Relationships between Leadership, Exercise Flow, and Athletic Performance as Perceived by Female Taekwondo Players

( Eun Ji Kim ),( Myung Kyu Jung ),( Shin Ja Lim ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-

Purpose: Multi-precedent studies report that Exercise Flow has a positive effect on athletic performance, and the level of Exercise Flow can be determined by leadership that leaders show. Given this fact, it is anticipated that leadership, Exercise Flow, athletic performance would have correlative associations. Yet, there have been few researches about the validity test of all of the relationships. In this regard, the purpose of the current study is to determine the right leadership for female Taekwondo players and to develop the best method for enhancing their athletic performance. To achieve the purpose, this study is going to investigate the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Leaders’ leadership as perceived by female Taekwondo players influences Exercise Flow. Hypothesis 2: Leaders’ leadership as perceived by female Taekwondo players influences athletic performance. Hypothesis 3: Female Taekwondo players’ Exercise Flow influences athletic performance. Methods: As the population group, this research study selected female Taekwondo players who were attending middle and high schools, targeting the player participants in the 46th National Association of Taekwondo Competition and the 25th Minister of Defense of Taekwondo Championship. We limited the number of research subjects to 362. The research tools utilized in this study were modified and complemented based on the questionnaire tested through precedent studies. The questionnaire consisted of 30 questions (3 questions of demographic features, 16 leaders’ leadership questions, 8 Exercise Flow questions, and 3 athletic performance questions) with a Likert scale of 5 points. Specifically, Taekwondo leaders’ leadership was studied with the tool of Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) devel-oped by Chelladurai and Saleh (1980). Exercise Flow activities were studied by modifying and complementing a questionnaire developed by Jeong (1997). Lastly, athletic performance was studied by modifying and complementing questions devised by Fiedler and Bil-lo (1973). In order to test the validity and reliability of the research tools, we implemented convergent validity and internal consistency with the use of confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s α coefficient. Frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation were conducted with PASW/PC 23 and AMOS 18.0. The significance of the indirect effect was tested with Bootstrapping. Results: This research study conducted causal relations of each variable by establishing research hypothesis (H1~ H3). First, Hypothesis 1 assumed that leaders’ leadership perceived by female Taekwondo players would have effects on Exercise Flow. This hypothesis was proved statistically significant with a 0.721 path coefficient (t = 6.828, p = 0.000) and adopted. Second, Hypothesis 2 assumed that leaders’ leadership perceived by female Taekwondo players would have effects on athletic performance. This hypothesis was proved statistically significant with a 0.227 path coefficient (t = 1.969, p = 0.050) and adopted. Third, Hypothesis 3 assumed that Exercise Flow in female Taekwondo players would have effects on athletic performance. This hypothesis was proved statistically significant with a 0.671 path coefficient (t = 7.503, p = 0.000) and adopted. According to the causal effects analysis of research models, the total effect of leaders’ leadership perceived by female Taekwondo players on Exercise Flow reached 0.721, while that of Exercise Flow on athletic performance accounted for 0.711. Lastly, regarding the influences of leaders’ leadership on athletic performance perceived by players, the direct, indirect, and total effects reached 0.227, 0.484, and 0.671, respectively. The indirect effect measured with the use of Bootstrapping was significant. Also, it was found that the causal effect of the all the research models was measured as 2.103. Conclusions: There were correlations between athletic performance of female Taekwondo players, leaders’ leadership, and players’ Exercise Flow. In this context, it is considered that leadership and Exercise Flow perceived by female Taekwondo players are the important factors for improving athletic performance. Taking this into account, the method for enhancing players’ athletic performance should be pursued by understanding and applying the type of leadership suitable for female Taekwondo players and should consider the specific differences between female and male Taekwondo players to achieve a higher level of Exercise Flow. *

