Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Communication for Construction Projects

Ali Abbas,최민지,서준오,차승현,Heng Li 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.23 No.12

Though computer-mediated communication technologies such as immersive virtual reality (IVR) have recently shown considerablepromise, their effectiveness as methods of communication among the participants in construction projects has yet to be systematically investigated. This study helps fill this gap via a detailed comparison of traditional face-to-face (FtF) discussion of Building Information Modeling (BIM) information displayed on a monitor screen against IVR-based communication with BIM information embedded in the immersive environment. The results of experiments in which groups of participants discussed and chose optimal design options indicated that there is no large statistical difference in IVR-based and FtF communication in terms of discussion quality (level of effectiveness and satisfaction experienced), communication richness (detailed responses and vivid messages), and openness (enjoyableness and open-mindedness) during the communication. However, for the accuracy of communication (information communicated correctly and understood properly), FtF communication was better than IVR-based communication, which is assumed due to weak human-human to interaction in IVR. In addition, the communication appropriateness (behavioral acts such as politeness or social norms), IVR-based communication was significantly less than FtF communication, indicating that communicating with others only seeing virtual avatar could make it difficult to discern participant’ reactions or identify appropriate moments to speak. These results could confirm certain advantages of adopting IVR-based communication while further improvement for real-like interaction between people needs to be made for more effective use of IVR communication.

현대시와 현대시조의 소통 ―리듬과 형식적 특성을 중심으로―

이경영 한국비평문학회 2011 批評文學 Vol.- No.41

This thesis observed the communication of modern poetry and modern sijo in the aspect of rhythm and formal characteristics possessed by modern sijo. Modern poetry and sijo are sub-genres of poetry that have been generally perceived as separate domains. As poetry is a genre that simultaneously possess instantaneity and compression, it appears that modern poetry and sijo would easily share areas with contact points. However, modern poetry and sijo have been generally perceived as completely different genres and there have hardly been any studies that have studied the influential relationship or communication between the two types of poetry. When observing the issue in relation to communication, we can generally consider two types of communication. The first type is communication with readers, while the second is communication between genres. First, communication with readers can be viewed as the following. Poetry tends to become more difficult and complicated in the present day, a time when web lifestyle is generalized through computers and advanced digital technology. In this regard, the method of using poetic rhythms to write poems based on de-mechanism juxtaposition and repetition or taking interest in short or daily poetry that can be enjoyed in everyday life can eventually attract people to poetry by changing the attitude of people that secretly consider poetry a difficult type of literature. Furthermore, this aspect also influences communication of modern poetry and modern sijo. The parallel sijo rhythm possessed by modern sijo is related with the biological rhythm of Koreans. Writing and abbreviating a short modern poetry help us to learn that it is difficult to be completely unrelated with the format of parallel sijo. Furthermore, the characteristics of spatial structure possessed by modern editorial sijo presents a point of contact in which modern sijo can easily encounter modern poetry. The weakness of modern poetry in its structural or rhythmic aspect can be complemented by the strengths of editorial sijo to appropriately combine realism and add dialect to provide enjoyment. This will approach readers more effectively to widely open doors to communication. Methods for achieving smooth communication of modern poetry and modern sijo are clearly not that far away. The two genres can achieve significant development if the characteristics possessed by the two genres become more distinct and creation principles and techniques for using such characteristics can be developed to expand inter-communication and achieve efficient internal and external communication.

기호학적으로 접근한 인간커뮤니케이션에 관한 연구

박일재 ( Park Il Jae ),송광철 ( Song Gwang Cheol ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2006 한국디자인포럼 Vol.14 No.-

