A New Concept on Resources Circulation Policy for Electric Vehicles in Korea (Republic of)

( Yong Choi ),( Hyeong-jin Choi ),( Sueng-whee Rhee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Globally, advanced countries will be prohibiting the sale of vehicles using internal combustion engine and promoting the supply of electric vehicles in order to reduce fine dust, air pollutants and carbon dioxide from vehicles. In Korea, 430,000 electric vehicles will be supplied by 2022 according to the atmospheric environmental policy. As the market for electric vehicles may be expanding at home and abroad, lithium ion secondary batteries from electric vehicles will be expected to be generated as wastes gradually. The lithium ion secondary batteries contain various valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, etc. According to Korea Mineral Resource Information Service (KOMIS), the price of lithium increased 2.1 times from 7,576 U$/ton in 2015 to 15,534 U$/ton in 2018. The price of cobalt increased 2.5 times from 28,613 U$/ton to 72,824 U$/ton during the same period. Therefore, it is industrially very economical that valuable materials are recovered from the lithium ion secondary battery. In advanced countries, various resources circulation policies are being used to recover and recycle lithium ion secondary batteries in electric vehicles. In the European Union and Japan, the lithium ion secondary batteries are managed by the Expanded Producer Responsibility (EPR) system and a recycling council was established to recycle the lithium ion secondary batteries continuously. Also, China announced regulations on the recycling of lithium ion secondary batteries for vehicles in 2015, strengthening resources circulation capacity for lithium ion secondary batteries. Electric vehicles are being promoted in Korea but the resources circulation policy for lithium ion secondary batteries is insufficient. In this study, the current status of resources circulation policy for lithium ion secondary batteries from electric vehicles in advanced countries is reviewed. In Korea, a new concept on the policy for the activation of resources circulation for lithium ion secondary battery should be introduced step by step including production, consumption, collection and recycling stage. The new concept of resources circulation policy can be applied in many fileds, including the securing of recycling technology, the construction of capacity build, and the establishment of management system such as EPR system.

리튬 이온 전지용 리튬 코발트 산화물 양극에서의 삽입 전압과 리튬 이온 전도

김대현,김대희,서화일,김영철,Kim, Dae-Hyun,Kim, Dae-Hee,Seo, Hwa-Il,Kim, Yeong-Cheol 한국전기화학회 2010 한국전기화학회지 Vol.13 No.4

본 연구는 밀도 범함수 이론을 이용하여 Li이온전지에 사용되는 Li코발트 산화물에서의 Li이온 삽입 전압과 전도에 관한 것이다. Li이온은 Li코발트 산화물 원자구조의 각 층을 1개씩 채우거나 한 층을 다 채우고 다음 층을 채울 수 있다. 평균 삽입 전압은 3.48V로 동일하나, 전자가 후자보다 더 유리하였다. 격자상수 c는 Li농도가 0.25보다 작을 때는 증가하였으나, 0.25보다 클 때는 감소하였다. Li농도가 증가하면, Li코발트 산화물에서의 Li이온 전도를 위한 에너지 장벽은 증가하였다. Li이온전지가 방전 중 출력 전압이 낮아지는 현상은 Li농도 증가에 따른 삽입 전압의 감소와 전도 에너지 장벽의 증가로 설명할 수 있었다. We performed a density functional theory study to investigate the intercalation voltage and lithium ion conduction in lithium cobalt oxide for lithium ion battery as a function of the lithium concentration. There were two methods for the intercalation of lithium ions; the intercalation of a lithium ion at a time in the individual layer and the intercalation of lithium ions in all the sites of one layer after all the sites of another layer. The average intercalation voltage was the same value, 3.48 V. However, we found the former method was more favorable than the latter method. The lattice parameter c was increased as the increase of the lithium concentration in the range of x < 0.25 while it was decreased as increase of the lithium concentration in the range of x > 0.25. The energy barrier for the conduction of lithium ion in lithium cobalt oxide was increased as the lithium concentration was increased. We demonstrated that the decrease of the intercalation voltage and increase of the energy barrier as the increase of the lithium concentration caused lower output voltage during the discharge of the lithium ion battery.

2D layered Sb₂Se₃-based amorphous composite for high-performance Li- and Na-ion battery anodes

