TSIKO를 적용한 충청남도 주요호소의 부영양화 특성

이병구,유병로 한국환경기술학회 2023 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.24 No.3

This study analyzed eutrophication characteristics by applying the TSIKO (Trophic State Index of Korea) based on the five-year water quality data (2017-2021) of eight lakes in Chungcheongnam-do. The order of the total TSIKO value calculated from the eight lakes was Ganwol Lake, Bunam Lake, Sapgyo Lake, Daeho Lake, Geumgang Lake (Geumgang Estuary), Yedang Lake, Tapjeong Lake, and Boryeong Lake. The eutrophic evaluation results showed that hypertrophic lakes and reservoirs were found in one place (Ganwol Lake), eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in five places (Bunam Lake, Sapgyo Lake, Daeho Lake, Geumgang Lake, Yedang Lake), and mesotrophic lakes and reservoirs in two places (Topjeong Lake and Boryeong Lake). Since the lakes and reservoirs are an almost closed space, once the pollution starts, the pollution level continues to increase even if the pollution source is blocked. Thus, it is necessary to prepare improvement plans optimized for the lake to manage the water quality and aquatic ecosystem through continuous water quality measurement and eutrophication evaluation and monitoring. Accordingly, to improve lake water quality in the long run, it is necessary to conduct research on improving the pollutants in the upstream rivers should be preceded for sound inflow water quality.

