for paper-manufacturing and for ensuring of the technic of paper-manufacturing. However, the expanding demand for paper showed a limit on the cultivation of paper-mulberry farming and production of papermanufacturing. So the government reorganized priorly gongnap system (tribute tax system) for ensuring huge amounts of paper. In addition, besides paper produced in governmental paper factories of Hanyang and provinces, government also tried to secure the produced paper in temple. The cause of paper shortage was also influenced by Munchi (political principle of rule centering civil officials) of some kings of the early Joseon Dynasty The Changes of the demand of expanded paper in early Joseon dynasty were confirmed through Gwanchan Jiriji (Geography of Eight Provinces Edited by Government), but the government was actively cope with these changing patterns and also had a steady attention toward ongoing temple paper-manufacturing. The government efforts showed highly possibility used as an expedient to expand a lack of paper supplier.

Preparation and Characterization of Silk and Mulberry/Silk Papers

Lee, Ki-Hoon,Kang, Gyung-Don,Oh, Han-Jin,Ki, Chang-Seok,Kim, Jong-Wook,Park, Young-Hwan Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2006 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.13 No.1

Papers were prepared from cut cocoons and mulberry branches, which are byproducts from sericulture industry. The long filament of silk should be cut into appropriate length in order to prepare paper and this was achieved by chemical method. By a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate solution, the silk filaments were cut into short fibers (less than 1 mm in length). Since the short silk fibers (sSf) could not bind each other by itself, starch and poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) were added as a bonding agent. When starch and PEO were used in a ratio of 3:7, the silk papers had optimum mechanical properties for paper. Fibers from the skin of mulberry branches (MBF) were added to sSf to enhance the mechanical properties of pure silk paper. Bleaching of MBF was performed with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium silicate. The mechanical properties were greatly enhanced and the optimum blend ratio of MBF and sSf were 7:3. The mulberry/silk paper has good absorption property against formaldehyde, and therefore, the paper could be applied as a wall paper for preventing the sick house syndrome.

한지를 표면재로 하는 흡음체의 흡음성능 평가

이민주(Min-Joo Lee),김남욱(Nam-Wook Kim),김명준(Myung-Jun Kim) 한국생활환경학회 2008 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.15 No.1

The aim of this study is to examine the absorption coefficient of absorber with mulberry paper (Hanji) which has been used as a material of traditional window or door in Korea. The specimens were prepared in a total of 24 cases and measurements were carried out in acoustic chamber according to KS F 2805. And as a case study for practical application, measurements for reverberation time (RT), definition (D50) and rapid speech transmission index (RASTI) were carried out in a real room by installing the absorbers with mulberry paper. The measurement results in acoustic chamber showed that the absorption coefficient of only mulberry paper was very low and Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) was 0.01. But the absorption coefficients of specimens consist of mulberry paper with air cavity and porous material were remarkably changed in mid-frequencies. In general, NRC of these absorbers were counted up to 0.21~0.65 and the resonance frequencies were shifted to lower frequency range by increasing the thickness of air cavity and porous material. And the test results in a real room showed that the absorbers with mulberry paper were useful for controlling the acoustic performance to that extent by only porous absorber which is broadly used.