Flash 3D 재구성을 적용한 뇌 혈류 부하 단층 촬영 시 LEAP 검출기의 적용에 관한 연구: One Day Subtraction Method

최종숙,정우영,류재광,Choi, Jong-Sook,Jung, Woo-Young,Ryu, Jae-Kwang 대한핵의학기술학회 2009 핵의학 기술 Vol.13 No.3

목적 : Siemens사의 Flash 3D(Pixon(R) method, 3D OSEM)는 검사 시간을 단축하면서 재구성을 통해 영상의 질을 높일 수 있도록 개발된 소프트웨어 프로그램으로써 핵의학 단층 촬영 시 유용하게 적용되고 있는 영상처리기법이다. 그러나 감산된 영상을 Flash 3D로 재구성하여 시행하는 뇌 혈류 부하 검사 시에 영상 획득시간을 짧게 하여 검사를 시행하면 재구성된 감산 영상의 신호 대 잡음비가(SNR, signal to noise ratio) 기저 영상에 비해 낮아지는 문제점이 있었다. 감산 영상의 SNR을 높이기 위해 LEAP 검출기를 사용하였고, 뇌혈관의 해상력보다는 혈관 확장의 예민도에 더 중점을 두었다. 본 실험은 뇌혈관 부하 단층 촬영 시 LEAP 검출기의 적용 가능성을 확인하고, Flash 3D를 이용한 적정 수준의 재구성 매개 변수를 파악하는 데 목적이 있다. 실험재료 및 방법 : (1) 팬텀 평가: $^{99m}Tc$을 넣은 Hoffman 3D Brain $Phantom^{TM}$을 이용하였다. LEAP와 LEHR 검출기로 첫 번째 영상을(부하 영상에 해당) 획득하고 $^{99m}Tc$의 반감기인 6시간 후 동일한 방법으로 두 번째 영상을(기저 영상에 해당) 획득하였다. 또한, 각각의 기저 영상과 감산 영상의 SNR 및 백질과 회백질의 비를 측정하였다. (2) 환자 영상의 평가: 2008년 5월부터 2009년 1월까지 LEAP 검출기로 촬영하여 정상으로 판독된 15명과 LEHR 검출기로 촬영하여 정상으로 판독된 13명의 환자를 대상으로 영상을 정성분석 하였다. Phantom에서 얻은 재구성 매개 변수를 대입하여 평가하였다. 하루 검사 프로토콜로 시행하였으며 기저에서 925 MBq, 부하에서 925 MBq의 $^{99m}Tc$-ECD를 투여하였다. 결과 : (1) 팬텀 평가: 각 검출기에서 획득한 계수치를 측정한 결과 LEHR 기저에서는 41~46 kcount, 부하에서 79~90 kcount, 감산에서 40~47 kcount가 측정되었다. LEAP의 경우 기저에서 102~113 kcount, 부하에서 188~210 kcount, 감산에서 94~103 kcount가 측정되었다. LEHR 감산 영상의 SNR은 LEHR 기저 영상과 비교하면 37% 감소하여 나타났고, LEAP 감산 영상의 SNR은 LEAP 기저 영상과 비교하면 17% 감소하여 나타났다. 회백질과 백질의 비는 LEHR 기저에서 2.2:1 감산에서 1.9:1로 측정되었고, LEAP 기저에서는 2.4:1 감산에서 2:1로 측정되었다. (2) 환자 영상의 평가: LEHR 검출기로 획득한 계수는 기저에서 대략 40~60 kcount, 부하에서 80~100 kcount 사이였다. 기저 및 부하 영상은 FWHM을 7 mm로 (타 장비의 Cutoff에 해당), 감산 영상은 FWHM을 11 mm로 설정하는 것이 적절하였다. LEAP는 기저에서 대략 80~100 kcount, 부하에서 180~200 kcount로 측정되었다. LEAP 영상은 기저 및 부하에서 FWHM을 5 mm로, 감산에서 7 mm로 설정해야 영상의 흐림을 줄일 수 있었다. 기저 및 부하 영상은 LEHR 영상이 LEAP 영상보다 해상력이 우수했다. 그러나 감산 영상의 경우 팬텀 실험과 같이 LEHR 영상의 SNR이 떨어져 영상이 거칠게 보였다. 감산 영상은 LEAP 영상이 LEHR 영상에 비해 SNR 및 예민도가 높게 평가되었다. LEHR과 LEAP 검출기의 모든 영상에서 subset과 iteration은 8회가 적절하였다. 결론 : LEAP 검출기를 이용해 적정 수준의 필터를 사용함으로써 SNR을 높여 보다 선명한 감산 영상을 획득할 수 있게 되었다. 하루 검사 프로토콜을 적용하여 Flash 3D로 재구성하는 경우, 보다 나은 감산 영상을 얻기 위해 LEAP 검출기의 적용을 고려해 볼 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Purpose: Flash 3D (pixon(R) method; 3D OSEM) was developed as a software program to shorten exam time and improve image quality through reconstruction, it is an image processing method that usefully be applied to nuclear medicine tomography. If perfoming brain diamox perfusion scan by reconstructing subtracted images by Flash 3D with shortened image acquisition time, there was a problem that SNR of subtracted image is lower than basal image. To increase SNR of subtracted image, we use LEAP collimators, and we emphasized on sensitivity of vessel dilatation than resolution of brain vessel. In this study, our