디자인 분야에서 기호학은 매우 중요하다. 광고 및 시각커뮤니케이션 디자인과 디자인 전반의 사회 문화적 중요성이 극대화되어 가고 있는 반면, 디자인 메시지에 대한연구 특히 시각적인 메시지와 이미지에 대한 논리적 연구는 매우 취약하다. 인간의 삶은 즉 기호속의 커뮤니케이션 이라고 할 수 있다. 기호를 통하여 의미를 전달받고 의사소통을 하게 된다. 인간의 삶 자체도 기호이며, 인간의 감정과 사고 모두가 기호현상으로 나타난다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 기호현상들로 구성된 휴먼 커뮤니케이션의 세계를 기호학적인 관점에서 고찰하여 다섯부분으로 나누어 접근하고자 하였다. 첫째. 인간과학이란 거시적 영역에서 구축해 가고 있는 커뮤니케이션과 기호학의 위치를 조명 하였고, 둘째. 휴먼 커뮤니케이션 현상에 대한 기호학적 접근을 고찰하기 위해 커뮤니케이션학의 개요, 기호학의 입장, 기호학의 기본구조, 그리고 생활속의 커뮤니케이션 기호들을 살펴보았다. 셋째. 기호의 표현성과 의미성, 메시지와 코드, 커뮤니케이션의 6대기호, 그리고 기호-커뮤니케이션-문학의 삼각관계를 알아보았다. 넷째. 기호학적 커뮤니케이션과 휴먼 커뮤니케이션의 본질적 차이점을 커뮤니케이션 과정속에서 살핀다. 다섯째. 휴먼 커뮤니케이션의 내용물, 방법론, 필요성에 대한 문제해결점을 기호학적 관점에서 접근해 보았다. 기호란 하나의 문화권 속에서 커뮤니케이션의 매개체 역할을 한다는 것이다. 즉, 문화권이란 일정한 부류의 기호들을 사용하여 상호 커뮤니케이션을 할 수 있는 “기호공동체”로 볼 수 있을 것이다. 기호란 한 문화권 내에서 존재하는 모든 것들에 대해서 “우리가 무엇을 알며, 어떻게 알며, 어떻게 알 수 있는가”와 같은 의미생성의 수단(means)인 것이다. Semiotics is very important in the design field. While advertisement and visual communication design and the social and cultural importance of the whole design has become maximized, it is very weak to logically research design messages, especially visual messages and images. Human life can be said as communication in signs. Human beings are delivered meaning and communicate through signs. Human`s life itself is a sign and human`s emotion and thought all appear as semiosis. This study examined human communication world consisting of semiosis from the a semiotic angle and divided it into five parts. First, the location of communication and semiotics built in the macroscopic area of human science was illuminated. Second, to examine the semiotic approach of phenomenon of human communication, overview of communication arts, position of semiotics, and basic structure of semiotics, and communication signs in our life were considered. Third, the expression and meaning of signs, messages and codes, and six signs of communication, and sign-communication-literature relationship were investigated. Fourth, the essential difference of semiotic communication from human communication was examined in the process of communication. Finally, the problems of contents, methodology, need of communication were solved in a semiotic angle. A sign plays a medium role of communication in one cultural circle. In other words, the cultural circle can be viewed as a “sign community” where mutual communication can be made using certain kinds of signs. A sign is a means of meaning production of all things existing within one cultural circle such that “what we know, how we know, and how we can know”.

