어머니-아버지 간 아버지 양육참여 지각 차이와 유아의 상호작용적 또래놀이 간의 관계 : 부부갈등, 우울, 긍정적 양육태도의 매개효과

최효식 ( Hyo Sik Choi ),윤해옥 ( Hae Ok Yoon ),연은모 ( Eun Mo Yeon ) 한국유아교육학회 2015 유아교육연구 Vol.35 No.1

Paternal involvement is an important predictor of child-care based on the finding that father`s parenting involvement enhances positive influences on children. A large body of research in paternal involvement, however, has only focused on its qualitative and qualitative effects on mother, father, and the development of children, itself. Thus, with regard to the predictive relationships of perception of paternal involvement and parenting attitude, the goal of this study was to explore how perceptive gap of paternal involvement between mother and father influences on children`s interactive peer play and how it relates with mother`s marital conflict, depression, and parenting attitude. It was assumed that children of parents who do not have a large gap about paternal involvement were likely to show better interactive peer play and mothers who have less gap about parental involvement with their husbands were likely to perceive less marital conflict, depression, and to have positive parenting attitude. Data of 1,553 samples from the fourth year of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were used to analyzed and the results from this current study were suggested as follow. First, the perceptive gap about paternal involvement between mother and father did not presented any direct effects on children`s interactive peer play. Second, it was proved that mother`s perceived marital conflict was mediated between the perceptive gap about paternal involvement and mother`s depression, mother`s perceived marital conflict and depression were mediated between the perceptive gap about paternal involvement and the interactive peer play of children according to the specific indirect effect by using phantom variables. These results adds to the existing body of literature by providing new sights that the perceptive gap about paternal involvement between mother and father has a critical effects on the development of children as much as the quantity and the quality of paternal involvement. 본 연구는 어머니와 아버지 간 아버지 양육참여에 대한 지각 차이의 중요성에도 불구하고, 선행연구에서 주로 아버지의 양육참여에 대한 양과 질이 어머니, 아버지, 자녀에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 초점을 두고 연구가 진행되었다는 문제의식에 기초하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 한국아동패널 4차년도 1,533명의 자료를 활용하여 어머니와 아버지 간의 아버지 양육참여에 대한 지각 차이가 유아의 상호작용적 또래놀이에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 어머니가 느끼는 부부갈등, 우울, 긍정적 양육태도의 매개효과를 규명하는 데 목적이 있었으며, 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어머니-아버지 간 아버지 양육참여 지각 차이가 부부갈등, 긍정적 양육태도에 영향을 미치는 직접효과가 나타났지만, 어머니의 우울과 유아의 상호작용적 또래놀이에 미치는 직접효과는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 팬텀변수(phantom variable)를 활용한 개별간접효과 추정 결과, 어머니-아버지 간 아버지 양육참여 지각 차이는 부부갈등을 매개로 우울에, 어머니-아버지 간 아버지 양육참여 지각 차이는 부부갈등과 우울을 매개로 긍정적 양육태도에, 아버지 양육참여 지각 차이는 부부갈등, 우울, 긍정적 양육태도를 매개로 유아의 상호작용적 또래놀이에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구결과는 아버지의 양육참여의 절대적, 실질적 시간의 양과 질뿐 아니라 이에 대한 어머니-아버지 간 지각 차이 또한 유아발달에 큰 영향을 미침을 시사한다.