생활체육 참여자의 긍정착각이 운동열정과 운동수행에 미치는 영향

박영호(Park, Young-Ho),최환석(Choi, Hwan-Suk) 한국체육과학회 2015 한국체육과학회지 Vol.24 No.5

The aim of this study is to suggest basic materials for solution search which can improve participants’ exercise performance & enjoyment by looking into the influence of positive illusion, which has a lot of influences on performing ability of participants in Sport for All, on participants’ exercise passion and exercise performance. The research results are as follows: First, it was found that in the influence of positive illusion on exercise passion, self-enhancement bias, illusion of control, and optimism factors had an influence on obsession, and harmony factors of exercise passion. Second, the results indicated that in the influence of positive illusion on exercise performance, self-enhancement bias, illusion of control, and optimism factors had an influence on possibility, tendency and optimism factors of exercise performance. Third, in the influence of exercise passion on exercise performance, the obsession & harmony factors of exercise passion were found to have an influence on possibility, tendency and optimism factors of exercise performance. Accordingly, it"s learned that the positive illusion, which has an influence on participation in Sport for All, had an influence on exercise passion and exercise performance; hereupon, it"s recommended that instructors in Sport for All should make a lot of efforts so that participants can have a positive thinking in their participation in sports activity and daily living.

운동이 유전자 조절물질에 미치는 영향에 관한 고찰

엄기매,양윤권,김태우,Um, Ki-Mai,Yang, Yoon-Kwon,Kim, Tae-Woo 대한물리치료과학회 2001 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.8 No.1

The purpose of study to phenomenological examine and the mechanism regarding the gene(DNA, RNA, Protein) and sports to studied, analyzed. and evaluated. This review considers the evidence for genetic effects in several determinants of endurance performance and resistance performance, namely: body measurements and physique, body fat pulmonary functions, cardiac and circulatory functions, muscle characteristics. substrate utilization, maximal aerobic power and other. Moreover, the response to aerobic training of indicators aerobic work metabolism and endurance performance is reviewed, with emphasis on the specificity of the response and the individual differences observed in training ability. This study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. and think that occurred with exercise influence on skeletal muscle into cell have to Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) changed was after exercise performance, which accompanied into skeletal muscle that were exercise-induces gene-modulation that is, take gene mutations. This study known that existed hormone(epinephrine)-immune system with interaction. Exercise were altered insulin binding and MAP Kinase signaling increased into immune cells. This review suggested that the high rate of glutamine utilization by cells of the immune system serves to maintain a high intra cellular concentration of the intermediates of biosynthetic pathways such that optimal rates of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis can be maintained. In the absence of glutamine, lymphocytes do not proliferate in vitro: proliferation increase greatly as the glutamine concentration increase. Glutamine is synthesized in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle and plasma glutamine levels are lowered by sepsis, injury, bums, surgery and endurance exercise and in the overtrained athlete. The study of result show that production of ET-1 is markedly increased tissue specifically in the heart by exercise without appreciable changes in endothelin-converting enzyme and endothelial receptor expressions, suggest that myocardial ET-1 may participate in modulation of cardiac function during exercise. Conclusionally, this study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. This study is expected to contribute the area of sports science, medicine, hereafter more effort is required to establish the relation between gene alters and exercise amount.

간단한 운동상담이 환자의 운동실행에 미치는 영향

최경호,문귀옥,강재헌,양윤준 인제대학교 1999 仁濟醫學 Vol.20 No.2

Background: Regular exercise is known to be useful for health promotion and disease prevention. Especially, exercise has a beneficial impact on coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, obesity, mental health, cancer and other diseases. In spite of these influences of exercise, physicians do not spend their time to prescribe exercise, because they have not enough time during their busy practice. According to a study in U.S.A, four out of five patients have never been told by their physicians to exercise. So we performed this study to verify the effectiveness of brief exercise prescription to improve exercise performance. Methods: From June 1996 to August 1996, data were collected from hypertensive and diabetic patients who visited department of family medicine, Sang-Gye Paik Hospital. Case and control groups were randomized by table of random numbers Control group received structurized exercise prescription brochure only, and case group received brief exercise counseling from a physician with structurized exercise prescription brochure. One month later, we analysed the exercise performance rate between case and control group. Results: Total number of subjects were 138. 34 patients(24.6%) were male and 104 patients(75.4%) were female. Patients less than 30 years old were 7 patients(5.1%), 30-39 years old were 20 patients(14.5%), 40-49 years old were 25 patients(18.1%), 50-59 years old were 49 patients(35.5%) and over 60 years old were 37 patients(26.8%). 44 patients(61.1%) of case group and 44 patients(78.6%) of control group were performing exercise regularly. Exercise performance rate in female (71.4% in case group, 75% in control group) was higher than that in male(25% in case group, 44.4% in control group) . Exercise performance rate was the highest in patients between 50-59 years old in both case(40.9% ) and control group(50%). Conclusion: There were no increment in exercise performance rate in case group after brief exercise counseling by a physician with structurized exercise prescription brochure.