신종 통신매체에 대한 통신제한조치의 문제점과 개선방안

박광민,이성대 전남대학교 법학연구소 2015 법학논총 Vol.35 No.2

Criminal techniques were developed and advanced at rapid change of communication environment to make change of investigation techniques, and supporting laws and systems were not actively made. The National Assembly recently suggested bills of limitation upon communication including new types of communication media, and regulations on abuse were not made to face severe opposition from National Human Rights Commission of Korea and civic organizations. The communication environment is likely to make change continuously and not to postpone reformation of concerned systems: This study investigated reformation of legal limitation on the communication. This study investigated problems of SNS and other communication media that were important at recent communication environment, and examined contents of limitation on the communication, problems and limitations of limitation on the communication according to current communication secret protection law, and reformation of limitation upon communication of current law. New types of communication media such as SNS, mobile messenger and others at rapid change of communication environment to give limitation on the Communication Secret Protection Law: So, laws should be revised in the era of Smart to overcome wired telephone communication environment that communication secret protection law was enacted. New investigation such as mobile phone tapping, packet tapping and investigation into base station had problems and limitation to violate the Constitution, and basic rights infringed were not said to be basic rights not to have limitation by laws. Risks of misuse and abuse of infringement upon citizens' basic rights in the name of effective counteractions against the crime should be removed. Current limitation upon communication should be permitted to add permit of tapping in legislation cases in the United States and to lessen unnecessary limitation upon communication and to add legal conditions of limitation upon communication considering legislative cases in foreign countries and to prevent misuse and/or abuse of limitation upon communication. Communication service providers should have obligation of communication equipment buildup subject to removal of misuse and/or abuse to allow indirect tapping. These days, communication environment made change technology to make change of legal environment in relation with personal information protection system. In other words, limitation upon communication should be revised at relation with personal information protection laws in the future. Infringement upon basic rights at limitation upon communication from point of view of not only legal systems but also technology should be lessened. 최근 국회에서는 신종통신매체 등에 대한 통신제한조치를 구체화하는 내용의 법률안이 지속적으로 발의되고 있지만, 국회내부에서 뿐만 아니라 국가인권위원회 및 시민단체들로부터 극심한 반대에 직면하고 있다. 그러나 통신환경의 변화는 앞으로도 계속될것이라는 점에서 관련제도의 정비를 더 이상 미룰 수는 없다고 생각되며, 이러한 인식에서 현행 법제상 통신제한조치의 바람직한 개선방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 특히 최근의 통신환경변화에 가장 핵심적인 내용을 이루고 있는 SNS 등의 신종통신매체를 둘러싼 문제점을 중점과제로 삼고자 하였는데, 이를 위하여 통신제한조치의 내용과 현황, 현행 통신비밀보호법상 통신제한조치의 문제점과 한계, 현행 법제상 통신제한조치의바람직한 개선방안 등에 대하여 차례대로 살펴보았다. 먼저, 오늘날 급격한 통신환경의 변화와 더불어 SNS서비스 및 모바일 메신저와 같은신종 통신매체의 등장은 현행 통신비밀보호법의 한계를 극명하게 드러내고 있으므로통신비밀보호법이 제정되었던 당시의 유선전화중심의 통신환경을 넘어 스마트 융・복합시대에 적합한 법률개정이 시급히 이루어져야 한다는 점에는 의문이 없었다. 다음으로 휴대전화 감청, 패킷감청, 기지국수사 등의 새로운 수사방식은 그 자체가안고 있는 고유의 문제점과 한계로 인하여 그 위헌성이 문제될 수 있지만, 이들을 통해서 침해되는 기본권을 절대적 기본권이라 할 수는 없으므로 법률로써 이를 제한할 수있다고 보았다. 다만, 범죄에의 효율적 대응이라는 미명하에 일반국민의 기본권을 침해하는 오・남용의 위험을 제거하기 위한 노력은 계속되어야 한다는 점을 지적하였다. 구체적으로는 현행 통신제한조치의 허용요건을 강화하여 미국의 입법례와 같은 감청의허용요건을 추가하여 불필요한 통신제한의 여지를 축소하고 통신제한조치의 적법절차의 요건을 외국의 입법례를 고려하여 이를 보완하는 것 등을 통신제한조치의 남용을방지할 수 있는 방안으로 제시하였다. 마지막으로 최근의 통신환경변화는 단순한 기술의 변화뿐만 아니라 개인정보보호법제와의 관계에서 법률적 환경변화를 내포하고 있음을 유념해야 한다는 점을 지적하였다. 즉, 향후 개인정보보호를 위한 법률들과의 관계에서도 통신제한조치의 정비방안을지속적으로 검토해야 한다는 것이다. 그리고 법률적 관점에서의 개선방안이외에 기술적 측면에서 통신제한조치에 따른 기본권침해의 가능성을 최소화할 수 있는 방안을 지속적으로 연구할 필요성도 존재한다고 보았다.

한국인 20대 대학생의 커뮤니케이션 스타일 유형 인식에 대한 연구- 커뮤니케이션 능력과의 비교를 통하여

이유미(Yi Yumi),김양지(Kim Yangjee) 문학과언어연구회 2018 문화와 융합 Vol.40 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 커뮤니케이션 스타일에 따른 커뮤니케이션 능력의 관련성을 확인하고, 이를 통해 한국 20대 대학생이 생각하는 각 유형의 의미가 무엇인지를 확인하는 데 있다. 커뮤니케이션 스타일은 한 사람이 커뮤니케이션을 하는 데 있어서 드러내는 포괄적인 개념이라 할 수 있다.(Norton,1978:99) 이러한 포괄적인 개념의 커뮤케이션 스타일은 단순히 커뮤니케이션 능력이라는 차원의 역량적 측면이기보다는 커뮤니케이션을 통해서 언어적, 비언어적으로 이해하게 되는 이미지적인 측면이라고 할 수 있다. 그렇기 때문에 커뮤니케이션 스타일은 커뮤니케이션의 다양한 측면과 관련성을 가지고 있을 것을 예상할 수 있다. 이에 Norton(1983)과 Rubin & Martin(1994)를 활용하여 커뮤니케이션 스타일과 능력의 관련성을 확인하고 20대 대학생이 인식하는 10개의 유형이 어떤 의미인지를 확인해 보았다. The object of this study is to examine the relationship between communication style and competence and identify the meaning of each type to Korea’s college students in their twenties based on the findings. Communication style can be seen as a comprehensive concept which one shows while communicating (Norton,1978:99). Communication style, as a comprehensive concept, is not only about competence, aspect of communication skills, but about an aspect of images understood verbally and non-verbally through communication. Therefore, communication style is expected to be related to various aspects of communication. This study explores the relationship between communication style and competence and identifies the meaning of the ten types perceived by college students in their twenties based on the review of Norton (1983) and Rubin & Martin (1994).