보건의료 연구에서의 시민참여 : 영국 보건연구청(HRA)의 시민참여 개념과 운영사례를 중심으로

정은주(Eunjoo Chung),이현아(Hyun A Lee) 한국보건사회학회 2022 보건과 사회과학 Vol.- No.59

참여 민주주의의 발전과 함께 ‘정책 과정’에서의 시민참여를 넘어 ‘연구 과정’에도 시민이 참여해야한다는 논의와 활동이 최근 국내·외에서 점진적으로 활발해지고 있다. 국내 보건의료 분야에서는 한국보건의료연구원(NECA)에서 추진하고 있는 ‘의료기술평가 국민참여단’과 ‘환자중심의료기술최적화연구사업’을 중심으로 연구에 시민들이 참여해야 한다는 논의와 시도가 관찰되고 있다. 이러한 움직임은 국내에서 ‘연구에서의 시민참여’에 대한 논의가 점차적으로 확대될 가능성을 보여준다. 하지만NECA의 사례를 볼 때 아직까지 연구에의 시민참여의 개념이 모호하고 그 필요성에 대한 이론적 근거와 기본 원칙이 부재하다는 한계가 관찰된다. 이에, 본 글은 영국에서 보건·복지 연구에 대한 법적·윤리적·정책적 기준을 수립하는 기구인 보건연구청(HRA)이 영국국립보건원(NIHR)과 함께 제시하는 연구에서의 시민참여 개념과 HRA이 직접 운영하고 있는 시민참여 프로그램을 살펴봄으로서현재 진행되는 국내 보건의료연구에서의 시민참여 시도들을 보완·지원하는데 기여하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 선행연구를 통해 검토된 ‘연구에서의 시민참여’의 개념과 유형을 정리한 후(II장), 국내 보건의료 연구에서의 시민참여 현황과 한계를 검토하였다(III장). 다음으로 영국 HRA를 중심으로 제시되고 있는 ‘연구에의 시민참여’에 대한 지침을 소개하고, HRA가 실제 수행하고 있는 세 가지 ‘연구에의 시민참여 프로그램(① 통합연구신청시스템(IRAS)을 통한 시민참여 장치 운영, ② COVID-19 연구 시민참여 매칭서비스, ③ Make it Public 프로젝트)’을 살펴보았다(IV장). 마지막으로는, 이러한영국의 사례 분석을 통해 향후 ‘연구에서의 시민참여’와 관련하여 고려되어야 하는 사항 및 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다(V장). With the development of participatory democracy, as well as efforts in academia and the field, having public voices be heard and included in ‘health care policy’ is no longer unfamiliar. Nevertheless, having public involved and/or engaged in ‘health care research’ is still regarded as a new task area. However, a recent movement, mainly being performed by National Evidence-Based Healthcare Collaborating Agency(NECA), of ‘Patient and Public Involvement in Health Technology Assessment’ and Patient-centered Research Project’ suggest that demand and need for “public involvement and engagement in research” may gradually expand in Korea. However, the concept of public involvement in research is still ambiguous, and there are limitations in the absence of a theoretical basis. Therefore, this study intends to contribute to supplementing public involvement/engagement attempts in current domestic health care research by examining the concept of public involvement in research presented by the UK Health Research Authority(HRA) along with NIHR as well as public involvement/engagement program directly operated by HRA. For this purpose, firstly, it examined discussions on conceptual definition of public involvement/ engagement reviewed through previous studies(Chapter II), and reviewed current status of public involvement/engagement in health care research of Korea and areas that needed to be supplemented(Chapter III). Secondly, as a reference case that actively implements public involvement/engagement in health care research, it introduced UK and HRA s three conceptual definitions such as public participation, involvement, and engagement and examined respective three public involvement and engagement cases-(1) Setting out to present information on public involvement plan within IRAS(a system for applying for the permissions and approvals for health, social and community care research in the UK), (2) Covid-19 Matching Service’, and (3) Make it Public Project’(Chapter IV). Lastly, this study reviewed issues and implications to consider when promoting public involvement and engagement in future health care research in Korea(Chapter V).