운동 치료 연구에 영향을 주는 연구대상자의 참여도와 충실도 조사

최보람,Choi, Bo ram 대한물리치료과학회 2021 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Background: The present study was performed to examine the factors required for active engagement of participants in exercise therapy by surveying the frequency of participation, fidelity of performance, and supporting materials and rewards provided to encourage participation in the study. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The survey was conducted in a population of 103 participants in at least one exercise treatment study. A 12-item questionnaire was designed to determine the frequency of exercise participation and fidelity of participant performance. Results: The results were subjected to frequency analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. The subjects were less likely to exercise with the therapist and less likely to exercise at home. In addition, the provision of supplementary materials, to be considered when exercising at home, was insufficient. A strong positive correlation was found between the frequency of exercise in the presence of a therapist and the fidelity of participant performance (r=0.812, p=0.001), whereas a weak negative correlation was found between the frequency of unperformed exercises and the fidelity of participant performance (r=-0.523, p=0.023). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that it is necessary to increase the number of times that exercises are performed with the therapist to motivate increased frequency of exercise participation and fidelity of participant performance. In addition, appropriate rewards and periodic management are required.

The Relationship among Stress, Exercise Flow and Exercise Exhaustion of College Soccer Players

Sunghoon Kim,Changyoung Kim,Gaptaik Ro J-INSTITUTE 2022 Kinesiology Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: Soccer, as the most representative team sport, is an event that shows the best performance by forming organizational and cohesiveness within the team through interactions between leaders and players and players and players. Also, soccer players feel various psychological changes and experience stress, which is a negative emotional or psychological state in various situations such as maladaptation to the environment, defeat, and immaturity in performance. Athlete Stress, exercise flow and exercise exhaustion of college football players are highly correlated with each other, and it is necessary to understand the relationship between various variables to effectively cope with stress for players to improve their performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationship between stress, exercise flow, and exercise exhaustion of college football players. Method: In this study, a questionnaire was conducted through convenience sampling among 250 college soc-cer players belonging to the University Soccer Federation, and among them, 215 copies of the questionnaire were analyzed according to the purpose of the study, excluding 35 copies of the questionnaires that were answered insincerely. To achieve the purpose of this study, frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability verification, and correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 21.0, and the structural equation model was verified. Results: The mean of each variable was 2.524 to 4.516, and the standard deviation was .613 to 1.464. As a result of examining the kurtosis and skewness values for normality verification, the skewness was .903 to .384, and the kurtosis was from .975 to -.026. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, χ²=99.092(df=41, p<.001, Q=2.417), TLI=903, CFI=.928, RMSEA=.081, and the standardization coefficient were .627-939. appear. Exercise stress was found to have a negative effect on exercise commitment. Exercise stress was found to have a positive effect on exercise exhaustion. Exercise commitment was found to have a negative effect on exercise exhaustion. Conclusion: Based on the results, the necessity of developing a stress management program to improve the performance of college football players and applying it to the current situation was suggested. The necessity of developing a stress management program to improve the performance of college football players and Stress has a negative effect on exercise flow, which means that systematic stress management is required for athletes. Second, stress is a variable that directly affects exercise exhaustion. Finally, exercise flow helps to lower exercise exhaustion. As a suggestion based on this research results, it is necessary to efficiently manage the stress of soccer players by exploring the stress factors of elementary, middle, and high school soccer players. Second, it is neces-sary to develop a program that can efficiently manage stress for college football players and analyze the effect by applying it to the field. Lastly, since the psychological state of the coaches directly affects the players, it is neces-sary to efficiently manage the stress of the coaches through research on the stress factors of the coaches as well as the players.