purpose is to confirm possibility of application of LEAP collimators at brain diamox perfusion tomography, identify proper reconstruction factors by using Flash 3D. Materials and methods: (1) The evaluation of phantom: We used Hoffman 3D Brain Phantom with $^{99m}Tc$. We obtained images by LEAP and LEHR collimators (diamox image) and after 6 hours (the half life of $^{99m}Tc$: 6 hours), we use obtained second image (basal image) by same method. Also, we acquired SNR and ratio of white matters/gray matters of each basal image and subtracted image. (2) The evaluation of patient's image: We quantitatively analyzed patients who were examined by LEAP collimators then was classified as a normal group and who were examined by LEHR collimators then was classified as a normal group from 2008. 05 to 2009. 01. We evaluate the results from phantom by substituting factors. We used one-day protocol and injected $^{99m}Tc$-ECD 925 MBq at both basal image acquisition and diamox image acquisition. Results: (1) The evaluation of phantom: After measuring counts from each detector, at basal image 41~46 kcount, stress image 79~90 kcount, subtraction image 40~47 kcount were detected. LEAP was about 102~113 kcount at basal image, 188~210 kcount at stress image and 94~103 at subtraction image kcount were detected. The SNR of LEHR subtraction image was decreased than LEHR basal image about 37%, the SNR of LEAP subtraction image was decreased than LEAP basal image about 17%. The ratio of gray matter versus white matter is 2.2:1 at LEHR basal image and 1.9:1 at subtraction, and at LEAP basal image was 2.4:1 and subtraction image was 2:1. (2) The evaluation of patient's image: the counts acquired by LEHR collimators are about 40~60 kcounts at basal image, and 80~100 kcount at stress image. It was proper to set FWHM as 7 mm at basal and stress image and 11mm at subtraction image. LEAP was about 80~100 kcount at basal image and 180~200 kcount at stress image. LEAP images could reduce blurring by setting FWHM as 5 mm at basal and stress images and 7 mm at subtraction image. At basal and stress image, LEHR image was superior than LEAP image. But in case of subtraction image like a phantom experiment, it showed rough image because SNR of LEHR image was decreased. On the other hand, in case of subtraction LEAP image was better than LEHR image in SNR and sensitivity. In all LEHR and LEAP collimator images, proper subset and iteration frequency was 8 times. Conclusions: We could archive more clear and high SNR subtraction image by using proper filter with LEAP collimator. In case of applying one day protocol and reconstructing by Flash 3D, we could consider application of LEAP collimator to acquire better subtraction image.