개인요인과 제품요인 관여도의 구전효과에 대한 차별적인 영향

박상준(Sang June Park) 한국경영학회 2014 經營學硏究 Vol.43 No.3

The Word-Of-Mouth (WOM) communication has substantial influence on a consumer`s product evaluation and purchase decision. There are the two main theoretical perspectives that explain the role of the consumer involvement that affects the success or failure of a persuasive attempt. One is the dual-process models and the other one is the social judgement theory. The dual-process models explain that high-involvement individuals evaluate the merits of the message and they are persuaded if the arguments are strong enough to generate favorable thoughts about the product. According to the dual-process models, the WOM effect is stronger to high-involvement individuals than to low-involvement individuals because it is very strong argument which comes from previous buyers. Alternatively, in social judgement theory, the degree of involvement is posited to have a main effect on attitude change such that the more involved a person is with an issue, the more that the person will resist attitude change. In other words, the WOM effect is stronger to low-involvement individuals than to high-involvement individuals in perspective of the social judgement theory. A consumer`s overall involvement is affected by ‘product-involvement’ and ‘individualinvolvement’. The ‘individual-involvement’ represents the consumer involvement depending on consumers` characteristics when consumers evaluate a product. In contrast, the ‘productinvolvement’ represents the consumer involvement depending on product characteristics when consumers evaluate multiple products. This paper discomposes the overall involvement into ‘individual-involvement’ and ‘product-involvement’, and notes that the ego-involvement is closely related to characteristics of products, and then proposes that the WOM effect increases as the ‘individual-involvement’ increases and it decreases as the ‘product-involvement’ increases. One hundred fourteen university students (male=64 and female=50) participated in the empirical study. They were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (control condition vs. experiment condition). The respondents who were assigned to the experiment group were asked to evaluate the four products where their friends are persuading to them buy the products, in contrast, the respondents who were assigned to the control group were asked to evaluate the products without their friends` persuasions. Consequently, they were asked to report their willingness to purchase the four products. The willingness was ranked on the 5-point scale, with 1 indicating a low willingness and 5 indicating a high willingness to purchase, and the consumer involvement were evaluated on the 5-point scale, with 1 indicating a low involvement and 5 indicating a high involvement. Levene`s t-tests and ANOVA analyses showed that respondents are likely to be persuaded by the WOM when the ‘individual-involvement’ is relatively high, whereas they are likely to be persuaded by the WOM when the ‘product-involvement’ is relatively low. Johnson and Eagly (1989) attempt to reconcile the contradictory predictions by the dual-process models and the social judgement theory for the effect of consumer involvement. They address that high valuerelated involvement consumers were less persuaded than low value-related involvement consumers, whereas high outcome-related involvement consumers were more persuaded than low outcomerelated consumers. In the final section, this paper discusses the possible relationships between their study and the results of this study, and proposes the future research direction.

THE RISK PERCEPTION ATTITUDE FRAMEWORK:CONSUMER INVOLVEMENT, PERCEPTIONS OF RISK, AND RESPONSES TO FOOD LABELS

Sujung Nam,Juran Kim,Kyung-Tae Gong 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