Social Support of Taekwondo Athletes on Exercise Stress and Athletic Performance

( Sun Mun Park ),( Jae Eun Lee ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social support of Taekwondo athletes on exercise stress and athletic performance. Methods: The subjects were sampled by using cluster random sampling after setting the population for Taekwondo athletes in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gwangju, and the region in 2015. There were 358 participants (200 men and 150 women) selected for the study. Frequency, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 18.0 for Windows. Results: First, Taekwondo athletes' social support exercise stress factors had a significant effect on team related stress, performance related stress, and life related stress. It also had 3.5%, 4.1%, and 5% explanatory power, respectfully. Second, the social support of Taekwondo athletes had a significant effect on the performance of sports performance and athletic performance. Also, 10.7% and 29.8% of the respondents have explanatory power, respectfully. Third, exercise stress of Taekwondo athletes had a significant effect on the performance of sports performance and athletic performance. Also, it showed 13.2% and 10.4% explanatory power, respectively. Conclusions: First, social support of Taekwondo athletes partially affects exercise stress. In other words, the higher the instrumental support, the higher the stress related to team, performance, and personal life. Second, social support of Taekwondo athletes partially affects the athletic performance. In other words, the higher the emotional and material support, the higher the performance. The higher the emotional, material, and instrumental support, the higher the performance of the athletic life. Third, exercise stress of Taekwondo athletes partially affects their athletic performance. Thus, the lower the environmental stress, the higher the performance of team related, performance related, and personal life related stress.

운동재활 프로그램이 발달장애아동의 운동수행능력에 미치는 영향: 재활서비스 지원사업 수혜아동 중심으로

윤형준(Hyung-Jun Yun) 한국발달장애학회 2020 발달장애연구 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구는 발달장애아동의 운동수행능력을 향상시키기 위한 운동재활 프로그램의 개발과 적용을 통해 그 효과를 알아보는 데 있다. 이를 위해 현재 재활서비스 지원사업을 통해 운동프로그램을 제공 받고 있는 발달장애아동을 대상으로 장애 및 발달 특성을 고려한 운동재활 프로그램을 구안하여 적용하였다. 연구참여자는 발달장애로 진단받은 만13∼15세 중학생 3명을 대상으로 하였으며, 연구 방법은 기초선, 중재와 유지회기로 구성한 대상자간 중다간헐기초선 설계방법을 사용하였다. 참여자의 운동수행능력은 MPP(Motor Performance Profile)의 인지적 수행능력과 신체적 수행능력 평가기록 분석을 통해 측정하였다. 연구결과, 운동재활 프로그램이 발달장애아동의 인지적 수행능력과 신체적 수행능력에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났으며, 운동재활 프로그램 종료 후 유지기간에도 기초선 기간과 비교하여 높은 수준의 인지적 수행능력과 신체적 수행능력을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 통해 재활서비스 지원사업안에서 운동재활 프로그램이 효과적으로 활용될 것을 기대한다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the development and application of exercise rehabilitation programs to improve exercise performance of children with developmental disabilities. To this end, we designed and applied an exercise rehabilitation program to children with developmental disabilities who are currently receiving exercise programs through rehabilitation service support projects. The study participants included three middle school students aged 13-15 who were diagnosed with developmental disability. Participants exercise performance was measured by analyzing cognitive performance and physical performance evaluation records of MPP (Motor Performance Profile). The results showed that the exercise rehabilitation program had a positive effect on the cognitive performance and physical performance of children with developmental disabilities. It has been shown to maintain ability and physical performance. Based on the above results, we expect that the exercise rehabilitation program will be effectively used in the rehabilitation service support project

볼링동호인의 신체적 자기개념과 운동정서, 운동지속수행의 인과 관계

김재원(Jae Won Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2011 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.43

This research was conducted from 235 club members who were regularly participating bowling exercise at blowing clubs. Goal of the research was to investigate the relationships among Physical self-concept, exercise affect and Exercise continuation performance, and PSDQ, Korean model of exercise affect measure, and EAS were used as analysis tools. For analyzing data, Frequency analysis, Factor analysis, Cronbach`s alpha, Oneway ANOVA, Correlation, and Stepwise multiple regression analysis were used. Results are follow. Firstly, there were relationships among all the factors of Physical self-concept, Exercise affect, and Exercise continuation performance by Career except Appearance and Body fat of Physical self-concept. Secondly, there were correlations among all the sub factors except Flexibility of Physical self-concept, Appearance and Exercise affect, health and Exercise continuation performance. Thirdly, Physical self-concept of bowling club members affected on Exercise continuation performance and Exercise affect, and Exercise affect affected on Exercise continuation performance.