판소리 연행 동작의 메타의사소통적 활용과 그 의미

이채은(Lee, Chae-Eun) 한국구비문학회 2021 口碑文學硏究 Vol.- No.61

이 글은 소리판에서 창자가 보여주는 연행 동작이 메타의사소통적으로 활용되는 양상을 살펴보고, 창자의 몸을 통해 시도되는 메타의사소통이 청중들이 연행 텍스트를 의미화하는 데에 어떻게 기여할 수 있는지를 살펴보았다. 메타의사소통이란 다양한 의사소통의 유형 중에서도, 소통 행위의 주체와 대상을 구분하고, 의사소통 자체를 의사소통의 대상으로 삼는 것들을 통칭한다. 메타의사소통은 자기지시성·자기성찰성을 특징으로 하며, 일상적 소통 현장에서는 의사소통 내용을 이해하는 데에 있을 수 있는 혼란을 방지하거나 해결하려는 담화 전략으로서 기능한다. 판소리 연행이라는 특수한 소통 현장에서는 메타의사소통을 통해 창자가 청중들의 텍스트세계 내 몰입의 정도를 통어하거나 연행의 의미를 이해하는 과정을 조력할 수 있다. 소리판에서 벌어지는 메타의사소통은 언어적 층위에서뿐만 아니라 연행 동작을 구성하는 작업을 통해서도 실현될 수 있는데, 이 글에서는 이를 다음과 같은 세 가지 유형으로 나누어 살폈다. 첫 번째, 연행 텍스트에 대한 자기지시적 객관화를 촉발하는 동작이다. 이 유형에 속하는 메타의사소통적 연행 동작은 청중들로 하여금 텍스트세계 내로의 몰입으로부터 벗어나, 텍스트세계를 현실세계와 구분된 하나의 실체로서 반성적으로 바라보게 만든다. 두 번째, 판소리 사설(언어)로는 미처 유표화되지 않은 함축적 의미들을 현실세계에 현존하는 창자의 몸으로 표현해내는 동작이다. 이 유형은 텍스트세계 내적 의미를 현실세계와 연결짓게하여 확장하게 만든다. 세 번째, 연행 현장에서 즉흥적으로 펼쳐지는 몸동작으로, 무대장치나 판소리 참여자, 의상이나 공간 등 연행 현장의 구성요소를 완전히 전경화시키는 유형이다. 세 번째 유형의 동작은 텍스트세계 내적 의미와 현실세계의 의미의 경계를 허물어버린다. 소리판에서 이 세 가지 유형의 신체적 메타의사소통이 시도될 때, 청중들의 추임새가 현격하게 증가한다. 이러한 현상이 빚어지는 이유는 청중들이 연행 대상이 되는 텍스트 자체를 반성적으로 인식할 수 있게 되면서, 이것이 자연스럽게 ‘텍스트에 대한 담론하기’ 활동을 촉발하기 때문이다. 이 점에서 창자가 ‘메시지에 관한 메시지’인 메타의사소통을 시도하는 것은 판소리에 대한 청중들의 역동적인 참여를 끄집어내는 잠재력을 가지는 것이라 볼 수 있다. 이처럼 판소리 연행 동작의 메타의사소통적 활용을 살펴보는 일은 연행 현장에서 판소리의 참여자들이 경험하게 되는 지각의 창발적(emergent) 현상을 이해할 수 있게 해준다. 이러한 관점은 판소리가 아닌 다른 구술서사물의 연행이나 전통 연희의 연행에도 확대 적용해볼 수 있다. 세상에 존재하는 다양한 연행 현장에서는 모두 자기 자신을 소통의 대상으로 발견해 내고, 연행을 연행으로서 틀짓게 만드는 메타의사소통이 필수적으로 요청된다. 연행현장에서 시도되는 메타의사소통의 과정을 분석하는 작업을 통해 우리는 연행 참여자들이 텍스트세계와 현실세계를 어떻게 연관지어 의미를 해석하게 되는지, 또 그 해석의 절차와 과정은 어떠한지를 짚어볼 수 있을 것이다. This study explores the meta-communicative aspects of singers’ performative behaviors in Pansori and how meta-communication conveyed through the singers’ bodily acts can facilitate audiences’ comprehension of the verbal text of the performance. Meta-communication is a type of communication referring to acts that communicate something about communication itself, in which there is a distinction between the subject (speaker) and the object (listener) of communication. It is self-referential and self-reflexive in nature. In the daily communication environment, meta-communication functions as a dialog strategy to prevent or resolve misunderstandings in communication. In the specific circumstance of communication occurring through performative acts in Pansori, meta-communication may help a singer to control the audience’s attention to the verbal text of the performance or to assist with their comprehension of the performance. During a Pansori performance, meta-communication occurs both at the verbal and non-verbal levels. Non-verbal meta-communication in Pansori is achieved through a singers’ bodily performance, which in this study is categorized into three types of meta-communicative performative behaviors, according to how each type of performance behaviors facilitates the audience’s perception of the reality of the verbal text and the extra-textual reality of the performance. The first type of meta-communicative performative behavior consists of bodily actions that are self-referential, enabling the audience to objectively comprehend the verbal text. These action prevent the audience from being immersed in the textual reality, allowing them to reflectively perceive the textual reality as something separated from the extra-textual reality, during the performance. The second type includes performative behaviors that expressively convey the implicative meanings of the verbal text, which are not literally articulated, onto bodily actions in the extra-textual reality. These action assist the audience in expanding the understanding of the implied meanings of the verbal text in linkage with the extra-textual reality. The third type is composed of improvised actions that are made up on the spot during the performance, and that completely foreground the elements that constitute the performance, including spectacles on the stage, participating performers, costumes, and the space of the stage. This type of action results in the disruption of boundaries between the meanings of textual reality and those of extra-textual reality. These three types of meta-communicative performative behaviors noticeably increase audience reactions, during Pansori performances. This is because they help the audience to reflectively perceive the verbal text of the performance and accordingly naturally facilitate the audience’s discursive engagement, on the subject of the verbal text. By conducting these performative behaviors, a singer can promote communication about communication and potentially elicit the audience’s dynamic participation. The examination of how Pansori singers’ performative behaviors achieve meta-communicative purposes helps to explain the emergent aspect of the audience’s perception that occurs during the performance. This approach to analyze the meta-communicative aspects of Pansori performance can be expansively applied to other kinds of performances based on oral narratives or traditional performing arts. Metacommunication, which is self-referential in nature, seems to be an essential element in performing arts. It can be utilized in various types of performing arts to promote communication that self-reflectively discusses performances, by framing themselves as performance.