朝鮮時代 西湖圖 硏究

지용환 한국미술사학회 2011 美術史學硏究 Vol.- No.269

West Lake paintings 西湖圖 refer to pictures of West Lake that are located in Hangzhou 杭州, Zhejiang province, China. West Lake is not just a place of scenic beauty but also houses hundreds of Buddhist and Taoist temples. West Lake is associated with various ancient historical and literary figures such as Lin Bu(林逋 967-1028), Su Shi(蘇軾 1036-1101). Many literary works exploring the beauty and legend of West Lake were produced. During the Southern Song period(南宋 1127-1279), West Lake became a major theme of many paintings. Paintings of West Lake are divided into two groups. One group is dealing with the whole scenery in one canvas, as seen in“Comprehensive View of West Lake 西湖總圖.”The other group is a set of paintings depicting each scenic beauty of West Lake. The most popular format of the second group is the ten-views of West Lake 西湖十景圖. The two forms of paintings became major themes of landscape paintings and continued to gain popularity until the Qing period 淸代. At the beginning of the Joseon dynasty, there was a place like the West Lake at Han River 漢江. Eminent literati of the time often held literature or poetry parties fostering social gatherings. After the middle period, landscape paintings and prints became incorporated to highlight the beauty of West Lake. Tour guide to West Lake 西湖遊覽志 played a major role inthe perception of West Lake. During the late Joseon period (about 1700-about 1850), most of the information on West Lake was known through Chinese woodblock prints such as The Spectacular Scenery in the Universe 海內奇觀, Assembled Pictures of the Three Realms 三才圖會. However, generally, Joseon paintings of West Lake, were successful in transforming the structure, title, composition, and painting elements of Chinese originals to match the taste of Joseon people. At the end of the Joseon dynasty (about 1850-1910), the interest on West Lake and ten views of West Lake came to wane. As Lin Bu 林逋 became an ideal model for eremitism,pictures regarding“Viewing the Plum Blossom from a Studio 梅花書屋”style paintings became popular. 西湖圖는 中國 浙江省 杭州에 위치한 西湖와 그 주변의 풍경을 그린 그림을 말한다. 서호 인근에는 수많은 寺刹과 道觀, 祠院 등이 자리하고 있으며, 林逋(967-1028)와 蘇軾(1036-1101), 韓世忠(1088-1151), 岳飛(1103-1141) 등의 인물들과 수많은 고사, 문학작품이 복합적으로 나타나고 있는 문화장소로 의미가 깊다. 중국에서 서호도는 浙江省 杭州 臨安으로 南宋(1127-1279)의 새로운 황궁이 위치하게 되면서 본격적인 회화의주제로 다루어지게 되었다. 이시기 서호의 경관을 한 화면에 담아내는 西湖總圖와 西湖十景을 그린 西湖十景圖가 함께 그려지게 되었다. 남송대에 성립된 서호도의 두 개의 형식, 즉 ① ‘西湖總圖 形式’과 ② ‘西湖十景圖 形式’은 이후 중국에서 청대까지 지속적으로 그려진 산수화의 주요 화목 중 하나가 되었다. 朝鮮初期(1392-약 1550) 중국 서호는 왕공·사대부들 사이에서 ‘江南의 제일경’으로 인식되었다. 이 시기한강의 서호는 음성적으로 중국의 서호를 연상시키면서 점차 중국의 서호와 유사한 공감대가 형성되었다. 문인들은 한강 서호에서 계회나 시회를 벌이면서 친목을 도모하였을 뿐만 아니라 중국사신의 접대도 대부분 서호 부근에서 하였다. 朝鮮中期(약 1550-약 1700) 이후에는 산수판화와 회화작품의 유입을 통해서 서호에 대한 인식이 보다 구체화되기 시작하였다. 특히 명대 전여성의 『서호유람지』는 조선의 서호인식에 큰 영향을 미쳤던 것으로 생각된다. 이후 서호도의 수요가 증가함에 따라 자연스럽게 조선에서도 서호도가 제작되기 시작하였다. 明의 사신과의 수창문학을 통한 서호의 재인식, 임란전후 명군과 조선문인들 간의 교유 등을 통한 강남에 대한 동경은 이 시기 서호인식과 서호도를 이해하는데 관건이라고 할 수 있다. 朝鮮後期(약 1700-약 1850년)에는 이전시기에 전래된 『海內奇觀』,『三才圖會』,『西湖遊覽志』와 같은 산수판화집류와 더불어 명말의 산수유람기 등을 통해 서호에 대한 정보가 대부분 유입되어 있었는데, 서호도의 도상유입 경로는 대부분 이들 화보에 의거한 것으로 보인다. 이처럼 다양한 중국의 화적과 판화에 나타난서호도나 서호십경도 중 특히 애호되는 장면을 중심으로 도상의 분화와 차용의 현상이 나타난다. 조선후기의서호도는 중국의 산수판화집을 비교적 충실히 따른 예도 있지만 일반적으로 참고는 하되 조선의 미감에 맞게전체의 구도, 표제어, 도상을 차용하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 특히 沈師正(1707-1769)이나 金弘道(1745-약 1816)의 그림 등에 나타나듯, 조선화 된 서호도의 모습이 드러나고 있어 주목된다. 朝鮮末期(약 1850-1910)에 이르러서는 서호나 서호십경에 대한 관심이 상대적으로 줄어들게 되며 은일사상과 문인의 이상적인 모델로 임포가 부각되면서 그와 관련된 매화서옥도류의 그림이 많이 그려지게 된다.

Reduction in turbidity of Indian lakes through satellite imagery during COVID-19 induced lockdown

Ashish Joshi,Shefali Agrawal 대한공간정보학회 2022 Spatial Information Research Vol.30 No.6

The lakes of India are getting significantly polluted due to the rapid growth of industries, plastics, and anthropogenic waste. Due to the non-functioning of the industries and human activities during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, industrial and other waste going to the lakes was significantly reduced. Moreover, with the reduction of human activities and tourism in the cities and lakes, anthropogenic pollution in the lakes was also reduced. Turbidity is the key indicator of water pollution in the lakes. It has a direct relationship with surface water reflectance and can be estimated through satellite imagery. In this paper, the relative comparison of turbidity values of five Indian lakes in the Rajasthan state was done through Satellite imagery of Sentinel-2 during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period. The relative turbidity is also calculated through reflectance values of Satellite images and then the empirical method is applied to the reflectance values of the red band of Sentinel-2 & Landsat-8 data to estimate the turbidity. Relative comparisons of turbidity values estimated through satellite imagery during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period showed that the turbidity of lakes was reduced in Kaylana Lake (49.6%), Fatehsagar Lake (55.4%), Pichola Lake (54.3%), Rajsamand Lake (58.3%), and Man Sagar Lake (44.8%) during the lockdown period. Spectral curve analysis also showed that there was a decrease in the surface water reflectance in all five lakes and this indicates the reduction in the turbidity of the water during the lockdown period.

