빈곤이 청소년의 학교적응에 미치는 영향: 누적위험요인의 매개효과를 중심으로

김서현,구혜완,백수정,정익중 한국학교사회복지학회 2015 학교사회복지 Vol.0 No.31

The purpose of this study is to examine whether the cumulative risk factors play a mediating role in the relationship between poverty and school adjustment on the basis of each domain that constituted the cumulative risk factors: individual, traumatic experience, family, and community factors. For the analysis, the third and fifth-wave data of Korea Youth Panel Survey administered by National Youth Policy Institute were utilized. The results were as follows: First, it was found that poverty had a negative effect on academic achievement and satisfaction with school life. Second, it was found that the cumulative risk factors had a negative effect on academic achievement and satisfaction with school life. However, when the cumulative risk factors were investigated on the domain basis, individual and family factors were found to be negatively significant in academic achievement while individual, traumatic experience and family factors were found to be negatively significant in satisfaction with school life. Third, the cumulative risk factors partially mediated the relationship between poverty and academic achievement but fully mediated the relationship between poverty and satisfaction with school life. When the cumulative risk factors were verified on the domain basis, it was observed that only individual and family factors partially mediated the relationship between poverty and the academic achievement, while individual, traumatic experience and family factors fully mediated the relationship between poverty and satisfaction with school life. As such, these results suggest that the cumulative effects of many environmental risk factors could be different on the domain basis in the relationship between poverty and adolescents’ school adjustment. 본 연구의 목적은 빈곤과 청소년의 학교적응 간 관계에서 누적위험요인이 매개역할을 하는지 누적위험요인의 영역별(개인, 외상경험, 가족, 지역사회 요인)로 비교 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 한국청소년정책연구원에서 실시한 한국청소년패널조사(KYPS) 중2패널 3차년도와 5차년도 자료를 사용하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 빈곤은 청소년의 학업성취와 학교생활만족에 모두 부적(-)으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 빈곤을 고려한 상태에서 누적위험요인은 청소년의 학업성취와 학교생활만족에 모두 부적(-) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 누적위험요인을 영역별로 분석하면, 학업성취에 대해서는 가족요인, 개인요인이 부적(-)으로 유의미하였고 학교생활만족에 대해서는 개인요인, 가족요인, 외상경험요인이 부적(-)으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 누적위험요인은 빈곤과 학업성취 간 관계를 부분매개하였고 빈곤과 학교생활만족 간 관계는 완전매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 누적위험요인을 영역별로 구분하여 검증하였을 때, 빈곤과 학업성취에 대해서는 개인요인과 가족요인만이 부분매개를 하였고, 빈곤과 학교생활만족 간 관계에서는 개인요인, 외상경험요인, 가족요인이 완전매개를 하였다. 이와 같이 본 연구는 빈곤과 청소년의 학교적응 간 관계에서 누적위험요인의 영향이 영역별로 다를 수 있음을 규명하였다는 의의가 있다.