운동전 BCAA 투여가 혈중 아미노산과 암모니아 생성 및 운동수행력에 미치는 영향

문희원,김정규 한국운동과학회 2003 운동과학 Vol.12 No.2

문희원, 김정규. 운동전 BCAA 투여가 혈중 아미노산과 암모니아 생성 및 운동수행력에 미치는 영향. 운동과학, 제12권 제2호, 277-286, 2003. 본 연구의 목적은 운동 전 BCAA를 투여함으로서 선행 연구들에서 제시하고 있는 BCAA의 에너지원으로서의 역할과 피로 유발의 조기 진전 가능성에 대한 대사적 양면성을 실질적인 운동 수행력과 BCAA의 대사 과정에 중추적인 역할을 하고 있는 혈중 아미노산과 암모니아 생성 변화를 통하여 고찰하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 대상자는 체육학 전공 학생 10명을 대상으로 운동전 전완정맥을 통한 BCAA 투여에 따른 각 피험자의 상대적 운동 강도인 VO₂max75% 운동 강도에서 피로 발생 시점까지 트레드밀에서 운동을 수행하게 하였다. BCAA 투여에 따른 총 운동수행시간에 있어서는 BCAA 투여 조건에서 약간 높은 수행력을 보였으나, 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다(p>.05). 혈중 총 BCAA 농도는 운동이 진행됨에 따라서 두 가지 서로 다른 실험 조건 모두 감소하는 양상을 보였으며, 안정시와 운동 30분 시점에 BCAA 투여 조건에서 더 높은 혈중 BCAA 농도를 보여 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 발견되었다(p<.05). 혈중 glutamate 농도는 운동 30분대까지 두 가지 서로 다른 실험 조건 모두 감소하는 양상을 보이다가, 운동 종료시점에서 약간 증가하는 형태를 보였으며, 안정시에 BCAA 투여 조건에서 더 낮은 혈중 glutamale 농도를 보여 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 발견되었다(p<.05). 혈중 alanine 농도는 운동이 진행됨에 따라서 두 가지의 서로 다른 실험 조건 모두 증가하는 양상을 보였으며, 운동 종료 시점에서 BCAA 투여 조건에서 더 높은 혈중 alanine 농도를 보여 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 발견되었다(p<.05). 혈중 암모니아 농도는 운동이 진행됨에 따라 두 가지의 서로 다른 실험 조건 모두 증가하는 양상을 보였으나, BCAA 투여 조건에 따라서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 발견되지 않았다(p>.05). 결론적으로, 본 연구에서는 선행 연구들에서 제시하고 있는 BCAA의 에너지원으로서의 역할에 있어서는 운동수행력을 증가시킬 수 있는 ergogenic 효과 자체는 매우 미미하다고 볼 수 있으며, 오히려 운동 초기에 빠른 글리코겐의 고갈을 유도하여 조기에 피로를 진전시킬 수 있는 잠재적 가능성이 더 높다고 결론 내릴 수 있다. Moon, H.W., Kim, J.K. The effects of pre-exercise BCAA injection on blood amino acids levels, ammonia production and exercise performance. Exercise Science, 12(2): 277-286, 2003. The subjects of present study were 10 university students. All subjects participated in VO₂max test to calculate their 75% VO₂max workload and they took part in two different kinds of experimental conditions; one was pre-exercise BCAA injection condition(CON-1) and the other was non-BCAA injection condition(CON-2). There was no significant different in the total exercise performance between CON-1 and CON-2 Pre-exercise BCAA injection significant increased blood total BCAA level at rest and 30 min after starting exercise(p<.05). There was significant BCAA injection effect with mean blood resting glutamate concentration between CON-1 and CON-2(p<.05). The blood alanine concentration tended to be elevated during exercise for both experimental conditions and pre-exercise BCAA injection significant increased blood alanine level at the end of the exercise test(p<.05). The blood ammonia production was increased during exercise, but there was no significant difference between experimental conditions(p>.05). In this study, there was no positive effect of pre-exercise BCAA injection on exercise performance and ergogenic effect. The increased oxidation of BCAA during exercise could lead to premature fatigue.