Introduction Consumers throughout the world, including Asia, are showing increased concerns about food safety. Public policy, industry, and academic researchers are turning increased attention to the effects of food labeling requirements. General food labels provide information about serving size, servings per container, total calories per serving, calories from fat, and minimum daily nutritional value. Consumers must then use the food labeling information to make individual dietary choices. Thus it is appropriate for researchers to ask how consumers formulate product choices and evaluations according to food labeling information including calorie counts and standardized nutritional information (Ford et al. 1996; Keller et al. 1997; Roe, Levy, & Derby 1999). Long-term strategies are critically needed to find ways to protect public health and to assure food safety. Health practitioners and governmental regulators have increased their efforts to address the growing problem by sponsoring programs for food safety and by requiring nutritional labeling. In answer to the need for further research in food consumption behavior (RFC), this study was conducted to investigate how manufacturers might use consumers’ perceptions of risks and involvement for planning the most effective food labeling. Theoretical Framework To find ways to promote general and social marketing healthful consumer use of food labels (Lefebvre, 1988; McDermott, 2000), this study utilizes consumer segmentation techniques in which consumers are categorized according to psychological and demographic profiles (Slater, Kelly, & Thackeray, 2006). That is, they are segmented based on essential homogeneous responses (Forthofer, 2000; Kotler, 1971) and demographic characteristics, including age, gender, income and social class, although demographics may be less effective than psychological differences for predicting responses to health promotions (Lefebvre, 1988; Slater, 1991). The psychographics approach to consumer segmentation, derived from marketing techniques, selects variables that predict health behaviors; that is, consumers are segmented according to how they process communication channel properties and message features (Rimal & Adkins, 2003). By focusing on consumer segmentation we elucidate how consumers react to food labeling designed to promote health and food safety. Consumer segmentation should help us understand why consumers might reject risky unhealthful behaviors and adopt protective healthful behaviors (Slater, 2006). The risk perception attitude framework (Garretson & Burton, 2000; Rimal & Real 2003; Turner, Rimal, Morrison &, Kim, 2006) is a theoretical perspective for segmenting consumers based on their perceptions of risk and their beliefs about personal efficacy. According to the risk perception attitude framework, risk perceptions are usually insufficient to motivate behavior, but when high risk perceptions are coupled with strong efficacy beliefs, people are more motivated to engage in self-protective behaviors. Social cognitive theory and the extended parallel process model also support the importance of efficacy beliefs as moderating risk perception effects on self-protective behavior (Bandura 1986; Witte 1994). Using the risk perception attitude framework for purposes of this study, consumers are classified into four groups according to their risk perception and self-efficacy as indicated by their involvement in health concerns. 1) The indifference group comprises study participants who have low risk perceptions and low involvement; they believe they face few risks, lack control of their actions, and are thus not motivated to undertake protective behaviors. 2) The responsive group comprises study participants who have high risk perceptions and high involvement and thus are motivated to undertake extensive self-protective behaviors. 3) The proactive group comprises participants who have low risk perception but high involvement; they believe strongly in their personal abilities to take control, but perceive low risk and are thus not motivated to engage in self-protective behaviors. 4) The avoidance group comprises study participants who have high risk perceptions and low involvement; they are concerned about the need to counter risks but lack the self-efficacy and involvement to follow recommendations. Research Questions To examine the risk perception attitude framework in the context of research on food consumption behavior (RFC), three central research questions are posed: RQ1: How are consumers classified according to their level of perceived risk and involvement? RQ2: Do different consumer types show different attitudes toward paying higher prices for safer food and toward paying attention to food labels? RQ3: What factors influence consumer classifications? Methods Data for this study came from research on food consumption behavior (RFC) conducted by Korea Rural Economic Institute (KREI) in 2014. In 2013, the KREI began gathering data regarding food consumption behavior to help the food industry develop more efficient use of food resources. RFC data are appropriate because they include data about various consumption patterns regarding food lifestyles, purchases, and food safety. Specifically, RFC for this study, we gathered data for a stratified sampling of 6,311 consumers, 19 to 75-years-old, living in 16 metropolitan city-regions in South Korea. Table 1 shows general features of the research participants. Among the respondents, 44.2% were men; 55.8% were women; 10.7% were 19 to 25-years-old; 37.6% were high school graduates; 46.9% had lower than middle school graduation levels, 21.9% were college graduates, 2.3% had post-graduate levels, 1.1% were uneducated; 36.5% had average monthly family incomes of 200~399; 1.3% had the highest rate of 1000 and more; 1.0% had low to moderate interest in health; 42.8% reported that they bought food two or three times weekly; 0.7% reported