Human interventions and consequent environmental degradation of a protected freshwater lake in Kerala, SW India

Vishnu Mohan Sreekumari,Shiekha Elizabeth John,Rajimol Thengumparambil Rajan,Maya Kesavan,Sajan Kurian,Padmalal Damodaran 한국지질과학협의회 2016 Geosciences Journal Vol.20 No.3

Sasthamkotta lake in the southwestern coast of India is the largest freshwater lake in the region. The lake has a water spread area of about 3.75 km2 and serves as a drinking water source for about seven lakh people in southern Kerala. Unfortunately, the lake is at the verge of severe degradation consequent to different kinds of human interferences. The Sasthamkotta lake receives water mainly from rainfall (2,350 mm/year) and surface run-off (3.33 million m3/ year). Apart from these, a significant quantity of water reaches the lake through underwater springs emerging from the Quaternary and Neogene aquifers as well. Rampant removal of construction grade sand using high power jet pumps from the Quaternary aquifers linking the lake with the adjoining river, over exploitation of lake water, unscientific engineering constructions, etc. are some of the externalities leading to degradation and ultimate drying up of the lake. The floodplain of the Kallada river, hosting the lake Sasthamkotta, was unaffected by sand extraction till early 1970’s. The results of the present study revealed that indiscriminate sand mining has turned floodplain area of about 3.57 km2 into fallow lands, during the past 3–4 decades. This together with the riverbed lowering due to instream sand mining has significantly reduced the groundwater replenishment of the lake system. The construction of embankment on the southern side of the lake has not only isolated the lake system from its natural settings, but has prevented the flood pulse contribution of monsoon waters to a considerable extent. The present paper examines in detail the pros and cons of the human induced environmental degradation of the Lake Sasthamkotta which is declared recently a Ramsar wetland of international importance. Based on the study, a set of recommendations are also drawn for improving the overall environmental quality of the Sasthamkotta lake in particular and the freshwater lakes in the coastal lands of densely populated tropics in general.

단보 : 울산 지역 주요 호소(사연호, 대암호, 선암저수지, 회야호)의 수질 및 저서성대형무척추동물 군집구조 분석

이미진 ( Mi Jin Lee ),권혁영 ( Hyeok Young Kwon ),이혜진 ( Hae Jin Lee ),서정관 ( Jung Kwan Seo ),이재관 ( Jaek Wan Lee ),이종은 ( Jong Eun Lee ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.4

To analyze between water quality and community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates, we selected four reservoirs (Lake Sayeon, Lake Daeam, Seonam reservoir and Lake Hoeya) in Ulsan-si and studied them from February 2010 to October 2010. The annual mean BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) in the four lakes was 14.2 mg L-1, and Seonam reservoir had the highest deviation in BOD. The maximum BOD for every lake was in February and their minimum in May, except for Lake Hoeya whose minimum was in July. The means of various nutrients were as follows: TN 0.05 1 mg L-1, TP 0.100mg L-1, NH3-N 0.606mg L-1, and N03-N 0.014mg L-1. The maximum TN was measured in June and the maximum and minimum TP were measured in March and in May respectively in the four lakes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were surveyed in April and October 2010. The number of benthic macroinvertebrates species was in the range of 16~36 and the average number of individuals were 58~208 inds. m-2. Seonam reservoir, which has the highest mean TN (0.082 mg L-1) and NO3-N (0.023 mg L1), had the largest number of species (36 species, 208 inds. m-2). Pearson`s correlation between the number of macro invertebrates species and TN was 0.962 (P<0.05), and between the species and NO3-N was 0.999 (P<0.05). These results show that the number of benthic macroinvertebrates species of the four lakes in Ulsan-si is significantly correlated with TN and NO3-N.

