방과 후 라틴댄스 활동이 비만 아동의 혈관내피세포 기능 및 혈류 반응에 미치는 영향

장용우 한국초등체육학회 2024 한국초등체육학회지 Vol.29 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 16주간의 라틴댄스 활동이 혈관내피세포 기능과 혈류 반응에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 비만 실험군 10명, 통제군 10명으로 구성된 비만 여자 아동을 대상으로 생체저항측정법(인바디 720)을 이용하여 체중, 신장, 체지방율을 측정하였으며, 비만도는 아동들의 신장과 체중, 나이에 의거하여 체질량지수(BMI)를 산출하였다. 혈관 내피세포 기능 검사는 Pulse Wave Doppler를 이용하여 최대혈류량, 최대혈관직경, 혈류매개 혈관 확장반응(%FMD)을 측정하였으며, 혈류 반응 검사는 Ultrasound Transcranial Doppler를 이용하여 평균 혈류속도, 혈관 저항, 혈관 협착을 16주 전·후 측정 및 분석하였다. 혈관내피세포 기능의 경우 반복측정결과 실험군의 최대혈관직경은 집단별 처치 기간 및 집단 간 유의한 변화는 없었다. 최대혈류량은 집단별 처치 시기 및 집단 간 유의한 차(p<.001)가 나타났으며, %FMD은 집단별 처치 시기 및 집단 간 유의한 차(p<.001)가 나타났다. 혈류 반응의 경우 반복측정결과 실험군의 평균 혈류속도는 집단별 처치 시기 및 집단 간 유의한 차(p<.001)가 나타났다. 혈관 저항은 집단별 처치 기간 및집단 간 유의한 차(p<.001)가 나타났으며, 혈관 협착은 집단별 처치 시기 및 집단 간 유의한 차(p<.001)가 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 살펴볼 때, 비만 여자 아동의 혈관내피세포 기능의 변화에 영향을 받은 혈류 반응의 유의한 변화를 통해 장기간의 라틴댄스 활동에 적응된 심혈관계의 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시된 라틴댄스 활동은 비만 여자 아동의 혈관내피 기능의 개선과 혈류 반응에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 해석되며, 추후 비만 아동의 혈관내피세포의 기능적 장애 예방을 위한 효과적인 유산소 운동프로그램으로 제시하고자 한다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of 16 weeks of Latin dance activity on vascular endothelial cell function and blood flow response. Weight, height, and body fat percentage were measured using InBody 720 for obese girls consisting of 10 obese experimental group and 10 control group, and body mass index(BMI) was calculated based on the children's height, weight, and age. did. For the vascular endothelial function test, maximum blood flow, maximum blood vessel diameter, and blood flow-mediated vasodilation response(%FMD) were measured using Pulse Wave Doppler, and for blood flow response test, average blood flow velocity, blood flow resistance, and blood vessel were measured using Ultrasound Transcranial Doppler. Stenosis was measured and analyzed before and after 16 weeks. In the case of vascular endothelial function, repeated measurements showed that there was no significant change in the maximum vessel diameter of the experimental group during the treatment period or between groups. There was a significant difference in maximum blood flow(p<.001) between treatment times and groups, and %FMD showed a significant difference (p<.001) between treatment times and groups. In the case of blood flow response, repeated measurements showed that the average blood flow rate of the experimental group showed a significant difference(p<.001) between treatment periods and groups. Vascular resistance showed significant differences(p<.001) between treatment periods and groups, and vascular stenosis showed significant differences(p<.001) between treatment periods and groups. When examining these results, changes in the cardiovascular system adapted to long-term Latin dance activities were observed through significant changes in blood flow response influenced by changes in vascular endothelial cell function in obese girls. Therefore, the Latin dance activity presented in this study is interpreted to have a positive effect on the improvement of vascular endothelial function and blood flow response in obese girls, and is presented as an effective aerobic exercise program to prevent functional disorders of vascular endothelial cells in obese girls in the future.