빈곤이 아동발달에 미치는 영향

장희선(Hee Sun Jang),김기현(Ki Hyun Kim) 한국아동복지학회 2014 한국아동복지학 Vol.- No.47

본 연구의 목적은 아동발달에 대한 빈곤의 영향을 빈곤 환경 내에 존재하는 다양한 위험요인의 중첩(즉, 누적적 위험요인)으로 설명하고자 함이다. 이를 위하여, 본 연구는 아동발달에 대한 빈곤과 누적적 위험요인의 영향수준을 비교한 뒤, 누적적 위험요인이 빈곤과 아동발달 간 관계를 매개하는지 살펴보았다. 분석 자료로는 한국복지패널 4차년도 자료를 활용하였고, 해당 자료에서 437명의 중학생을 분석 대상으로 삼았다. 아동발달은 아동의 학업성적과 우울·불안, 비행으로 살펴보았다. 연구결과, 빈곤은 아동의 학업성적에만 부적 관련성을 가질 뿐 우울·불안 및 비행과는 유의한 관련성을 갖지 못하였다. 그러나 학업성적에 대한 빈곤의 영향은 누적적 위험요인이 모형에 투입되자 그 유의함이 사라지는 것으로 나타났다. 검정 결과, 빈곤과 학업성적 간 관계는 누적적 위험요인에 의해 완전 매개되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면, 누적적 위험요인은 빈곤을 고려했을 때 아동의 학업성적과는 부적 관련성을, 우울·불안 및 비행과는 정적 관련성을 나타냈다. 그러나 누적적 위험요인은 빈곤과 우울·불안 및 비행 간 관계를 매개하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 본 연구는 아동의 빈곤환경 내에 존재하는 누적적 위험요인의 중요성을 제시하였고, 이를 통해 빈곤가정 아동에 대한 실천 및 정책 개입 방향은 환경 내의 다양한 위험요인을 완화시키는 방향으로 모색되어야 할 필요성을 제안하였다. The purpose of this study was to explain the effect of poverty on children`s development in terms of cumulative risk factors. First, we compared the effects of poverty on the children`s development with those of cumulative risk factors. Then, we explored the mediating role of cumulative risk factors in the relationship between poverty and child development. The children`s development was measured with academic performance, depression and anxiety, as well as delinquency. The Korea Welfare Panel Study(KoWePS) 4th year data (n=437) was used and analyzed for this study. The results showed that poverty had a negative effect on academic performance. However, the effect of poverty on academic performance disappeared when cumulative risk factors were introduced in the analytic model. Cumulative risk factors were negatively related to academic performance. They increased the level of depression and anxiety, as well as delinquency, even after controlling for the effect of poverty. Finally, cumulative risk factors mediated the relationship between poverty and academic performance. Based upon the results, the study suggests that the cumulative risk factors should be taken into account in understanding the effects of poverty on children`s development. Policy and practice implications were discussed and future research directions were suggested.

방임이 아동의 내재화 문제에 미치는 영향: 누적위험요인의 매개효과를 중심으로

전혜숙,전종설 한국학교사회복지학회 2020 학교사회복지 Vol.0 No.51

The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effects of cumulative risk factors on the relationship between neglect and depression and social withdrawal as internalizing problems among children. Regression analysis was performed with 2,067 children of the 6th-wave data in 1th grades of elementary school from the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey. The results showed that neglect had a direct effect on both depression and social withdrawal. In addition, it was found that the cumulative risk factors had a positive effect on depression and social withdrawal. Moreover, the relationship between neglect and depression and social withdrawal was partially mediated by cumulative risk factors. Based on the findings, we suggest clinical implications for services and programs to reduce child neglect and cumulative risk factors to predict and mitigate internalizing problems among children. 본 연구의 목적은 아동방임과 우울 및 사회적 위축이라는 내재화 문제의 관계에서 누적위험요인의 매개효과를 검증하여 사회복지 함의를 모색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 한국아동․청소년패널조사(Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey)의 초 1패널 6차년도 2,067명을 분석하였다. 회귀분석 결과, 방임은 아동 내재화 문제인 우울과 사회적 위축 모두에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 누적위험요인은 아동의 우울 및 사회적 위축에 직접적 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 이와 더불어 누적위험요인은 방임과 우울의 관계, 방임과 사회적 위축의 관계에서 부분 매개하는 것으로 검증되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 아동의 내재화 문제 예방 및 감소를 위해 아동방임 문제 완화, 누적위험요인의 감소를 위한 실천방안을 제시하였다.