기수호의 습성천이 현상과 생태적 복원정책

신승춘,박용길,Sin, Seung Chun,Park, Yong Gil 한국환경과학회 2004 한국환경과학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The purpose of this study is to present the model of ecological restoration through analysis on the condition of hydrach succession process in brackish water lake. To this study, we investigate and research the present condition of brackish water lake in South Korea. Most brackish water lake in South Korea have characteristics that is come into being malignant hydrach succession. Many lakes were reclaimed to increase foodstuff production. And river conservation work seperate lakes from the ocean. In a embryological view, most lakes based on the brackish water lakes, But present lakes show many different types such as a fresh water lake, a salt lake, a brackish water lake, a swamp, and a marshland. As a result, brackish water lakes have greatly damaged by diverse artificial interventions to promote people's activities. Therefore, in order to manage brackish water lakes systematically, criteria of lake preservation must be coincide with the present conditions of hydrach succession in each lake.

중국 고대 여성작가의 西湖詩詞

윤혜지 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2023 中國硏究 Vol.94 No.-

Since BaiJuyi compared the feminine beauty of West Lake to XiShi during the Tang Dynasty and LinBu, a scholar named LinBu, stayed in Solitary Hill near West Lake during the Song Dynasty, the poems of West Lake have contained both beautiful lyricism and clear temperament, and West Lake has been loved as a local space that preserves both popularism and elegance with stories of love between men and women and scholars. However, SuShi during the Song Dynasty greatly contributed to so many works of the poems of West Lake. It is said that SuShi regarded West Lake as his life's best friend and Hangzhou as his second hometown while holding government posts twice in Hangzhou, and the poems of West Lake created by SuShi reached 150 pieces, which can be said that he has greatly expanded the boundaries of the poems of West Lake. Afterwards, many female writers studied the outstanding writings of the poems of West Lake written by BaiJuyi, LinBu and SuShi, and as a result, the poems of West Lake were able to be created in large quantities in the works of female writers. Most of the main creators of the poems of West Lake by female writers were women who lived in Zhejiang, and the poems of West Lake were created in various ways, from works written after they experienced West Lake while living in the area to works created by them while recalling the beautiful scenery of the area. As examined in the main text, many of the poems of West Lake written by female writers focused not only on natural landscapes but also on the humanistic landscapes contained in them, and the main contents are as follows: First, the poems described the beautiful natural scenery of West Lake. Second, they described love stories or beauty related to West Lake through Zhuzhici. Lastly, there were recollections of history and people related to West Lake. In terms of format, all of the poem works used quatrains and styles of Chinese verse of 7 words including Zhuzhici, and the poem works also used mainly Wangjiangnan and Pusaman's tonal patterns using 7 words. 일찍이 당대에 白居易가 서호의 여성미를 西施에 비유하고, 송대에 林逋라는 隱士가 서호 부근 孤山에 머무른 이래로 西湖詩詞에는 아름다운 서정(情)과 맑은 성정(淸)이 모두 담겨왔고, 西湖는 남녀간의 사랑과 은사들의 이야기로 통속성(俗)과 고아함(雅)을 모두 간직하는 지역 공간으로 사랑받아왔다. 그러나 서호시사가 이렇게 많이 지어진 것은 아무래도 송대 蘇軾의 공이 컸다. 소식은 2차례 항주에서 관직을 살며 서호를 인생의 지기로, 항주를 자신의 제2의 고향으로 여겼다고 하는데, 소식이 창작한 서호시사는 150수에 이르러서 과히 서호시사의 경계를 넓혔다고 할 수 있다. 이후 백거이와 임포, 그리고 소식이 지은 서호시사의 뛰어난 문필을 후대 많은 여성작가들이 학습하였으며 이로써 여성작가들의 작품에도 서호시사가 다량 창작될 수 있었다. 여성작가 서호시사의 주 창작자는 대부분 浙江에 거주한 여성들이었는데, 이 지역에 거주하며 서호를 직접 겪고 쓴 작품부터, 아름다운 지역의 경관을 떠올리며 지은 작품에 이르기까지 다양한 경로로 서호시사가 창작되었다. 본문에서 살펴본 것처럼 여성작가의 서호시사는 자연풍경뿐 아니라 그 속에 담긴 인문경관을 주목한 작품이 많았는데, 주요 내용은 첫째, 서호의 아름다운 자연풍광을 노래한 것, 둘째 竹枝詞를 통해 서호와 관련된 사람들의 이야기 혹은 미녀를 노래한 것, 마지막으로 서호와 관련된 역사와 인물을 회고한 것이 있었다. 형식적인 측면에서는 7언절구의 죽지사류를 포함하여 시작품은 모두 7언의 절구와 율시를 사용하였으며 사작품의 경우도 7언을 사용하는 망강남, 보살만, 억진아, 복산자, 완랑귀 사조 등을 주로 사용하였다.