Gene structure and expression characteristics of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 isoforms in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis, Cypriniformes)

Lee, Sang Yoon,Nam, Yoon Kwon The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2017 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.20 No.12

Background: Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is an important component of innate immune system in teleosts. In order to understand isoform-specific involvement and regulation of LEAP-2 genes in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis, Cypriniformes), a commercially important food fish, this study was aimed to characterize gene structure and expression characteristics of two paralog LEAP-2 isoforms. Results: Mud loach LEAP-2 isoforms (LEAP-2A and LEAP-2B) showed conserved features in the core structure of mature peptides characterized by four Cys residues to form two disulfide bonds. The two paralog isoforms represented a tripartite genomic organization, known as a common structure of vertebrate LEAP-2 genes. Bioinformatic analysis predicted various transcription factor binding motifs in the 5'-flanking regions of mud loach LEAP-2 genes with regard to development and immune response. Mud loach LEAP-2A and LEAP-2B isoforms exhibited different tissue expression patterns and were developmentally regulated. Both isoforms are rapidly modulated toward upregulation during bacterial challenge in an isoform and/or tissue-dependent fashion. Conclusion: Both LEAP-2 isoforms play protective roles not only in embryonic and larval development but also in early immune response to bacterial invasion in mud loach. The regulation pattern of the two isoform genes under basal and stimulated conditions would be isoform-specific, suggestive of a certain degree of functional divergence between isoforms in innate immune system in this species.

Gene structure and expression characteristics of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 isoforms in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis, Cypriniformes)

이상윤,남기완 한국수산과학회 2017 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.20 No.4

Background: Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is an important component of innate immune system in teleosts. In order to understand isoform-specific involvement and regulation of LEAP-2 genes in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis, Cypriniformes), a commercially important food fish, this study was aimed to characterize gene structure and expression characteristics of two paralog LEAP-2 isoforms. Results: Mud loach LEAP-2 isoforms (LEAP-2A and LEAP-2B) showed conserved features in the core structure of mature peptides characterized by four Cys residues to form two disulfide bonds. The two paralog isoforms represented a tripartite genomic organization, known as a common structure of vertebrate LEAP-2 genes. Bioinformatic analysis predicted various transcription factor binding motifs in the 5′-flanking regions of mud loach LEAP-2 genes with regard to development and immune response. Mud loach LEAP-2A and LEAP-2B isoforms exhibited different tissue expression patterns and were developmentally regulated. Both isoforms are rapidly modulated toward upregulation during bacterial challenge in an isoform and/or tissue-dependent fashion. Conclusion: Both LEAP-2 isoforms play protective roles not only in embryonic and larval development but also in early immune response to bacterial invasion in mud loach. The regulation pattern of the two isoform genes under basal and stimulated conditions would be isoform-specific, suggestive of a certain degree of functional divergence between isoforms in innate immune system in this species

Identification of duck liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 and characterization of its bactericidal activity

홍여진,Anh Duc Truong,이장근,이경백,김근배,허강녕,Hyun S. Lillehoj,홍영호 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.7

Objective: This study was conducted to identify duck liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) and demonstrate its antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Methods: Tissue samples were collected from 6 to 8-week-old Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), total RNA was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized. To confirm the duck LEAP-2 transcript expression levels, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted. Two kinds of peptides (a linear peptide and a disulfide-type peptide) were synthesized to compare the antimicrobial activity. Then, antimicrobial activity assay and fluorescence microscopic analysis were conducted to demonstrate duck LEAP-2 bactericidal activity. Results: The duck LEAP-2 peptide sequence showed high identity with those of other avian species (>85%), as well as more than 55% of identity with mammalian sequences. LEAP-2 mRNA was highly expressed in the liver with duodenum next, and then followed by lung, spleen, bursa and jejunum and was the lowest in the muscle. Both of LEAP-2 peptides efficiently killed bacteria, although the disulfide-type LEAP-2 showed more powerful bactericidal activity. Also, gram-positive bacteria was more susceptible to duck LEAP-2 than gram-negative bacteria. Using microscopy, we confirmed that LEAP-2 peptides could kill bacteria by disrupting the bacterial cell envelope. Conclusion: Duck LEAP-2 showed its antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Disulfide bonds were important for the powerful killing effect by disrupting the bacterial cell envelope. Therefore, duck LEAP-2 can be used for effective antibiotics alternatives.