아동학대가 청소년 온라인/오프라인 비행에 미치는 영향: 누적위험요인의 매개효과를 중심으로

백수정,정익중 한국청소년복지학회 2018 청소년복지연구 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of child abuse on adolescents’ offline and online delinquency and to verify the mediating effect of cumulative risk factors on the relationship between child abuse and adolescents’ delinquency. Data were obtained from Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, which is the panel of the 4th graders of elementary school in 5th year collected by National Youth Policy Institute. 2,070 responses except for incomplete responses were analyzed. The major findings of this study are shown as follows. First, child abuse had a positive effect on adolescents’ offline and online delinquency. It implies that if parents’ attitude toward nurturing is almost abuse, adolescents can more commit offline and online delinquency. Therefore, considering that adolescents’ delinquency is caused by another violence, preventive measures to decrease violence and abuse happening in the family is primarily necessary. Second, it was identified that cumulative risk factors partially mediated the relationship between child abuse and adolescents’ offline and online delinquency. It suggests that intensive interventions in target groups exposed to risk factors on the basis of findings on the danger of child abuse are necessary because child abuse influences not only the adolescent development but also cumulative risk factor. These interventions will be an important method to help adolescent victims exposed to abuse to break a vicious circle. It is meaningful that we introduced a new approach by utilizing cumulative risk factors in child abuse research. Based on these findings, we suggested several implications for healthy development of adolescents suffering from child abuse. 본 연구는 아동학대가 청소년의 온라인/오프라인 비행에 영향을 미치는지, 그리고 그 관계에서 누적위험요인이 매개효과가 있는지를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 한국청소년정책연구원에서 실시한 한국아동청소년패널조사(Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey) 초4패널 5차년도 자료를 사용하였으며, 분석에 사용된 표본은 결측을 제외한 2,070명이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아동학대는 청소년 온라인/오프라인 비행에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 부모의 양육태도가 학대 수준에 이르게 되면 청소년이 온라인/오프라인 비행에 더 많이 가담할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이에 따라 청소년의 비행은 또 다른 폭력의 피해에서 비롯된다는 관점에서 보았을 때, 일차적으로는 가정에서 이루어지는 학대와 폭력을 감소시킬 수 있는 예방책의 마련이 필요하다. 둘째, 누적위험요인의 매개효과를 살펴본 결과, 누적위험요인은 아동학대와 청소년 온라인/오프라인 비행 간 관계를 부분매개 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 청소년 발달에 아동학대가 영향을 미치는 동시에 위험요인의 누적이라는 맥락에서 그 위험성을 파악한 것을 토대로 청소년 집단 중 위험요인을 많이 갖고 있는 표적 집단을 찾아 집중적인 개입이 필요함을 시사한다. 이는 비행의 위험에 노출된 피학대청소년이 폭력의 전이라는 악순환에서 벗어날 수 있도록 하는 중요한 개입방법이 될 것이다. 본 연구는 아동학대 연구에 누적위험요인을 도입하여 새로운 접근방식을 제시하였다는 것에 의의가 있으며, 피학대아동의 건강한 발달을 위한 청소년복지의 함의를 제시하였다.

자동차 조립라인에서의 인간공학적 위험요인 평가에 관한 연구

郭賢錫,白南園 서울大學校保健大學院 1998 國民保健硏究所硏究論叢 Vol.8 No.2

There are many ergonomic risk factors such as awkward postures, forceful exertions, repetition, vibration and cold temperature in automobile assembly lines. This survey was conducted in automobile assembly lines that produce 4-wheel vehicles and vans. ANSIZ-365 Quick Check and modified NIOSH questionnaire are used for evaluation of ergonomic risk factors and self-reported symptoms of workers. Direct observation of awkward postures, repetition, manual lifting, the use of power tools, contact stress, static posture and working environment was performed by two raters. Agreement of two raters is evaluated with Cohen's K(kappa). The validity of ANSI Z-365 is evaluated as Pearson's coefficient of correlation with symptoms. 92 sites was observed, and 517 questionnaires were obtained for analysis. The results are as follows: 1. Inter-rater variability was evaluated with Cohen's K9kappa) and percentage. The range of risk factor's K and percentage were 0.28-0.72, 64.0-89.8%, respectively. 2. The number of sites which risk factors exceed the lower risk threshold is 66(76.75), and 20 sites(23.3%) were in the lower risk category. Frame and Trim line are higher risk group than any others, and the risk of PBS line is low. 3. The range of positive percentage is 57.1%(Chassis)-80.4%(Trim). 4. The correlation range between postural scores and body-part's scores was 0.26-0.63, but there were no statistical significances(p>0.05). 5. It may happen the problem that ergonomic risk is underestimated if ANSI Z-365 is used only tool for evaluation. Therefore simultaneously, biomechanic evaluation and physical load measurement must be considered and applicated.