호소형 및 하천형 댐 호의 육수학적 특성과 조류발생과의 상관관계

김종민 ( Kim Jong Min ),허성남 ( Heo Seong Nam ),노혜란 ( Noh Hye Lan ),양희정 ( Yang Hui Jeong ),한명수 ( Han Myeong Su ) 한국하천호수학회 2003 생태와 환경 Vol.36 No.2

This paper aimed to analyze the relationship between algal bloom patterns and hydrological, limnological data which were collected from major reservoirs in Korea for 8 years (1990~1997). Water temperature of river-type reservoirs showed wider seasonal fluctuations than that of lake-type. pH of lake-type reservoirs was low in winter season but high in summer season. In contrast, river-type reservoirs showed high pH in spring and autumn seasons as well, and very low in summer season. COD of lake-type reservoirs and Paldang reservoir was lower (2~3 mg/L) than that of Geumgang and Nagdonggang reservoirs (6~9 mg/L). Dissolved oxygen (DO) of river-type reservoirs was higher than that of lake-type reservoirs. Seasonal fluctuation pattern of Do saturation in river-type reservoirs was high (80~100%) and remained relatively constant whereas lake-type reservoirs showed the highest level (93%) in late spring or early summer, which gradually decreased entering winter season (46~66%). And monthly variation of DO saturation showed inverse proportion to water volume in lake-type reservoirs. Nutrients concentration in river-type lake is higher than lake-type. Seasonal fluctuation of nutrients (T-N, T-P) in lake-type reservoirs was relatively small than that of river-type reservoirs. Annual mean N/P mass ratio of lake-type reservoirs was higher than that of river-type. Transparency tended to related with the suspended solid concentration in river-type reservoirs. Algal bloom of lake-type and river-type reservoirs occurred at any time except rainfall and winter periods. And it dominated in summer and early autumn, respectively. Algal bloom of river-type reservoirs was higher than that of lake-type. Relationship between rainfall and chlorophyll-α in lake-type reservoirs was relatively high, however river-type reservoirs showed insignificant.