buying food once a month. Respondents reported an average 3.93 regarding risk perceptions for food safety. Their reported average level of involvement was 3.32; average of intention to pay higher prices for safe food was 3.37, and their average likelihood of checking food labels was 3.15. Measurement To score education levels, the uneducated group = 1, less than middle school = 2, high school graduates = 3, college graduates = 4, and postgraduates = 5. A five-point Likert-type scale was used to measure participants’ interest in their health (1 = complete indifference to 5 = very much interested). Also a five-point Likert scale was used to measure perceived risk for twelve items related to food safety: foreign substances, pesticide residue, use of antibiotics in livestock and fish, natural toxicity, food additives, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, bacterial contamination, livestock disease, GMO, irradiation, packing hazards, and allergens (1 = not concerned at all to 5 = very concerned). Involvement was measured for three questions regarding food origin, food materials, and eco-friendly products (1 = not concerned at all to 5 = very concerned). Intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels were measured from 1 = not at all to 5 = very positive. Results Four consumer groups were classified according to their level of perceived risk and involvement. We followed previous RPA model studies (e.g., Sullivan et al., 2008; Jo & Yoo, 2011) and classified groups based on median perceived risk and involvement: (≥4.00) for high perceived risk, (<4.00) for low perceived risk, (≥3.333) for high involvement, and (< 3.33) for low involvement. The responsive group had high perceived risk and high involvement; the proactive group had low perceived risk and high involvement; the avoidance group had high perceived risk and low involvement; and the indifference group had low perceived risk and low involvement. Additionally, ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test was conducted to examine the average difference among the four groups regarding their intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels. Multinomial logit regression was performed to discover the factors that influence classification of consumer types. Classification of consumer types according to perceived risk and involvement Table 1 shows the consumer classifications according to the level of perceived risk and involvement: 1,198 participants, 21.8%, were in the indifference group with low perceived risk and low involvement; 1,254 participants, 22.8%, were in the proactive group with low perceived risk and high involvement; 1,125 participants, 20.5%, were in the avoidance group with high perceived risk and low involvement; 1,924 participants, 35.5%, were in the responsive group with high perceived risk and high involvement. Among the four groups, the responsive group had a statistically significant relatively high ratio: χ2 value for group classification was 79.695 (p <.001). Consumer classification differences in purchase intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels Table 2 shows differences in intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels. The proactive group showed the highest average intentions to pay higher prices for safe food at 3.52, followed by the responsive group at 3.51, the avoidance group at 3.25, and the indifference group at 3.16. The differences among the groups were statistically significant. A Tukey post-analysis showed that the high involvement group, in contrast with the low involvement group, showed higher average intentions to pay higher prices for safe food. Among the low involvement groups, those with high perceived risk had higher average intentions than those with low perceived risk. The responsive group showed the highest average intentions to check food labels at 3.44, followed by the proactive group at 3.43, the avoidance group at 2.74, and the indifference group at 2.27. The differences among the groups were statistically significant. A Tukey post-analysis showed that high involvement groups, in contrast with low involvement groups, showed higher average intentions to check food labels, but no difference was found according to the level of perceived risk. Influential factors of consumer segmentations Table 3 shows the results of examining the factors of gender, age, education, monthly average family income, and interest in health that are typical in consumer segments. Comparing all groups with the responsive group, the indifference group was most likely to comprise young women who had lower educational levels, lower monthly income, and less interest in health. The proactive group was most likely to be made up of men. The avoidance group was most likely to be made of young men who had lower educational levels, lower monthly incomes, and less interest in health. Discussion This study is an investigation of the theoretical framework of risk perception and involvement according to indifference, proactivity, responsiveness, or avoidance consumer segments. The study centrally indicates that the four risk perception–involvement framework groups differ in their perceptions of risk and the extent of their involvement. By revealing the importance of high involvement as a fruitful intervention strategy, the results suggest practical implications for public policymakers and marketers who strive to devise appropriate food labeling. Social cognitive theory has long stressed the importance of enhancing personal involvement (Bandura 1986). That insight can be applied to the risk perception attitude framework for identifying particular audiences who will respond to involvement-enhancing messages. Our findings suggest that a useful strategy in promoting change is to recognize that consumers will react differently according to their tendencies toward indifference, proactivity, responsiveness, or avoidance.