Influencing Factors on the Satisfaction of Communication with the Elderly in Nurses

MYEONG HWAN YU,JI SOOK KANG 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Aim(s): This study was performed to utilize for foundation data of research related nursing communication and developing nursing intervention by examining the relationship between nurses" perception of the elderly and communication. Method(s): This study is a descriptive research using a set of questionnaires that examines the relationship between nurses who provide care to the elderly by confirming their perception of the elderly, communication difficulties with the elderly, communication behavior, and satisfaction with communication. After IRB approval, data were collected either face-to-face survey or by online survey. A total of 292 nurses participated in this study. The collected data were analyzed as descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA, Duncan test and Pearson"s Correlation Coefficients, Multiple Regression Analysis by using SPSS/WIN 26 program. Result(s): As a result, a significant correlation was identified between perception of the elderly and communication disorders, communication behavior, and communication satisfaction. We found that nurses who had more positive perceptions about the elderly had less communication disorders, better communication behaviors, and higher communication satisfaction with the elderly. The variables affecting the nurse"s communication satisfaction with the elderly were the perception of the elderly and the communication behavior with the elderly. Conclusion(s): From this result, we suggest that nurses caring for the elderly should receive education on communication methods with elderly to improve their perception. Furthermore, we suggest future studies to improve nurse"s perception of the elderly and communication.