康熙年間 王原祁의 <西湖十景圖> 제작과 정치적 의미

정지인 미술사연구회 2017 미술사연구 Vol.- No.33

이 글은 淸 康熙年間(1661~1722) 宮廷에서 활약했던 正統派 화가 王原祁(1642~1715)가 제작한 <西湖十景圖>(遼寧省博物館 藏)의 제작 배경 및 표현 방식에 대한 분석을 토대로 청 궁정제작 서호도에 담긴 정치적 의도를 파악해보고자 했다. 西湖圖는 中國 浙江省 杭州에 위치한 西湖와 그 주변의 풍경을 그린 그림을 말한다. 서호는 그 아름다운 풍광과 함께 名人逸士의 옛 자취가 어우러져 역대 문인들의 애호와 찬탄을 입었던 곳으로서 瀟湘八景이나 武夷九曲과 같은 이상경을 대표하는 장소로 인식되어 일찍부터 회화의 주제로도 중요하게 다루어져 왔다. 서호도는 南宋이 항주 臨安으로 遷都 본격적으로 그려지게 되었고 이후 시대 상황과 제작 주체에 따라 그 제작 목적과 의미를 달리하며 지속적으로 그려지게 된다. 특히 淸代에는 康熙帝와 乾隆帝가 南巡을 통해 서호를 여러 차례 방문하고 그곳의 습윤하고 서정적인 경치를 詩로 읊고 화가들에게 그리게 하여 어느 시기보다 많은 양의 西湖圖가 궁정에서 제작되었다淸 康熙年間(1661~1722) 宮廷에서 활약했던 正統派 화가 王原祁(1642~1715)가 황제의 명을 받아서 그린 <서호십경도>는 현재까지 남아 있는 청 궁정 제작 서호도 가운데 가장 선행하는 사례이다. 서호와 그 주변을 둘러싸고 있는 산, 여기에 함께 어우러져 있는 古刹과 祠堂, 亭子, 堤防과 橋閣 등을 6미터가 넘는 긴 화폭에 파노라마식으로 담아낸 작품으로 강희제가 마지막으로 시행한 제6차 남순(1707)이 끝난 후 제작되었다. <서호십경도>는 서호의 기슭을 따라 배를 타고 이동하면서 정면으로 마주하게 되는 각 장면을 재조합하여 화면을 구성함으로써 傳 李崇의 <서호도>나 遊覽志 및 方志의 삽도로 계승되던 전통적 全圖式 서호도와는 구도에 있어서 차이를 보인다. 화면 전개는 祖父의 업적을 재연한 경향이 강했던 乾隆帝의 남순 기록을 통해 유추해 본 강희제의 서호 여행 경로와 거의 일치하였다. 그림에 묘사된 각각의 경관들을 실경과 비교하면 서호의 대표적인 명승명소를 비교 사실적이고 구체적으로 묘사했음을 알 수 있다. 특히 강희제의 행적이 남아있는 장소는 실제 육안으로는 볼 수 없는 곳이더라도 시점의 변화, 장소의 이동 등의 방식을 통해 화면에 담아냈다. 즉 <서호십경도>는 통치자로서 정확한 지리적 정보의 수집과 전달을 중요하게 생각했던 강희제의 요구를 반영하여 한정된 화면 안에 서호에 대한 가능한 많은 정보를 수록하고자 했으며, 강희제가 서호를 여행했던 기록으로서 황제의 행적을 온전히 담아낸 작품이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 <서호십경도>는 황제의 개인적인 臥遊物 너머 정치적 의도가 담긴 그림으로 해석할 수 있다. 강희제는 남순을 통해 자신을 유교적 군주로서의 宣傳하고 강남에 대한 지배력의 과시하고자 하였으며 서호를 적극적으로 활용하였다. 강희제는 서호에서 문예활동을 펼침으로서 漢族의 역사와 문인문화를 수용하고 몸소 실천하고 있음을 대외적으로 표명하였다. 또한 오랜 한족의 전통이 남아있는 서호에 새로운 행적을 남기고 이를 기록함으로써 정통성을 가진 계승자이자 지배자임을 각인시켰다. 그리고 경관 정비로 인해 과거의 화려한 모습을 되찾은 서호를 산수장권에 담아냄으로써 자신의 통치력과 치세로 인해 태평성대가 실현되었음을 기록할 수 있었던 것이다. This paper analyzes political significance in west lake paintings of the Qing royal court, based upon backgrounds and styles of Ten Views of West Lake(西湖十景圖, Liaoning Provincial Museum) by orthodox school court painter, Wang Yuanqi(1642-1715). West lake painting is a painting of the west lake and surrounding landscape in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. West lake harmonizes the element of a beautiful landscape; it was a place with traces of scholars where literary artists of generation after generation were fond of; and it received a great admiration. This place was considered as one of the most ideal landscapes, together with the Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers(瀟湘八景) and the Nine Sceneries of Muyi Mountains(武夷九曲), and that it had been discussed as subject of painting from earlier times. West lake painting began to be considered as a subject in earnest after transfer of the capital from Nan-song to Lin’an. After then, it was painted with different objective and significance based on its time and subject. Especially during Qing Dynasty, more west lake paintings were produced in the royal court compared to other times, because as the Emperor Kangxi(康熙帝) and Emperor Qianlong(乾隆帝) traveled south numerously, they recited poetry of its moist and lyrical landscape, and then let artists to paint the reflection. Ten Views of West Lake by orthodox school painter, Wang Yuanqi from the royal court of Qing Dynasty in Kangxi Ages(1661-1722), which was painted after receiving orders from the Emperor, remains to be the most precedence west lake painting of the Qing royal court. It forms over 6 meters long in a panoramic view with west lake and its surrounding mountains, together with Buddhist temple, shrine, pavilion, and pier. It was painted after the Emperor Kangxi finished his 6th and the last travel to north in 1707. Ten Views of West Lake is depicted by recombining each picture of the views that are faced, by traveling the bank of the west through a boat. It presents a different composition compared to other traditional west lake paintings which were inherited with illustration of a tour guide(遊覽志) and province records(方志), and the West Lake that is known to be painted by Lichong(傳 李崇). A development of the painting is corresponded mostly with a route that the Emperor Kangxi took to west lake, which was analogized from the history of the Emperor Qianlong’s travel to South. Major attractions of west lake were portrayed and sceneries were illustrated in detail and rather realistically, compared to the views from nature. Especially, the places where a trace of the Emperor Kagxi remains – that cannot be seen visually anymore – are depicted based on the changes in time, and movement of the place. Moreover, Ten Views of West Lake well reflected the Emperor’s demand of importance in collection and conveyance of geographical information; it sought to include as much messages as possible of west lake in a limited picture, and a complete trace of the Emperor as a document of his travel to west lake.