16주간의 웨이트트레이닝이 비만 여성의 동맥혈류 및 혈관조절변인에 미치는 영향

장용우 한국웰니스학회 2022 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.17 No.1

This study analyzes the effect of 16-week weight training on blood flow and vascular control variables in arteries. It was classified into 10 experimental groups and 10 control groups for each group. Body fat percentage was mea- sured in obese women using Inbody 3.0, and arterial blood flow was measured using ultrasonic doppler to measure blood flow velocity and blood flow resistance of subclavicular artery vessels, and nitric oxide(NO) and endoteline1 (ET-1), which are vascular variables. In the case of blood flow rate, there was no significant change in the control group, and the experimental group showed a significant(p<.001) reduction rate of -10.7%. There was no significant change in blood flow resistance in the control group, and the experimental group showed a signif- icant(p<.001) reduction rate of -21.5%. In the case of NO, there was no significant change in the control group, and the expe- rimental group showed a significant(p<.001) increase rate of 14.2%. There was no significant change in ET-1 in the control group, and considering that the experimental group showed a significant(p<.001) reduction rate of –26.1 %, changes in average blood flow rate and blood flow resistance adapted to long-term weight training and sensitivity of NO and ET-1 could be observed. Therefore, the weight training presented in this study is interpreted as having a positive effect on the relaxation of arterial blood flow and changes in NO and ET-1, which are vascular control variables, and is intended to be presented as an efficient training program for obesity women's body fat control and blood flow. 본 연구는 16주간의 웨이트트레이닝이 동맥의 혈류와 혈관조절변인에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 각 집단별 실험군 10명, 통제군 10명으로 분류하였다. 비만 여성을 대상으로 In body 3.0을 이용하여 체지방률의 측정하였으며, 동맥혈류는 초음파도플러를 이용한 쇄골하동맥 혈관의 혈류속도 및 혈류저항의 측정과 혈관조절변인인 산화질소(NO) 및 엔도텔린1(ET-1)을 측정 분석하였다. 혈류속도의 경우 통제군은 유의한 변화는 없었으며, 실험군은 –10.7%의 유의한(p<.001) 감소 비율로 나타났다. 혈류저항은 통제군의 경우 유의한 변화는 없었으며, 실험군은 –21.5%의 유의한(p<.001) 감소 비율을 나타냈다. NO의 경우 통제군은 유의한 변화는 없었으며, 실험군은 14.2%의 유의한(p<.001) 증가 비율로 나타났다. ET-1은 통제군의 경우 유의한 변화는 없었으며, 실험군은 –26.1%의 유의한(p<.001) 감소 비율을 나타낸 것으로 비추어볼 때 비만 여성의 혈류속도와 혈류저항의 감소 비율과 연계된 NO의 증가와 ET-1의 감소를 통해 장기간의 웨이트트레이닝에 적응된 동맥의 혈류와 혈관조절변인의 민감성에 대한 변화를 관찰 할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시된 웨이트트레이닝은 여성들의 비만 해소와 더불어 동맥 혈류 유속의 완화적인 개선과 혈관조절변인인 NO와 ET-1의 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 해석되며, 추후 비만 여성의 체지방 조절 및 혈류의 흐름과 혈관조절변인의 개선을 위한 효율적인 트레이닝 프로그램으로 제시하고자 한다.