안경광학과 학생의 의사소통 교육요구도

김세진,이지현 한국안광학회 2022 한국안광학회지 Vol.27 No.1

Purpose: The study attempted to examine communication-related educational needs by identifying the importance of communication and communication skills among ophthalmic optics students. Methods: The study analyzed data from 169 optometry students who responded to an online survey during a two-month period starting from April 2021. The survey consisted of 49 questions regarding interpretation skills, role performance, self-presentation skills, goal-setting skills, and message competence, including the sub-competencies of communication importance and communication skills. Priorities for communication-related educational needs were identified via the IPA matrix and Borich analysis. Results: Regarding communication importance and communication skills, role performance and message competence, were the highest at 3.96 and 3.89, respectively. The communication importance and communication skills of students who perceived their communication skills to be excellent were high. The results of the IPX matrix found that communication-related educational needs were the greatest for role performance and message competence. The Borich needs assessment ranked role performance as number 1, with a score of 3.58. Conclusions: The communication education most necessary to optometry students was role performance. Results from this study may be used to inform communication education, to optimize the communication skills and educational needs of optometry students. 목적: 안경광학과 학생들의 의사소통 중요도와 의사소통능력을 파악하여 의사소통 교육요구도를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2021년 4월부터 2개월간 온라인 설문조사에 응답한 안경광학과 학생 169명의 자료를 분석하였다. 의사소 통 중요도와 의사소통능력의 하위역량인 해석능력, 역할수행능력, 자기제시능력, 목표설정능력, 메시지전환능력 49 문항을 설문 조사하였다. 의사소통 교육요구도는 IPA matrix와 Borich 분석으로 의사소통 교육의 우선순위를 확인하였다. 결과: 의사소통 중요도와 의사소통능력은 역할수행능력과 메시지전환능력이 각 3.96점, 3.89점으로 가장 높 았다. 본인이 지각하는 의사소통능력이 우수한 학생의 의사소통 중요도와 의사소통능력이 높았다. IPA matrix 결과, 역할 수행능력, 메시지 전환능력에 대한 의사소통 교육요구도가 가장 높았다. Borich 요구도는 3.58로 역할수행능력이 1 순위로 나타났다. 결론: 안경광학과 학생들에게 우선적으로 필요한 의사소통 교육은 역할수행능력이었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 안경광학과 학생들의 의사소통능력과 교육요구도가 반영된 의사소통 교육의 기초자료로 활용하기를 기대한다.

Korean Teachers’ Communication Styles and a Listening Skill as a Key to Their Cross-cultural Teaching

Lee, Soo-In 한국실천신학회 2019 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.65

As a process of exchanging information and feelings, communication plays a significant role in human life. At the same time, communication is the heart of the learning process. Through communication, people are able to teach and learn. However, communication is not free from the influence of culture. Although Korea is in a transitional Western culture, there are unique characteristics in communication patterns in Korean classroom due to the traditional Korean culture. As a high-context and collectivistic culture, Korean culture leads people to communicate in indirect, implicit ways. Also, one-sided communication is pervasive in Korean classrooms according to Confucianism. Furthermore, many Korean teachers employ authoritarian manners in teaching their students according to the Confucian mindset. These cultural characteristics of communication can be a hindrance to effective interaction between teachers and students, particularly in cross-cultural contexts. The first goal of this study is to provide Korean teachers, who will teach in other cultures, with a better understanding of their own culture and communication styles. The second goal of this study is to offer listening skills as the first step for a culturally responsive teaching. Here, the importance of listening skills for cross-cultural teaching was examined and rediscovered. Many Korean teachers exercise a one-way communication in their classrooms. They are not adequately trained for open communication. Therefore, Korean teachers need to enhance their listening skill as the key to developing a successful cross-cultural teaching. In order to learn another culture, one must build a close relationship with students in different cultures, and make a connection to their communities; listening can be the first step.

Communication Strategies: Based on Phoebe from Friends

이지현 영상영어교육학회 2012 영상영어교육 (STEM journal) Vol.13 No.2

Since communication competence has become a topic of interest in language learning and teaching, there has been a lot of research into communication strategies. Tarone (1981) claimed communication strategies are used to compensate for deficiencies in the linguistic system. Communication strategies are avoidance strategies and compensatory strategies and the research has focused largely on the compensatory nature of communication strategies (Brown, 2007). This study investigates other aspects of communication strategies. Communication strategies should pertain to the communication not just to language. The aim of communication is the delivery of a speaker’s intention. Just avoiding or compensating for the linguistic difficulties is a passive way to communicate. In real communicative situations, taking control in a conversation is more important than linguistic knowledge. If this kind of strategy can be taught in the classroom, it would be appropriate to teach how to establish the leading position in a conversation. In regard to this point, this study examines the communication strategies of the character Phoebe in the popular American sitcom Friends. Phoebe always beats her friends in conversations. The study tries to find out her strengths and what strategies she uses to hold the lead in communication.