Nam, Ki-Hun,Park, Cheol-Min Elsevier 2019 Journal of Power Sources Vol.433 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A two-dimensional layered Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>-based amorphous composite (<I>a</I>–Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C) is synthesized using a simple solid-state ball-milling process, and its potential for Li- and Na-ion batteries is evaluated. <I>Ex situ</I> extended X-ray absorption fine structure analyses clearly indicate the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB> and <I>a</I>–Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries. During Li- and Na-insertion, the Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB> and <I>a</I>–Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C electrodes are converted into the final phases of Li<SUB>3</SUB>Sb/Na<SUB>3</SUB>Sb and Li<SUB>2</SUB>Se/Na<SUB>2</SUB>Se, respectively. During Li- and Na-extraction, the Li<SUB>3</SUB>Sb/Na<SUB>3</SUB>Sb and Li<SUB>2</SUB>Se/Na<SUB>2</SUB>Se in the Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB> electrode are converted into Sb and Se, showing a non-recovery reaction, whereas a recovery to the original Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB> in the <I>a</I>–Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C electrode occurs after full Li and Na extraction. Owing to the interesting conversion/recovery reaction, the <I>a</I>–Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, such as high reversible capacities (Li-ion battery: 662 mAh g<SUP>−1</SUP>; Na-ion battery: 407 mAh g<SUP>−1</SUP>), a long cycle life with highly reversible capacities (Li-ion battery: 662 mAh g<SUP>−1</SUP> and 1,205 mAh cm<SUP>−3</SUP>, respectively, after 100<SUP>th</SUP> cycle; Na-ion battery: 378 mAh g<SUP>−1</SUP> and 688 mAh cm<SUP>−3</SUP>, respectively, after 50<SUP>th</SUP> cycle), and high rate capabilities (Li-ion battery: 623 mAh g<SUP>−1</SUP> and 1,133 mAh cm<SUP>−3</SUP> at 3C; Na-ion battery: 270 mAh g<SUP>−1</SUP> and 492 mAh cm<SUP>−3</SUP> at 2C).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A layered Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB> and its amorphous Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C composite is synthesized simply. </LI> <LI> The reaction mechanisms during Li- and Na-insertion/extraction is demonstrated. </LI> <LI> The Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB> had conversion/non-recovery reactions during Li- and Na-reactions. </LI> <LI> The Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C had conversion/full-recovery reactions during Li- and Na-reactions. </LI> <LI> The amorphous Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>/C exhibited excellent electrochemical performances. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Improved performance of iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in nitrongen doped carbon for lithium ion battery anodes

( Jinaihua ),유승호,성영은 한국공업화학회 2015 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.1

Efficient energy storage devices with an extended lifetime are required to meet the increasing energy demands in various fields such as electronics, as well as for renewable energy generation systems and electric vehicles. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great attention as one of the most dominant power sources because of their high power and energy densities. In commercial industry, graphite was used as lithium ion batteries anode. However, graphite already approaches very close to the limited theoretical capacity (372 mA h g^-1) and graphite cannot satisfy the demand of high capacity storage. Therefore, many studies are focused on improving the specific capacity of LIB anode materials. Transition-metal oxides have been studied for use as anode materials due to their high specific capacity. Fe₃O₄ is one of them and the theoretical capacity is 924 mA h g^-1. Nitrogen doping of carbonaceous materials has been studied as an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance. In particular, nitrogen doping of carbon-based materials allows for enhanced interaction with lithium ions and the creation of a great number of active sites. Fe₃O₄ was synthesized by particularly simple way and exhibited improved electrochemical performance when they were employed as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen doped carbon show the reversible capacity as high as 700 mA h g^-1 over 100 cycles at current density of 200 mA h g^-1 in lithium ion batteries applications.

Unveiling origin of additional capacity of SnO₂ anode in lithium-ion batteries by realistic <i>ex situ</i> TEM analysis

Lee, Seung-Yong,Park, Kyu-Young,Kim, Won-Sik,Yoon, Sangmoon,Hong, Seong-Hyeon,Kang, Kisuk,Kim, Miyoung Elsevier 2016 Nano energy Vol.19 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The SnO<SUB>2</SUB> material has been considered as a promising lithium-ion battery anode candidate, and recently, the importance has been increased due to its high performance in sodium-ion batteries. Remarkably, the SnO<SUB>2</SUB> lithium-ion battery anode usually shows extra specific capacity that greatly exceeds the theoretical value. Partial reversibility of conversion reaction has been commonly considered to contribute the extra capacity, however, this has not clearly solved due to the indirect experimental evidences. Here, a realistic <I>ex situ</I> transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis technique was developed to reveal the origin of the extra capacity. We demonstrate that reactions of Li<SUB>2</SUB>O phase contribute to the extra capacity and the reverse conversion reaction of SnO<SUB>2</SUB> hardly occurs in the real battery system. This work provides significant implications for establishing an accurate electrochemical reaction mechanism of SnO<SUB>2</SUB> lithium-ion battery anode, which may lead to inspiration on enhancing performance of the SnO<SUB>2</SUB> anode in lithium- and sodium-ion batteries as well. Furthermore, the robust <I>ex situ</I> TEM experimental approach we have introduced is extensively applicable to analyses of various battery electrode materials.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Realistic <I>ex situ</I> TEM experimental technique for analysis of batteries was developed. </LI> <LI> Decreasing reactions of lithium oxide are mainly related with the extra capacity. </LI> <LI> Reverse conversion reaction of SnO<SUB>2</SUB> is scarcely possible. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Origin of extra capacities and partial reversibility of conversion reaction in SnO<SUB>2</SUB>/Li battery was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. We applied the specialized <I>ex situ</I> TEM analysis technique to solve the controversial phenomena in the actual battery-operating environment. The experimental results show that lithium oxide phases are mainly related with the extra capacities and the conversion reaction does not seem to be reversible.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