이차원 위상 대조 자기공명영상과 도플러 초음파를 이용한 총뇌혈류량의 정략적 측정

최순섭,이영일,Choe, Sun-Seop,Lee, Yeong-Il 대한영상의학회 2001 대한영상의학회지 Vol.45 No.6

목적 : 이차원 위상 대조 자기공명영상(2-dimensional phase-contrast MRI)과 도플러 초음파를 이용하여 총뇌혈류량(total cerebral blood flow)을 정량적으로 측정하여 비교 관찰하고자 하였다. 대상과 방법 : 뇌신경계의 특별한 이상 병력이 없는 남자 지원자 16명을 대상으로 하였다. 지원자의 연령은 23-31세(평균:26세)였으며, 몸무게는 58-75 kg(평균:66 kg)이었다. 자기공명영상은 제 2-3 경추 추간판 부위에서 이차원 위상 대조 자기공명영상을 시행하여 양쪽 내경동맥과 추골동맥의 혈류량을 측정하였다. 도플러 초음파 혈류검사는 총경동맥 분지 상방 약 2cm 부위에서 내경동맥 혈류량을 측정하였고, 갑상선 상부 부위에서 추골동맥 혈류량을 측정하였으며, 세 번의 반복 검사의 평균값을 측정값으로 하였다. 네 혈관 각각의 이차원 위상대조 자기공명영상 및 도플러 초음파의 측정값은 Wilcoxon and Median score 방법으로 상관관계를 분석하였다. 각 검사법에서의 네 혈관의 측정값을 합한 총뇌혈류량을 구하여 16명 지원자의 평균값을 구하였다. 결과 : 지원자 16명의 이차원 위상대조 자기공명영상 및 도플러 초음파의 측정값은 우측 내경동맥은 각각 233 ml/min와 239 ml/min,좌측 내경동맥은 각각 250 ml/min와 248 ml/min 였고, 우측 추골동맥은 각각 62 ml/min와 56 ml/min,좌측 추골동맥은 각각 83 ml/min와 68ml/min 였다. 이차원 위상대조 자기공명영상 및 도플러 초음파의 측정값의 상관관계 계수는 우측 및 좌측 내경동맥과 우측 및 좌측 추골동맥이 각각 0.48, 0.54, 0.49, 0.62였으며, 두 검사의 총뇌혈류량의 평균은 각각 628 $\pm$68 ml/min(517-779 ml/min), 612 $\pm$79 ml/min(482-804ml/min)였다. 결론 : 정상 지원자에서 위상 대조 자기공명영상과 도플러 초음파를 이용하여 총뇌혈류을 정량적으로 측정할 수 있었으며, 두 검사 모두 비침습적인 방법으로서 쉽게 임상적용이 가능하다고 생각된다. Purpose: To compare of quantitative measurement of the total cerebral blood flow using two-dimensional phase-contrast MR imaging and Doppler ultrasound. Materials and Methods: In 16 volunteers (mean age, 26 years; mean body weight, 66 kg) without abnormal medical histories, two-dimensional phase-contrast MR imaging was performed at the level of the C2-3 intervertebral disc for flow measurement of the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries. Volume flow measurements using Doppler ultrasound were also performed at the internal carotid arteries 2 cm above the carotid bifurcation, and at the vertebral arteries at the level of the upper pole of the thyroid gland. Flows in the four vessels measured by the two methods were compared using Wilcoxon's correlation analysis and the median score. Total cerebral blood flows were calculated by summing these four vessel flows, and mean values for the 16 volunteers were calculated. Results: Cerebral blood flows measured by 2-D phase-contrast MR imaging and Doppler ultrasounds were 233 and 239 ml/min in the right internal carotid artery, 250 and 248 ml/min in the left internal carotid artery, 62 and 56 ml/min in the right vertebral artery, and 83 and 68 ml/min in the left vertebral artery. Correlation coefficients of the blood flows determined by the two methods were 0.48, 0.54, 0.49, and 0.62 in each vessel, while total cerebral blood flows were 628$\pm$68 (range, 517 to 779) ml/min and 612$\pm$79 (range, 482 to 804) ml/min, respectively. Conclusion: Total cerebral blood flow was easily measured using 2-D phase-contrast MR imaging and Doppler ultrasound, and the two noninvasive methods can therefore be used clinically for the measurement of total cerebral blood flow.

골막 자극 후 Laser Doppler Flowmetry를 이용한 치은혈류량 변화

이지영,김병옥,Lee, Ji-Young,Kim, Byung-Ock 대한치주과학회 2003 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.33 No.2

The roots of teeth exposed by gingival recession, may be successfully covered by various type of gingival grafting procedures. Vascularization of the recipient site is an essential determinant of the grafts' survival during the first healing stages. It has been suggested that a procedure by which they stimulate the periosteum presurgically will induce the proliferation of neo-endothelium in the site to be operated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the variations in the gingival blood flow during 4weeks after periosteal stimulation in patient scheduled to receive gingival grafts and to compare variations in the gingival blood flow between smoker and non-smoker. Laser Doppler Flowmetry(floLAB(R), Moor Instruments Ltd, England ; wave length = 780mm. Max. power =l.6mW) was used to measure the gingival blood flow. 112 sites of 68 male patients (32 smokers and 36 non-smoker), aged between 23 and 48 years (smoker : 24-44 years. mean=32.6, non-smoker : 23-48 years, mean=28.5) were monitored for the blood flow. Gingival blood flow measured at before periosteal stimulation, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-weeks after periosteal stimulation from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. The difference of blood flow in each measuring time, each measuring site and between smokers and non-smokers were statistically analyzed by MANOVA. The results were as follows : (1) Blood flow stayed increased for 2 weeks, and then, it was a tendency to decrease(p<0.05). (2) There was no statistically significant difference of blood flow change between smokers and non-smokers. (3)The blood flow at middle site had lower than mesial and distal site during the measuring periods(p<0.05). The present study suggested that blood flow change following periosteal stimulation was significant difference, thus periosteal stimulation before gingival graft might induce favorable results in gingival recession patient.