영남신학대학교의 라이즈 참여를 위한 교육 설계: V-LEAP

김성룡(Sung-Nyong Kim) 영남신학대학교 2023 신학과 목회 Vol.60 No.-

Youngngnam Theological University and Seminary(YTUS)’s commitment to join the RISE programme was prompted by the recognition that, as of 2021, the majority of villages in 322 Eups, Myeons, and Dongs in Gyeongsangbuk-do had churches. This awareness led to their active involvement in RISE, a local government-led initiative addressing the challenges faced by local communities and universities. The current focus is on village ministry, a topic garnering significant attention, which seeks to achieve the objectives of RISE - “Local Communities Revitalised by Universities”(transforming universities into hubs for local development) and “Universities Nurtured by Local Communities”(fostering competitive local universities). Through these efforts, we aspire to rejuvenate villages, overcome the crisis of population decline, maintain a healthy level of population in each village, and simultaneously utilise this as a foundation for the sustenance and advancement of YTUS. To address the challenges faced by villages on the brink of extinction and ultimately promote an increase in the local resident population, YTUS aims to encourage the cultivation of ‘village welfare entrepreneurs’. The educational approach involves the establishment of an interdisciplinary major instead of introducing independent departments. In the training of village welfare entrepreneurs, YTUS’s curriculum revolves around “V-LEAP”(which stands for “the villages’ leap forward”) signifying the progression of villages. This industry-academia linked educational course is designed to achieve the goals set by the provincial government of Gyeongsangbuk-do. Furthermore, V-LEAP mandates the completion of at least 45 credits of major courses, acquiring one or more certifications necessary for operating a village welfare enterprise, and gaining one semester of employment experience at a village enterprise during the course. For the efficient operation of V-LEAP, institutional support is imperative. Initiatives such as: the reorganisation and strengthening of YTUS’s industryacademia cooperation unit, which commenced operations in the 2022 academic year; credit transfer programmes allowing students to use external qualifications or certificates required for working as village welfare entrepreneurs as a basis for receiving academic credits; adaptable class schedules that accommodate students who have acquired these certificates or qualifications; and revisions to academic regulations to provide the opportunity for students, including transfer students, to complete V-LEAP are essential. Additionally, in light of the urgent situation of accelerating population decline, there is a natural demand for the introduction of a flexible lifelong education system to enable swift responses. RISE aims to revolutionise local governance and foster innovation within universities. It is inherent for YTUS to undergo substantial transformations in its current regulations and systems. Given the dynamic evolution of RISE and V-LEAP programs at YTUS, the imperative is to establish a collective consensus in navigating this process of change, coupled with a precise understanding of the current situation at YTUS.

북심포지엄 : 귀납적 비약: 연역의 패러다임에서 귀납의패러다임으로

여영서 ( Yeong Seo Yeo ) 한국과학철학회 2014 과학철학 Vol.17 No.3

본 논문은 전영삼 선생님이 그의 책, 귀납: 우리는 언제 비약할 수 있는가 (2013)에서 던지는 질문, “우리는 언제 비약할 수 있는가?”의 의의에 대한 평가를 제시한다. 전 선생님의 질문은 복합질문이다. 즉 논리적 맥락임에도 불구하고 비약의 의미가 부정적이지 않다는 판단이 전제되어 있다. 그래서 전 선생님은 논리적 맥락일지라도 긍정적 비약이 가능하며, 그러한 긍정적 의미의 논리적 비약이 일어날 수 있는 조건이 무엇인지를 명확하게 분석하고 제시하고자한다. 비록 귀납적 비약을 빈도주의 입장의 채택1과 베이즈주의 입장의 채택2의 과정을 모두 거쳐야 한다는 전 선생님의 주장은 근거에 대한 좀 더 친절한설명이 필요하다고 판단하지만, 근본적으로 전 선생님이 책에서 제기하는 “우리는 언제 비약할 수 있는가?”라는 복합질문이 지니는 함의, 즉 연역논리가 논리의 전부인양 생각하는 ‘연역의 패러다임’으로부터 귀납논리의 제자리를 찾고그 역할을 바르게 평가하려는 ‘귀납의 패러다임’으로 전환시키려는 시도는 큰의미가 있다고 주장한다. 본 논문은 여전히 ‘연역의 패러다임’에 빠져 있다고판단할 수 있는 근거를 제시하고, ‘귀납의 패러다임’이 해결해야 할 과제를 제시하며 전 선생님의 질문이 지닌 패러다임 전환 시도의 의의를 발전시킨다. This paper reviews Prof. Chun Young-Sam``s recent book,Induction(2013). In the book, Prof. Chun presents the question, “Whencan we make an Inductive leap?” This is a compound question. That is,this question assumes that an Inductive leap is not a bad thing. Peoplesay that an Inductive leap has to be avoided. However, Prof. Chunargues that an Inductive leap may be a good thing even if the contextis logical. Prof. Chun tries to present the specific conditions when anInductive leap can occur. Although Prof. Chun``s distinction betweenacceptance 1 and acceptance 2 requires extra careful analysis and moreexplanation, I argue that Prof. Chun``s main question, “When can wemake an Inductive leap?” has a very important implication. I claim thatthe question implies that it is high time that we change the view wehave at the moment, deduction paradigm, with a new one, inductionparadigm. Induction paradigm aims to relocate the status of inductionand let it play its proper role in logic.