The Impact of Urban Development on Natural Lakes

Mey Chakriya(마이 짝리야),Hwang Jeewook(황지욱) 한국지역개발학회 2016 한국지역개발학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.11

Urban growth is a worldwide phenomenon and the rate of urbanization is very rapid in developing countries like Cambodia. It is mainly driven by unorganized expansion increased by immigration and population growth. The accelerated development in the city has made the inner city lakes, wetlands, streams and ponds filled with earth to create developable land. The impact of urban development surrounded with naturally inhabited areas in Phnom Penh has been so pervasive that the lakes are confronted with environmental disturbances. High levels of disturbance to the urban lakes in the past and recent years, such as lake infilling, land use chance, shoreline encroachment, and garbage dump, have caused urban lakes loss and floods in the city. The Boeung Kak Lake is located at the centre of urban Phnom Penh was the largest urban wet land in Cambodia. It’s a 90 hectare lake located within the Doun Penh district in the north of Phnom Penh city. A private developer, Shukaku Inc, has taken a lease of an area of 133 hectare, including the lake, from the Municipality of Phnom Penh and planned to fill and develop the area. This area is home to approximate 30,000 people living and working there. During 1980s, the lake had been a rich source of aquatic and plant life. A bustling Tourism industry been had developed around the lake encouraging the establishment of guesthouses, cafes and tour operators along the lake shore to attract the patronage of both local and international visitors(1). The lake is closed lake system, and it means that the catchment is not much larger than the lake itself. Rainfall onto the lake itself is stored within the lake until it evaporates or infiltrates. The volume of this direct rainfall on the lake was estimated during a storm event in April 2008 as 360,000m3. This event was not noted as particularly large by residents of the lake. Following filling and development of the Boeung Kak area, rainfall on the development is expected to be diverted to neighboring areas downstream to the north. While the lake is a closed system with little catchment contribution beyond the lake itself, the proposed development area is large enough to generate large volumes of runoff. This runoff has potential to cause significant impacts on property and hazard to the life downstream. The aim of this study is to investigate the land filling of a natural lake (Boeung kak), how the land filling causes extensive flooding in surrounding areas during the rainfall and thereby studying the social/ economical impacts on the livelihood of the lake’s neighborhood people through a process of data collections, technical visualization using satellite timeline images. The result of this study show that the developmental land filling of natural lakes and other water resources have so many adverse effects on economic and social aspects of a city resulting deaths of thousands and un-repairable damages to millions of dollars worth of households and education health care and infrastructure.