Efficient blood flow visualization using flowline extraction and opacity modulation based on vascular structure analysis

Kwon, Ohjae,Lee, Jeongjin,Kim, Bohyoung,Shin, Juneseuk,Shin, Yeong-Gil Elsevier 2017 Computers in biology and medicine Vol.82 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>With the recent advances regarding the acquisition and simulation of blood flow data, blood flow visualization has been widely used in medical imaging for the diagnosis and treatment of pathological vessels. In this paper, we present a novel method for the visualization of the blood flow in vascular structures. The vessel inlet or outlet is first identified using the orthogonality metric between the normal vectors of the flow velocity and vessel surface. Then, seed points are generated on the identified inlet or outlet by Poisson disk sampling. Therefore, it is possible to achieve the automatic seeding that leads to a consistent and faster flow depiction by skipping the manual location of a seeding plane for the initiation of the line integration. In addition, the early terminated line integration in the thin curved vessels is resolved through the adaptive application of the tracing direction that is based on the flow direction at each seed point. Based on the observation that blood flow usually follows the vessel track, the representative flowline for each branch is defined by the vessel centerline. Then, the flowlines are rendered through an opacity assignment according to the similarity between their shape and the vessel centerline. Therefore, the flowlines that are similar to the vessel centerline are shown transparently, while the different ones are shown opaquely. Accordingly, the opacity modulation method enables the flowlines with an unusual flow pattern to appear more noticeable, while the visual clutter and line occlusion are minimized. Finally, Hue-Saturation-Value color coding is employed for the simultaneous exhibition of flow attributes such as local speed and residence time. The experiment results show that the proposed technique is suitable for the depiction of the blood flow in vascular structures. The proposed approach is applicable to many kinds of tubular structures with embedded flow information.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> An improved method for visualizing blood flow in vascular structures is proposed. </LI> <LI> The proposed method automates the seeding process. </LI> <LI> Our method resolves the early termination of flowline integration in curved vessels. </LI> <LI> Our method adjusts the visibility of flowlines by attenuating the opacity. </LI> <LI> Our method enables a faster diagnosis through the depiction of abnormal flow. </LI> </UL> </P>

Feasibility of FAIR imaging for evaluating tumor perfusion

Cho, Jee-Hyun,Cho, Gyunggoo,Song, Youngkyu,Lee, Chulhyun,Park, Bum-Woo,Lee, Chang Kyung,Kim, Namkug,Park, Sung Bin,Kang, Jong Soon,Kang, Moo Rim,Kim, Hwan Mook,Kim, Young Ro,Cho, Kyoung-Sik,Kim, Jeong Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2010 JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Vol.32 No.3

<B>Purpose:</B><P>To evaluate the feasibility of flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) for measuring blood flow in tumor models.</P><B>Materials and Methods:</B><P>In eight mice tumor models, FAIR and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was performed. The reliability for measuring blood flow on FAIR was evaluated using the coefficient of variation of blood flow on psoas muscle. Three regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn in the peripheral, intermediate, and central portions within each tumor. The location of ROI was the same on FAIR and DCE-MR images. The correlation between the blood flow on FAIR and perfusion-related parameters on DCE-MRI was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient.</P><B>Results:</B><P>The coefficient of variation for measuring blood flow was 9.8%. Blood flow on FAIR showed a strong correlation with Kep (r = 0.77), percent relative enhancement (r = 0.73), and percent enhancement ratio (r = 0.81). The mean values of blood flow (mL/100 g/min) (358 vs. 207), Kep (sec<SUP>−</SUP><SUP>1</SUP>) (7.46 vs. 1.31), percent relative enhancement (179% vs. 134%), and percent enhancement ratio (42% vs. 26%) were greater in the peripheral portion than in the central portion (P < 0.01).</P><B>Conclusion:</B><P>As blood flow measurement on FAIR is reliable and closely related with that on DCE-MR, FAIR is feasible for measuring tumor blood flow. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:738–744. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

경동맥 도플러 초음파 검사에서 석회화된 플라크에 의한 협착도에 따른 내부 혈류 관찰

홍지영(Ji-Young Hong),이원홍(Won-Hong Lee),차현정(Hyeon-Jeong Cha),이미화(Mi-Hwa Lee) 대한초음파의료영상학회 2012 대한초음파의료영상학회지 Vol.3 No.1