청소년의 누적 가정위험요인과 학교적응과의 관계 : 자기 효능감의 조절효과

김윤경,한상철 미래를 여는 청소년학회 2020 미래청소년학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between cumulative family risk factors and school adjustment among adolescents in vocational high schools. The subjects of this study are a total 840 adolescents in 7 vocational high schools in Daegu Metropolitan City. Among them 790 students' data were analyzed. SPSS 23.0 program was used for the collected data and descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis and hierarchical moderated regression analysis were applied. The conclusions from this study are as follows. First, the cumulative family risk factors of adolescents have a significant influence on school adjustment. In other words, greater experience with cumulative family risk factors meant greater difficulty with school adjustment. Second, the self-efficacy of adolescents have a significant influence on school adjustment. Self-efficacy of adolescents was found to have a significant influence on teacher relationship, peer relationship, and school class relationship in connection with school adjustment. Thus, higher level of self-efficacy meant less school adjustment difficulty. Third, according to the results of testing the moderating effects of protective factors on the relationship between cumulative family risk factors and school adjustment, the self-efficacy have a moderating effect that helped mitigate the negative impact of cumulative family risk factors on school adjustment. These results suggest that the cumulative family risk factors of adolescents have a significant influence on school adjustment and that particularly the self-efficacy meaningfully moderates the relationship between cumulative family risk factors and school adjustment. Therefore, it is necessary to help school adjustment by decrease family risk factors while also prescription the protective factors like self-efficiency. 본 연구는 특성화 고등학교 청소년을 대상으로 누적 가정위험요인과 학교적응과의 관계에서 자기 효능감의 조절효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 대구광역시 특성화 고등학교 총 7개교의 청소년 840명이며, 이들 중 790명의 자료를 분석하였다. SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 사용하여 기술통계 분석, 상관분석, 위계적 조절회귀분석을 적용하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 누적 가정위험요인은 학교적응에 의미있는 영향을 미친다. 즉, 누적 가정위험요인의 경험이 많을수록 학교 적응곤란을 더 많이 겪는다. 둘째, 청소년의 자기 효능감은 학교적응에 의미있는 영향을 미친다. 청소년의 자기 효능감은 학교적응의 교사관계, 또래관계, 학교수업관계에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타남으로써 자기 효능감 수준이 높을수록 학교 적응곤란이 감소된다. 셋째, 청소년의 누적 가정위험요인과 학교적응과의 관계에서 자기 효능감은 누적 가정위험요인이 학교적응에 미치는 부정적 영향을 완충하는 조절효과를 갖는다. 이러한 결과는 청소년의 누적 가정위험요인이 학교적응에 의미있는 영향을 미치며, 특히 자기 효능감이 누적 가정위험요인과 학교적응과의 관계를 의미있게 조절하는 보호요인임을 밝혀주고 있다. 따라서 가정위험요인을 감소시킴과 동시에 자기 효능감과 같은 개인적 보호요인을 강화함으로써 학교적응을 도와줄 필요가 있다.