인터랙티브 실감영상을 활용한 교육 매체 사용에 대한 사용자의 몰입과 정서경험

박현린,김누리,최현준 국제인문사회연구학회 2024 Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSC) Vol.6 No.3

인터랙티브 실감영상을 활용한 교육 매체 사용에 대한 사용자의 몰입과 정서경험 박 현 린ㆍ김 누 리ㆍ최 현 준 연구 목적: 본 연구에서는 실감형 교육 매체의 사용에서 인터랙티브(상호작용) 기술 적용의 유무가 사용자의 경험에 어떠한 차이를 불러일으키는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구 방법: 실험에는 감각 및 인지 문제를 동반하지 않은 24명의 대학생(평균연령 22.8세)이 참가하였으며, 실감영상 디스플레이 장치는 Looking GlassTM을 활용하였다. 실감영상 장치를 통해 두 가지 타입의 콘텐츠(#1, 2)를 제공하였으며, 인터랙티브 기술의 적용 없이 시청하는 것과 인터랙티브 기술이 적용되는 것을 각각 모두 경험하도록 하였다. 인터랙티브 기술의 적용을 위해서는 간단한 손의 움직임으로 콘텐츠 내의 사물을 움직일 수 있도록 하는 Leap-motion 컨트롤러를 사용하였다. 사용자 경험 측정에는 현존감, 몰입감, 즐거운 감정, 인지부하 척도를 사용하였다. 연구 내용: 대응표본 t-test를 통해 분석을 실시한 결과, 콘텐츠 1과 2 모두 Leap-motion을 사용할 경우 몰입감과 인지부하가 유의미하게 높았으며, 콘텐츠 1의 경우 즐거운 감정에서 Leap-motion을 사용한 조건이 유의미하게 높았다. 결론 및 제언: 이를 통해 실감형 매체와 사용자 사이에 상호작용이 있거나 사용자가 직접 참여가 가능한 콘텐츠의 경우 높은 몰입이 가능하지만, 인지부하 또한 높아진다는 것을 추측해 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 이 연구는 실감형 디스플레이 매체가 교육자료로 활용될 수 있는지를 실증적으로 검토하는 데 의의가 있었다. 핵심어: 실감영상 디스플레이, 인터랙티브, 립모션, 사용자 경험, 교육 콘텐츠 Analysis of User’s Immersion and Emotional Experience in Educational Media Using Interactive Immersive Display Hyunrin Park,** Nooree Kim,*** & Hyunjun Choi**** Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the impact of interactive applications on users’ experiences with realistic image displays. Twenty-four college students (average age 22.8 years old), free from sensory or cognitive issues, participated. The Looking GlassTM served as the display device, with participants exposed to two types of content (#1, #2). They experienced both passive viewing and interactive sessions to assess differences in user engagement. In order to apply the interactive technology, the Leap-Motion controller was used to move things in the content with a simple hand movement. We use the scale of the presence, immersion, pleasant emotion, and the cognitive load as user experience. As a result of paired-samples t-test, the score of immersion and cognitive load were significantly higher when Leap-motion was used for both contents 1 and 2 than when it was not used. In the case of content 1, the score of pleasant emotion were significantly higher in the condition in which Leap-motion was used than in the condition in which it was not used. Through this study, it was possible to infer that high immersion is possible in content where there is interaction between realistic media and users or where users can participate directly, but on the other hand, cognitive load also increases. Based on these results, it was possible to empirically verify whether the realistic display device can be used as educational material. Key Words: Realistic Image Display, Interactive, Leap-motion, User’s Experience, Educational Content □ 접수일: 2024년 4월 30일, 수정일: 2024년 6월 2일, 게재확정일: 2024년 6월 20일* 이 연구는 2024년도 광주대학교 대학 연구비의 지원을 받아 수행되었음. ** 주저자, 광주대학교 언어치료학과 교수(First Author, Professor, Gwangju Univ., Email: hyunrin@gwangju.ac.kr)*** 공동저자, 국립목포대학교 교육학과 교수(Co-author, Professor, Mokpo National Univ., Email: edunooree@mnu.ac.kr**** 교신저자, 국립목포해양대학교 해양매카트로닉스학부 교수(Corresponding Author, Professor, Mokpo National Maritime Univ., Email: hjchoi@mmu.ac.kr)