악성 임파종의 골수 침범에 관한 임상적 연구

한지숙,박중원,민유홍,고윤웅,양우익,최인준 大韓血液學會 1990 大韓血液學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

로잔 운동과 공적 신학을 통해 고찰한 교회의 사회 참여 모델

제해종 한신대학교 신학사상연구소 2019 신학사상 Vol.0 No.186

The church needs to fulfill its mission both in regards of humanities’ sin problem and the social responsibility of being the light and salt of society. If the former problem is related more to evangelism as the private sphere, the latter is social involvement as the public sphere, and the church assumes responsibility for both private and public life. Traditionally, Christianity has lost its social influence by focusing only on evangelism and neglecting social involvement. Recognizing that the nature of the church is a holistic mission, the issue of social involvement is emerging as a new concern due to the spread of awareness of the public domain. Awareness of responsibility in the public sphere and various movements took place in Christianity, with roughly three approaches: 1) Traditional Christianity: Social involvement is a means of evangelism. 2) Public theology: Social involvement itself is the gospel. 3) Lausanne Movement: Social involvement is a gospel partner. This study focuses on the Lausanne movement representing the evangelical camp and the public theology representing the ecumenical camp among various positions on social involvement. The Lausanne Movement, while adhering to the traditional Christian identity, overcomes the limitations of its evangelism-first model and understands social involvement as a partner instead of simply looking at evangelism. On the other hand, public theology is deeply related to political theology and liberation theology, but as a weakened form of it, the church’s social involvement itself is seen as evangelism. We compare these two models and then knot the research together by makingthree suggestions based on insights from these comparisons. First, social involvement is of equal importance to evangelism as part of God’s mission. Second, social involvement is not a means of evangelism, or evangelism itself, but a partner of evangelism in terms of total mission. Third, social involvement needs to be understood in terms of the paradox of the Kingdom of God, which ultimately is not of this world, but it does not rule it out. 교회는 인간의 죄 문제를 다루는 선교적 사명과 사회의 빛과 소금이 되는 사회적 책임을 동시에 수행해야 한다. 전자가 사적 영역으로서 전도라면, 후자는 공적 영역으로서 사회 참여인데, 교회는 사적인 동시에 공적 책임을 동시에 진다. 전통적으로 기독교는 전도에만 집중하고 사회 참여를 소홀히 하면서 사회적 영향력을 상실하게 되었다. 교회의 본질이 총체적 선교 사명임을 자각하면서 공적 영역에 대한 인식의 확산으로 사회 참여 문제는 새로운 관심사로 부상하고 있다. 공적 영역에서의 책임 을 자각하고 다양한 움직임들이 기독교 내에서 일어났는데, 대략 다음과 같은 3가지 접근법들이 있었다. 1) 전통적 기독교: 사회 참여는 전도의 수단이다. 2) 공적 신학: 사회 참여 그 자체가 복음이다. 3) 로잔 운동: 사회 참여는 복음의 파트너다. 본 연구는 사회 참여에 대한 다양한 입장 중 복음주의 진영을 대표하 는 로잔 운동과 에큐메니컬 진영을 대표하는 공적 신학을 중심으로 살펴 보았다. 로잔 운동은 전통적인 기독교의 정체성을 고수하면서도 그것이 가진 전도 우위 모델의 한계를 극복하고 사회 참여를 단순히 전도의 수 단으로 보는 대신 파트너로 이해한다. 반면 공적 신학은 정치신학이나 해방신학과 관련성이 깊은 것이지만 그것의 순화된 형태로서 교회의 사회 참여 자체를 선교로 본다. 이들 두 모델을 비교 분석한 다음 이들에게서 얻은 통찰을 바탕으로 세 가지 제안을 함으로써 연구를 매듭짓는다. 첫째, 사회 참여는 하나님의 선교의 한 부분으로서 전도에 상응하는 중요성을 지닌다. 둘째, 사회 참여는 전도의 수단도, 전도 자체도 아닌, 총체적 선교의 관점에서 전도의 파트너다. 셋째, 사회 참여는 궁극적으로 이 땅은 아니지만, 이 세상을 배제하지 않는 ‘하나님의 나라의 역설’이라 는 관점에서 이해할 필요가 있다.