유아기 발달에 대한 생애 초기 가족 누적위험요인의 영향

장영은(Young Eun Chang) 한국아동복지학회 2016 한국아동복지학 Vol.- No.54

본 연구는 영유아 시기에 경험하는 생애 초기 가족의 누적위험요인이 가정학습환경을 통해 유아의 언어 및 사회성 발달에 영향을 미치는 구조적 모델을 검증하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 만 3세 유아의 언어발달은 표현어휘력으로, 사회성 발달은 또래 유능성으로 나타내었다. 한국아동패널(PSKC)의 2차년도와 4차년도 자료를 이용하여, 1,725가족을 대상으로 분석을 실시하였다. 상관관계 분석 및 구조방정식모델링 기법을 통하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선, 만 1세 누적위험요인과 만 3세 누적위험요인 간 상관관계는 높아, 누적위험요인의 종단적 지속성을 시사하였다. 만 1세 누적위험요인은 만 3세 가정학습환경의 질적 수준에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 가정학습환경은 유아의 언어 및 사회성 발달 모두를 유의하게 예측하였다. 하지만 만 1세 누적위험요인은 유아발달을 직접적으로 예측하지 않았다. 마지막으로 만3세 누적위험요인은 유아의 언어발달을 직접 예측하였으나 사회성 발달 및 가정학습환경에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 만 1세 누적위험요인→가정학습환경→유아발달의 구조적 관계에서 가정학습환경의 매개적 역할은 통계적으로 유의하였다. 종합하면, 영아기 가족 내 누적위험요인은 유아기 자녀의 발달을 돕는 가정학습환경 구성에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 유아 발달에 간접적인 효과를 가지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 영아기 자녀를 둔 위기가족을 대상으로 하는 조기 중재 및 지원에 대한 정책적 시사점이 논의되었다. The purpose of this study was to examine the structural models in which early cumulative risk factors affect children"s language(indicated by expressive vocabularies) and social development(indicated by peer competence) at age 3 thorough their effects on the home learning environment. To examine the hypothesized models, the data of 1,725 families from the second and the fourth waves of the Panel Study of Korean Children was used. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted to test the models. First, the cumulative risk factors at age 1 and 3 were highly correlated, implying the stability of the risk factors over time. The more cumulative risk factors at age 1 predicted the lower level of the home learning environment at age 3, which, in turn, was significantly related to both language and social development at age 3. However, the early cumulative risk factors did not directly influence later developmental outcomes. Moreover, the cumulative risk factors at age 3 were directly related to the child"s language development, but neither social development northe home learning environment. In addition, the mediational role of the home learning environment (i.e., cumulative risk factors at age 1→home learning environment→language and social development) was statistically supported. In conclusion, the early cumulative risk factors in infancy indirectly predicted children"s development at age 3 through the home learning environment. The practical implications for the early intervention and support for the families with infants who are experiencing multiple risk factors were discussed.

누적적 위험요인과 학교청소년 비행의 관련성 연구

김성경(Sung Kyung Kim) 한국아동복지학회 2006 한국아동복지학 Vol.- No.22

본 연구는 누적적 위험모텔(cumulative risk model)로 접근하여, 우리나라 학교청소년의 누적적 위험요인의 특성을 살펴보고, 청소년의 비행에 영향을 미치는 위험요인의 누적적 영향력을 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 연구 자료로 한국청소년개발원의 한국청소년패널조사 2차 자료를 사용하였으며, 연구대상은 전국 중학교 3학년학생 3,211명이었다. 누적적 위험요인을 구성하기 위해 12개의 위험요인의 원점수를 2진수로 변환하여, 0~12점의 점수로 측정하였다. 연구결과, 누적적 위험요인의 수가 많으면 많을수록 청소년비행의 수준은 높아지는 것으로 나타나 선형적 관계를 갖고 있음이 검증되었고, 위험요인의 누적적 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 누적적 위험요인의 영향력이 다중 위험요인의 영향력보다 다소 낮게 나왔으나, 누적적 위험요인의 영향력이 다중 위험요인 모텔과 일관성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 학교청소년의 비행을 예방하고 감소시키기 위한 사회복지실천의 함의 및 개입의 방향성을 논의하였다. This study examines the relationship between cumulative risk and delinquent behav­iors of school adolescent, using data from 3,211 students in the Koran Youth Panel Survey of Korean Institute for Youth Development. The cumulative risk was summed for each youth to create an cumulative score. Scores on the index ranged form 0 to 12. The analyses revealed a positive, linear association between cumulative risk and de­linquent behaviors. This is consistent with multiple risk model. Cumulative risk pre­dicted delinquent behaviors of adolescents, so the emphasis on the amount of risk in adolescents` lives was useful for determining the extent to which cumulative risk ex­posure plays an etiological role in delinquent behaviors. The implications of these findings for the relationship between cumulative risk and delinquent behaviors of school adolescent are discussed. This study lends insight into why multiple risk exposure hinders youth development.