LEAP 기반의 무선 센서 네트워크에서 싱크홀 공격을 탐지하기 위한 키 인증 기법

이재진(Jae-jin Lee),조대호(Tae-ho Cho) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2015 한국컴퓨터정보학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

무선 센서 네트워크는 개방된 환경에 단거리 무선 통신으로 정보를 수집하는 센서 노드와 이를 수집하는 베이스 스테이션으로 운영된다. 이러한 센서 네트워크의 특징으로 인해 공격자를 통해 쉽게 훼손될 수 있으며 대표적인 공격방법으로 싱크홀 공격이 있다. LEAP은 싱크홀 공격에 대응하기 위해 네 종류의 키를 사용하여 노드 간 인증을 하도록 제안되었다. 이 기법은 보안성을 유지하기 위해 주기적으로 베이스 스테이션까지의 경로를 갱신한다. 본 논문에서는, 내부 싱크홀 공격을 LEAP과 같은 키의 인증을 통하여 탐지하는 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법은 이전 노드, 다음 노드와의 키 인증을 통해 공격을 탐지한다. 공격이 탐지되면 해당 노드를 네트워크에서 제외하고 경로를 갱신하며 갱신된 경로를 통해 새로운 키를 배포한다. 그러므로 제안 기법은 이전 노드, 다음 노드와의 키 인증을 통해 싱크홀 공격을 탐지함으로써 전체 네트워크 보안성 향상을 목적으로 한다.

현대무용 Turn Leap 동작의 운동학적 분석

백진호(Back, Jin-Ho),임미희(Lim, Mi-Hee),이주성(Lee, Ju-Sung) 한국체육과학회 2019 한국체육과학회지 Vol.28 No.6

The purpose of the study was to analyze the motion characteristics of failure and success for Turn Leap motion, which is one of the basic application motions of modern dance, and attempts the kinematic analysis of dance motion by image analysis. To achieve the purpose of this study, Kinematic Variables were measured through the image analysis system of Turn Leap motion, one of the basic application motions of modern dance, for dancers of more than 10 years. The result was a longer flight time on success and a higher maximum jump height. In addition, the success of the front and back and vertical speed of the center of the body was found to be faster. Based on these results, it is considered that the flight time can be improved longer by increasing the vertical speed for the jump and the vertical jump for the jump for the successful operation of the turn leap. Based on the results of this study, we will be able to present the scientific evidence to the students of modern dance majors by providing the basic data for learning for efficient movement performance.

LEAP 모형을 이용한 가정 부문 온실가스 저감효과 분석

조미현(Jo, Mi-hyun),박년배(Park, Nyun-Bae),전의찬(Jeon, Eui-Chan) 한국기후변화학회 2013 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.4 No.3