증분 용량 분석법과 딥러닝을 이용한 리튬 이온 배터리의 SOH 추정 방안 연구

박민식,김정수,김병우 대한전기학회 2024 전기학회논문지 Vol.73 No.2

Lithium-ion batteries are being utilized as energy sources for electric vehicles due to their advantages such as high energy density, long life, and high efficiency. In order to ensure the safe condition of lithium-ion batteries under various driving conditions of electric vehicles, it is necessary to analyze the degradation status and causes of lithium-ion batteries and accurately estimate their state of health (SOH). Therefore, this paper proposes a method for estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries using incremental capacity analysis and deep learning. Incremental capacity analysis is a technique that analyzes the electrochemical state inside a lithium-ion battery and can identify the degradation state of the battery. Through this method, parameters related to degradation were extracted, and their usefulness as characteristic parameters for SOH estimation was verified by correlation analysis. The characteristic parameters validated through correlation analysis were used as inputs to deep learning algorithms for SOH estimation to compare the accuracy of SOH estimation by different estimation algorithms.

The utilization of porous carbon material for lithium sulfur and lithium ion batteries

김정준,김희수,안지훈,이경재,유원철,이대혁,성영은 한국공업화학회 2015 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.1

Lithium sulfur and lithium ion batteries are regarded as promising future generation energy storage devices due to their high specific capacity and high voltage. Such devices could be commercialized to power the electric vehicles of future, reducing toxic emission and insuring energy independence. Many research works have been previously published on lithium ion batteries and lithium sulfur batteries, but in this work, the importance of carbon material, especially porous structure is highlighted again to emphasize its flexbiility as an active material in both lithium sulfur and lithium ion battery.

Lithium-ion Stationary Battery Capacity Sizing Formula for the Establishment of Industrial Design Standard

Choong-koo Chang,Mumuni Sulley 대한전기학회 2018 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.13 No.6

The extension of DC battery backup time in the DC power supply system of nuclear power plants (NPPs) remains a challenge. The lead-acid battery is the most popular at present. And it is generally the most popular energy storage device. However, extension of backup time requires too much space. The lithium-ion battery has high energy density and advanced gravimetric and volumetric properties. The aim of this paper is development of the sizing formula of stationary lithium-ion batteries. The ongoing research activities and related industrial standards for stationary lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. Then, the lithium-ion battery sizing calculation formular is proposed for the establishment of industrial design standard which is essential for the design of stationary batteries of nuclear power plants. An example of calculating the lithium-ion battery capacity for a medium voltage UPS is presented.

리튬이온 배터리 동특성 및 안전성 평가를 위한 배터리 시뮬레이터 시험설비

정성인,윤용호,Sungin Jeong,Yongho Yoon 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2024 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.24 No.2

Lithium-ion batteries are used in many fields due to their high energy density, fast charging conditions, and long cycle life. However, overcharging, over-discharging, physical damage, and use of lithium-ion batteries at high temperatures can reduce battery life and cause damage to people due to fire or explosion due to damage to the protection circuit. In order to reduce the risk of these batteries and improve battery performance, the characteristics of the charging and discharging process must be analyzed and understood. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the charging and discharging characteristics of lithium-ion batteries using a battery charger and discharger and simulator to reduce the risk of loss of life due to overcharge and overdischarge, as well as casualties from fire and explosion due to damage to the protection circuit.

Investigating continuous co-intercalation of solvated lithium ions and graphite exfoliation in propylene carbonate-based electrolyte solutions

Song, Hee-Youb,Jeong, Soon-Ki Elsevier 2018 Journal of Power Sources Vol.373 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Forming an effective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a significant issue in lithium ion batteries that utilize graphite as a negative electrode material, because the SEI determines the reversibility of the intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium ions into graphite for secondary batteries. In propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte solutions, ceaseless co-intercalation of solvated lithium ions takes place because no effective SEI is formed. It is indisputable that this continuous co-intercalation leads to graphite exfoliation; however, the reason for this is currently not well understood. In this study, we investigate interfacial reactions that contribute to SEI formation on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in ethylene carbonate (EC) and PC-based electrolyte solutions by in situ atomic force microscopy. The blisters formed on HOPG after the decomposition of solvated lithium ions within the graphite layers do not change over the course of ten electrochemical cycles in an EC-based electrolyte solution. In contrast, when cycling in PC-based electrolytes, the blisters continually change, and the height at the vicinity of the graphite edge plane increases. These morphological changes are attributed to the continuous co-intercalation of solvated lithium ions in PC-based electrolyte solutions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Graphite exfoliation is a problem in propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes. </LI> <LI> Interfacial reactions affecting SEI formation were studied by in-situ AFM and CV. </LI> <LI> No changes were observed over 10 cycles in ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes. </LI> <LI> Overlapping blisters caused graphite exfoliation in PC-based electrolytes. </LI> <LI> PC-solvated Li ions can pass through the blister structures freely. </LI> </UL> </P>