초기누적위험요인이 어머니의 사회적 양육행동을 매개로 유아행동발달에 미치는 영향

홍미자,전숙희,이희선 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.24

Objectives In this study, we examined the longitudinal impact of early cumulative risk factors on child behavioral development and confirmed whether the mother's social parenting behavior played a mediating role in that process. Methods For 1,434 children and households participating in the Korean Children's Panel, early cumulative risk factors were assessed in the first year's data, mothers' social parenting behavior was assessed in the fourth year's data, and child behavior development was assessed in the fifth year's data(Korean version of the Child Behavior Assessment Scale: CBCL 1.5-5) was used. The initial cumulative risk factors, which are composed of eight risk factors, are the mother's response to basic livelihood security recipients and the next lower class, mother's education level, mother's marital conflict, mother's depression, mother's parenting stress, mother's self-esteem, social support, and family life event was used. Data analysis was performed by conducting mediation regression analysis using Model 4 of Process Macro v4.0. Results In the longitudinal impact of early cumulative risk factors on child behavior development, mothers' social parenting behavior partially mediates infants' internalization, externalization, emotional reactivity, anxiety/depression, physical symptoms, withdrawal, attention problems, aggressive behavior, and other problems. It was found to play a partial mediating role, and sleep problems were found to play a complete mediating role. Conclusions The mother's social parenting behavior was found to have a significant impact on the child behavioral development in the long term by acting as a mechanism to transmit the effects of an unfavorable home environment with early cumulative risk factors to the child. Therefore, we discussed ways to restore and support mothers' social parenting behavior to prevent the long-term negative impact of an unfavorable family environment with early cumulative risk factors on child behavioral development.

누적외상성질환 위험 요인의 정량적 평가 및 관리를 위한 점검표 개발 : 자동차 조립 작업을 중심으로

이윤근,김현욱,임상혁,박희석 한국산업위생학회 2001 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Objectives : This study was designed to develop and standardize a checklist for ergonomic risk factors, and to provide ergonomic guidelines for managing cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) in automobile assembly lines, Methods : The Checklist for Ergonomic Risk Factors(CERF-1) was developed based on the results of previous studies, and then modified after performing pilot study. Information on the symptoms possibly related with CTDs was obtained using a self-reported questionnaire from 465 automobile assembly workers. Their job conditions were examined to assess risk factors through both direct observation and video analysis. Results : Rate of detecting risky job through CERF-1 was 85.6%, and was similar to that (88.8%) by Occupational Safety and Health Adminstration(OSHA) checklist but higher than that (63.7%) by American National Standards Institute(ANSI) Z-365. Relationship of the exposure scores derived from CERF-1 with levels of symptom was greater (r=0.49) than OSHA(r=0.28) and ANSI Z-365 (r=0.22). Considering the relationship, jobs scoring higher than 16 could be classified as the Risk Job, and lower than 16 as then Low Risk Job. Sensitivity and specificity of the Risk Job were 92.5% and 31.5 %, respectively. Odds ratio (OR) after age adjus-tment was 5.69 (95% confidence interval 3.15-10.29) for the Risk Job, and these ORs were significantly different from those of the Low Risk Job. The exposure scores were quite valid, in that the scores at the main survey were significantly correlated with those at the follow-up survey, as suggested by test-retest(r=0.88) and inter-rate reliability(r=0.80) Conclusions:The CERF-1, developed in this study, will be an efficient tool for evaluation of risk jobs for CTDs in automobile assembly lines, and can be used easily by health care providers.