목적 : 경동맥 도플러 초음파 검사 중 석회화된 플라크의 경우 초음파 시그널을 방해하여 내부 혈류를 보는데 어려움이 있다. 그러나 몇 %에서 내부 혈류를 관찰할 수 없는지, 또는 관찰할 수 있는지 등의 구체적 수치에 관한 보고는 없는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경동맥 내의 석회화된 플라크로 인해 그 내부 혈류를 몇 %에서 관찰 할 수 있는지, 또한 협착 정도에 따라 각각 몇 %에서 그 내부 혈류를 관찰할 수 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2010년 1월부터 2011년 10월까지 경동맥 도플러 초음파 검사를 시행한 788명의 환자 중 작은 석회화된 플라크와 초음파 탐촉자에 대한 혈관의 후벽에 형성된 석회화된 플라크를 제외한 근위부 내경동맥과 경동맥 구부에 형성된 석회화된 플라크로 인하여 30% 이상의 협착이 있는 145명의 187개 부위를 대상으로 하였다. 석회화된 플라크에 의해 형성된 협착도를 제 1형(30-39%), 제 2형(40-49%), 제3형(50-59%), 제4형(60-69%). 그리고 제 5형(≥70%) 등 다섯 단계로 분류하여 각각 내부 혈류가 보이는지 확인하였다. 또한 다섯 단계로 분류된 대상 환자 전체의 내부 혈류 관찰 정도를 확인하였다. 결과 : 석회화된 플라크로 인해 30% 이상의 협착을 보인 전체 대상 187개 부위 중 내부 혈류가 관찰된 경우는 85.6%(160/187)로 그 관찰율이 매우 높게 나타났다. 협착 %별 내부 혈류 관찰율은 제 1형 91.9%(68/74), 제 2형 90.2%(46/51), 제 3형 75.8%(25/33), 제 4형 61.1%(11/18), 그리고 제 5형 90.9%(10/11)의 결과를 각각 보여, 제 3형과 제 4형을 제외하면 90% 이상에서 내부 혈류를 관찰할 수 있었다(p=0.005). 결론 : 석회화된 플라크에 의해 협착된 부위의 내부 혈류가 1차적으로 관찰되지 않더라도 협착 부위에 대해 탐촉자의 방향을 여러 방향으로 달리하여 시도한다면 내부 혈류를 충분히 관찰할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Purpose : In case of the calcified plaque, it is hard to examine the internal blood flow. There is no report about the concrete figure whether or not the internal blood flow can be examined at what percentages. Therefore, we investigated the internal blood flow due to the calcified plaque in the carotid can be examined at what percentages, also do that depending on the stenosis at what percentages for each one. Materials and Methods : We evaluated 187 parts of 145 patients, who were with stenosis more or 30% by calcified plaque at the proximal internal carotid artery and common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation out of 788 patients; 788 patients had a CCA doppler scan as had been admitted to this hospital and outpatients, from January 2010 to October 2011. We classified five stages according to stenosed degree into type 1(30-39%), type 2(40-49%), type 3(50-59%), type 4(60-69%) and type 5(≥70%). And then we checked the patient's internal blood flow. Results : The rate was very high in case the internal blood flow was visualized among the 187 parts; 85.6%(160/187). This study showed the result of internal blood flow rate per stenosis %. Type 1 was 91.9%(68/74), Type 2 90.2%(46/51), Type 3 75.8%(25/33), Type 4 61.1%(11/18) and Type 5 90.9%(10/11). We could visualize the internal blood flow over 90% except Type 3 and 4(p=0.005). Conclusion : It is difficult to examine the internal blood flow in case of stenosed vessel; calcified plaque disturbs ultrasound signals. As a result of this study, it is possible to examine the internal blood flow by changing probe direction in several ways, even if plaque became calcification.

Analysis of Blood Flow-dependent Blood Nitric Oxide Level and Half-life of Nitric Oxide in Vivo

Kim Cuk-Seong,Kim Hyo-Shin,Lee Young-Jun,Park Jin Bory,Ryoo Sung-Woo,Chang Seok-Jang,Jeon Byeong-Hwa Biomedical Engineering Society for Circulation 2003 International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engin Vol.1 No.2