인구통계학적 특성에 따른 프로야구 관중의 관여도 분석

김애랑 한국체육과학회 2007 한국체육과학회지 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of this study was to compare the involvement level of Korean pro-baseball league spectators based on their socio-demographic characteristics. For this research, responses from 419 pro-baseball spectators at five different baseball games held in Busan and Dae-Gu area were used. In order to measure the level of sport spectator involvement, the SSIS (Sport Spectator Involvement Scale) was used after modification. The SSIS basically measures two different aspects of sport spectator involvement which are behavioral (Cronbach's α = .93) and socio-psychological (Cronbach's α = .85) involvement. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 12.0) was used to analyze the data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test were conducted to determine the differences of the involvement level with respect to the socio-demographics of the pro-baseball spectators. The findings of this study were as follows. First, male spectators showed higher behavioral involvement than female spectators. Second, the spectators who are single showed higher socio-psychological involvement than the spectators who are married. Third, the pro-baseball spectators who are age of 30 through 39 showed the highest behavioral andpsychological involvement. Fourth, the spectators who are housewives showed the lowest behavioral and socio-psychological involvement. Lastly, the pro-baseball spectators who attended more games during the previous season exhibited higher socio-psychological and behavioral involvement than those who attended fewer games.

소비자 지식과 관여도 수준이수용가격범위와 유보가격에 미치는 영향

박승배,허종호 한국기업경영학회 2013 기업경영연구 Vol.20 No.1

Many consumer researchers have asserted that consumers have the internal reference price compared with market price. In other words, Consumers differently perceive product price by internal reference price. Whereas consumer perception theories postulate several kinds of reference price, this study focused on the highest acceptable price (upper price threshold) and the lowest acceptable price (lower price threshold) as the conceptualization of reference prices. Prior studies on reference price found out determinant factors of influencing on reference price. Because consumer knowledge and involvement are very important consumer’s characteristic variables, this study examined the effect of consumer’s prior knowledge and involvement on acceptable price range and reservation price as the reference price. This study investigate the effect of consumer’s characteristics on acceptable price range that consumer evaluate market price. That is, this study investigate interaction effect of consumer’s knowledge and involvement on acceptable price range and reservation price (upper acceptable price). In this study, blue jean and perfume were selected for experiment object product in the pretest. Because These products were found to be the products familiar with students. Convenience sampling method was used for this study. The result of 122 respondents used in the final analysis. The ANOVA was used to analyze 2 (high consumer knowledge vs. low consumer knowledge) X 2(high involvement vs. low involvement) relationship. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, significant statistical differences did not appeared in consumer’s acceptable price range by level of consumer knowledge. Second, significant statistical differences appeared in consumer’s acceptable price range by level of involvement. Consumer’s acceptable price range of high involved consumer was tended to have wilder acceptable price range than that of low involved consumer. In other word, this confirmed that the level of involvement has a positive relationship with consumer’s acceptable price range. Third, significant statistical differences appeared in consumer’s acceptable price range by level of consumer knowledge and level of involvement. In instances of high involvement, consumers with comparatively more prior knowledge tended to have much narrower acceptable price range than those with a lesser degree of prior knowledge. Therefore, in a high involvement situation, prior knowledge can be seen to act as the motivational factor. Forth, significant statistical differences appeared in consumer’s reservation price by level of consumer knowledge and level of involvement. In instances of high involvement, consumers with comparatively more knowledge tended to have high reservation price than those with a lesser consumer knowledge. Based on these findings, this study suggest some marketing strategy guides to marketing managers for formulating pricing strategies and advertising strategies and theoretical implication and future direction are discussed. 제품의 가격결정은 제품원가나 경쟁기업의 가격보다 소비자의 가격지각이 더 중요한 역할을 할 때가 많다. 그런데, 소비자의 가격지각은 소비자가 제품이나 브랜드에 대하여 느끼는 기준가격으로서 준거가격에 따라 다르다. 본 연구는 소비자의 시장가격을 평가하기 위한 기준가격인 준거가격을 범위이론과 범위-범위 빈도이론에서 제시하는 수용가격범위로 측정하고 이에 영향을 미치는 소비자의 특성으로서 소비자지식과 관여도의 상호작용 효과에 대해 연구하였다. 또한 명품 브랜드와 같이 고가 제품이 가격지각에 미치는 영향을 감안하여 유보가격의 변화에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 즉, 본 연구는 소비자의 내적 특성인 소비자지식 및 관여도 수준이 준거가격으로서 수용가격범위와 유보가격에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 파악하는 연구이다. 연구결과 소비자지식 수준이 증가함에 따라 수용가격범위의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 반면에 관여도 수준이 높아짐에 따라 수용가격범위는 넓어지는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 관여수준이 높아질수록 소비자지식이 높은 소비자는 소비자지식이 낮은 소비자보다 수용가격범위가 더욱 좁아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 관여수준이 높아질수록 소비자지식이 많은 소비자보다 소비자지식이 적은 소비자의 유보가격이 상승하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 실무적이고 이론적인 시사점과 향후 연구방향에 대해 논의하였다.