Endothelial release of nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the regulation of vascular tone by inducing vascular relaxation. To estimate the blood flow-dependent nitric oxide level and half-life (T1/2) of nitric oxide in vivo state, we investigated the change of aortic NO currents during the change of aortic blood flow rate using NO-selective electrode system and electromagnetic flowmeter in the aorta of anesthetized rats. Resting mean aortic blood flow rate was $49.6{\pm}5.6ml/min$ in the anesthetized rats. NO currents in the aorta were increased by the elevation of blood pressure and/or blood flow rate. When the aortic blood flow was occluded by the clamping, aortic NO currents were decreased. The difference of NO concentration between resting state and occluded state was $1.34{\pm}0.26{\mu}M$ (n=7). This NO concentration was estimated as blood flow-dependent nitric oxide concentration in the rats. Also, while the aortic blood flow was occluded, NO currents were decreased with exponential pattern with $12.84{\pm}2.15$ seconds of time constant and $7.70{\pm}1.07$ seconds of half-life. To summarize, this study suggested that blood flow-dependent NO concentration and half-life of nitric oxide were about $1.3{\mu}M$ and 7.7 seconds, respectively, in the aorta of anesthetized rats. The nitric oxide-selective electrode system is useful for the direct and continuous measurement of NO in vivo state.

LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY를 이용한 각 신체부위별 피부혈류량 측정

박대환,황정욱 大韓成形外科學會 1996 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.23 No.2

Reliable normal data of cutaneous blood flow in human is necessary to improve the result of reconstructive surgery. The use of laser doppler flowmetry to monitor cutaneous blood flow was evaluated in this study. From March 1993 to February 1994, the cutaneous blood flow of 120 volunteer were evaluated. From each volunteer, 14 points have been selected for experiment. Fourteen points were right and left upper arm, forearm, chest, flank, abdomen, thigh and lower leg. All measurements were carried out at room temperature of 29℃, relative humidity of 50% and an adapting time of at least 1 hour. The patient was resting in a supine position. The flow was assessed by means of Periflux 4000 Master Laser doppler flowmetry produced by Perimed Company (Sweden). The values presented as an arbitrary Perfusion Unit(PU) can be viewed on the recorder. The mean cutaneous blood flow of the body was between 4 and 9 PU except the head, neck, hand and foot. The mean cutaneous blood flow were as follows: the upper arm 6.6±1.23PU, the the forearm 6. 7±1.95PU, the thorax 7.1±1.72PU, the flank 6.3±1.23PU, the abdomen 5.3±1.79PU, the thigh 4.8±1.34PU, the lower leg 4.6±1.39PU(P<0.05). The blood flow of thorax and upper extremity is highest and show a 50% higher than the lower leg. The teenages group had highest cutaneous blood flow and the sixties age group had lowest cutaneous blood flow. We would like to say that our data could be used as normal reference value of skin blood flow for many reconstructive surgery including flap design, soft tissue trauma, burn.

In vivo measurement of blood flow in micro-circulation systems and their structural rules

이정엽(Jung Yeop Lee),이상준(Sang Joon Lee) 한국가시화정보학회 2008 한국가시화정보학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.- No.2

The micro circulation system which is distributed in the entire body plays an important role in maintaining the metabolism and transport nutrients and wastes. In addition, the hemodynamic characteristics of blood flow such as wall shear stress and flow rate are important factors that affect angiogenetic process and control the vasomotion and dilatation of the vessel adaptively. These factors of blood flow in the micro circulation system are crucial in the development of the cardiovascular system as well as for the proper functioning of an organism, especially when the blood flow is related to circulatory diseases. Moreover, the structural characteristics of blood vessels (Murray’s law and bifurcation pattern) are significantly influenced by blood flow. Therefore, it is important to measure the blood flow in vivo and determine its relation to the structural rules of the vessel. In this study, we measured the blood flow in the extraembryonic arterial blood vessels of chicken embryos and correlated the hemodynamic characteristics and the structural rules of the vessels along the bifurcation cascade. Blood flow was measured using a micro-PIV technique and the temporal characteristics of the flow were obtained using a high-speed CMOS camera. The mean velocity in the arterial blood vessels was observed to decrease and Womersley number (α) calculated based on the pulsating frequency and diameter of the vessel also decreased as the bifurcation cascaded. The ratio of Murray’s law (= D?³/(D₁³ + D₂³), where D?, D₁, and D₂ are the diameters of the parent and two daughter vessels, respectively) was very close to the theoretical value of 1 when the vessel diameter was small (50 ㎛ ≤ D? ≤ 100 ㎛). However, the value deviated from 1 as D? increased. The bifurcation angles were wider when the D? was smaller and became narrower as D? increased. These results indicate that Poiseuille’s formula is best approximated for smaller vessels (when Womersley number approaches to zero).