환경, 인사부문의 전략적 참여, 인사시스템, 인사관리효과성 및 기업성과의 관계에 관한 연구

류성민(Seongmin Ryu),김성수(Seongsu Kim) 한국인사조직학회 2007 인사조직연구 Vol.15 No.1

  본 논문은 기업이 직면한 환경의 불확실성이 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여 및 몰입형 인사시스템에 미치는 영향과 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여 및 몰입형 인사시스템이 인사관리의 효과성과 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 연구 자료는 우리나라 사업체를 대상으로 수행된 한국노동연구원의 2003년도 사업체 패널조사 자료를 활용하였으며, 연구표본은 588개였다. 구조방정식 모형을 사용하여 자료를 분석한 결과, 기업이 직면한 환경의 불확실성이 높은 경우 불확실성을 감소시키기 위하여 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여정도와 몰입형 인사시스템의 활용정도가 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정참여정도는 몰입형 인사시스템의 활용정도 및 인사관리의 효과성 증대에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 몰입형 인사시스템의 활용은 인사관리의 효과성 및 기업성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 인사부문의 전략적 의사결정 참여는 기업성과에 직접적인 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 나타났으나, 몰입형 인사시스템 및 인사관리 효과성을 매개로 하여 간접적으로 기업성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의, 한계 및 추후연구과제에 대해 논의하였다.   Researchers in strategic human resource management (SHRM) have extensively studied various configurations of commitment-based human resource (HR) systems and their impact on firms’ performance. Many of them found that commitment-based HR systems generally promote extensive training, internal promotion and reduction of status differential between top and bottom of the hierarchy. They also found that commitment-based HR systems are related positively with firms’ performance.<BR>  However, we do not understand what makes firms strengthen strategic roles of HR departments and adopt commitment-based HR systems. In this paper, we try to fill this void in the SHRM literature by studying the impact of environmental uncertainty on HR involvement and commitmentbased HR system. We also study the impact of HR involvement and commitment-based HR system on HR effectiveness and firms’ performance. Specifically, we proposed the following hypotheses.<BR>  H1: Environmental uncertainty will be positively related to commitment-based HR system.<BR>  H2: Environmental uncertainty will be positively related to HR involvement.<BR>  H3: HR involvement will be positively related to commitment-based HR system.<BR>  H4: HR involvement will be positively related to HR effectiveness.<BR>  H5: HR involvement will be positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  H6: Commitment-based HR system will be positively related to HR effectiveness.<BR>  H7: Commitment-based HR system will be positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  H8: HR effectiveness will be positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  To test these hypotheses, we used the Panel Survey of Firms conducted by Korea Labor Institute (KLI) in 2003. Questionnaires were sent to 2,005 firms and 1,639 firms replied to the survey. After dropping questionnaires that contained unanswered items, the final sample size for this study was 588. Comparison of the sample with average Korean firms reveal that the sample is similar to the average firms in terms of industry composition, firm size, and financial performance.<BR>  Structural equations modeling analysis was used to analyze data. Fit indices revealed that our model specification was good. Results of structural equations modeling analyses revealed that all the hypotheses were supported except H5. That is, environmental uncertainty was positively related to HR involvement and commitment-based HR system. We also found that HR involvement was positively related to commitment-based HR system and HR effectiveness. Finally, commitment-based HR system was positively related to HR effectiveness and firms’ performance. However, HR involvement was not positively related with firms’ performance. In sum, HR involvement was not directly related to firms’ performance, rather it was positively related to commitment-based HR system and commitment-based HR system was positively related to firms’ performance.<BR>  Theoretical implications of this study are as follows. First, using resource-based view, we hypothesized that firms will increasingly use commitment-based HR system to counter environmental uncertainty. Our results supported our conjecture. Second, using the dynamic capability perspective, we hypothesized that firms will increase HR involvement when faced with environmental uncertainty. Our results also supported this hypothesis. Third, our results showed that HR involvement was positively related to the use of commitment-based HR system and the perceptions of HR effectiveness. Fourth, our results also showed that HR involvement was indirectly related to firms’ performance through the mediating effect of commitment-based HR systems and HR effectiveness.<BR>  Limitations of the study are as follows. First, we measured HR system at the policy level, instead of practice level which is thought to yie

An Exploratory Study on the Development of Sport Spectator Involvement Scale

Kim Ae-Rang(김애랑) 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2004 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.9 No.4

이제까지 선행되어온 모든 스포츠 소비자의 관여도에 대한 연구는 마케팅 분야에서 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 Consumer Involvement Profile (CIP)과 Personal Involvement Inventory (PII)를 측정도구로 사용하여 왔다. 스포츠 소비자 특히 프로스포츠 관중은 일반 소비자와 그 특성이 구별되어 한다. 그러므로 특정한 프로 스포츠 팀, 프로 스포츠 리그, 또는 경기에 대한 프로스포츠 관중의 관여도를 분석하는 측정도구는 일반소비자의 상품에 대한 관여도 또는 광고에 대한 관여도를 분석하는 측정도구와는 구별되어 사용되어야 한다. 본 연구는 프로스포츠 관중의 관여도 측정을 위한 측정도구 개발에 그 목적이 있다. 602명의 프로농구 관중 (KBL과 WKBL)을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 이중 자료 분석에 적합한 511(84.9%)명의 응답만이 본 연구에 사용되었다. 문헌연구를 통한 요인항목 추출, 전문가 집단에의 한 내용 타당도 분석, 요인분석을 통한 구성타당도 분석, 신뢰도 분석을 통하여 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 프로스포츠 관중의 관여도 수준을 측정하기 위하여 개발된 SSIS (Sport Spectator Involvement Scale)는 사회, 심리적 관여도 7문항 (Cronbach's α=.91)과 행동적 관여도 12문항 (Cronbach's α=.94)의 2개요인 총19 문항으로 구성되었다. Despite the fact that the concept of involvement has been frequently examined as an essential predictor of consumer behavior in marketing and leisure studies (e.g., Arora, 1993; Havitz & Dimanche, 1990), little research has focused on sport spectator involvement in the field of sport marketing. In addition, all the previous sport spectator involvement studies used instruments developed in marketing research for the main purpose of measuring consumer involvement with manufactured products. Since sport spectators are the unique group of individuals whose consumer behaviors are considered to be different from those of typical consumers, applying the same construct, which measures the consumer involvement with manufactured products, to sport spectators is not appropriate. Thus, the present study was designed to develop an instrument assessing sport spectator involvement. This study identified 19 items with two factors of sport spectator involvement, behavioral involvement (12 items) and socio-psychological involvement (7 items).