아까시꽃, 송지 및 토판염을 이용한 구강세정제의 항산화 및 항균 활성

윤석희,한정순,김애정 한국피부과학연구원 2017 아시안뷰티화장품학술지 Vol.15 No.2

목적: 본 연구는 동결건조 아까시꽃 열수추출물을 송지 및 토판염과 혼합하여 제조한 구강세정제의 항산화 활성과 항균 활성을 측정하여 천연 구강세정제로서의 가능성을 탐색하고자 수행되었다. 방법: 아까시꽃을 동결건조, 덖음건조, 열풍건조 방법으로 항산화 활성을 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 소거능과 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) 라디칼 소거능으로 측정하였다. 구강세정제의 항산화 활성은 DPPH 라디칼 소거능으로 측정하였다. 항균 활성은 확산한천법에 의해 평가하였다. 결과: 아까시꽃은 동결건조하였을 때 가장 항산화 활성이 우수하였다. 동결건조 아까시꽃 열수추출물의 첨가 함유량이 증가할수록 항산화 활성이 증가하였다. 항균 활성도 동결건조 아까시꽃 열수추출물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 높게 나타났다. 결론: 이상의 결과 동결건조 아까시꽃 열수추출물, 송지 및 토판염을 이용하여 제조한 구강세정제는 항산화 및 항균 효과를 나타내어 구강위생관리를 위한 천연 구강세정제로서의 가능성을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: This study investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities of mouthwash prepared using freeze dried acacia flower hot water extracts (FDAFWEx), including songji and topan solar salt, and created a natural mouthwash. Methods: The anti-oxidant activity of acacia flowers was measured by the radical scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) using freeze drying, roasting, and hot air drying. The anti-oxidant activity was estimated using the radical scavenging activity of the DPPH in the mouthwash. The anti-bacterial activity was evaluated using the paper disk diffusion method. Results: The greatest anti-oxidant activity of acacia flowers was observed in the FDAFWEx. The anti-oxidant activity of mouthwash was increased by adding FDAFWEx in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-bacterial activity was increased by including the FDAFWEx content. Conclusion: FDAFWEx was determined to have anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities, and it is anticipated that mouthwash containing FDAFWEx could be a natural mouthwash.

Experimental Study of Ginkgo-Chunghyul-dan on Anti-oxidant, Anti-platelet Aggregation, and Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity

윤상필,배형섭,박성욱,정우상,문상관,박정미,고창남,조기호,김용석 대한한의학회 2008 대한한의학회지 Vol.29 No.5

Objectives:Ginkgo-Chunghyul-dan (GCHD) is newly developed herbal medicine to prevent and treat stroke. In this study, we investigated whether the GCHD had antioxidant activity and anti-platelet aggregation effect in vitro and hypolipidemic activities in vivo. Methods:Anti-oxidant activity of GCHD was measured using the Blois method, anti-platelet effect of GCHD was assessed by the Born method, and hypolipidemic activities of GCHD were evaluated in corn oil- or Triton WR-1339-induced and cholesterol-fed rats. Results:GCHD showed anti-oxidant activity in the study inhibiting the formation of 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and xanthine oxidase activity. GCHD had anti-platelet aggregation activity. GCHD significantly lowered total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in high cholesterol diet and Triton WR-1339 induced model TG in corn oil-induced model. GCHD had no acute toxicity at a single dosage. Conclusion:These results suggest that GCHD has the potential to treat hyperlipidemia and stroke. Objectives:Ginkgo-Chunghyul-dan (GCHD) is newly developed herbal medicine to prevent and treat stroke. In this study, we investigated whether the GCHD had antioxidant activity and anti-platelet aggregation effect in vitro and hypolipidemic activities in vivo. Methods:Anti-oxidant activity of GCHD was measured using the Blois method, anti-platelet effect of GCHD was assessed by the Born method, and hypolipidemic activities of GCHD were evaluated in corn oil- or Triton WR-1339-induced and cholesterol-fed rats. Results:GCHD showed anti-oxidant activity in the study inhibiting the formation of 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and xanthine oxidase activity. GCHD had anti-platelet aggregation activity. GCHD significantly lowered total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in high cholesterol diet and Triton WR-1339 induced model TG in corn oil-induced model. GCHD had no acute toxicity at a single dosage. Conclusion:These results suggest that GCHD has the potential to treat hyperlipidemia and stroke.

백두구 추출물의 항산화 및 항비만 효과

박정애 ( Jung Ae Park ),진경숙 ( Kyong Suk Jin ),이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ),권현주 ( Hyun Ju Kwon ),김병우 ( Byung Woo Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2014 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.42 No.3

In this study, the anti-oxidative and anti-obesity activities of Amomum cardamomum L. methanol extract (ACME) were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, pancreatic lipase enzyme inhibition assay, and the cell culture model system. ACME exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities dose-dependently, with IC50 of DPPH radical scavenging activities of ACME being 25.15 μg/ml. Furthermore, ACME effectively suppressed pancreatic lipase enzyme activity dose-dependently. ACME also significantly suppressed adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, triglyceride (TG) contents, and triggered lipolysis activity on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, without cytotoxicity. Their anti-obesity effect was modulated by the cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine (CCAAT)/enhancer binding proteins α (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene and protein expressions. Taken together, these results provide an important new insight that A. cardamomum L. possesses anti-oxidative and anti-obesity activities such as pancreatic lipase inhibition, anti-adipogenic, and lipolysis effects. There is therefore potential for its use as a promising component in the field of nutraceuticals and the identification of the active compounds that confer the anti-oxidative and anti-obesity activities of ACME might be an appropriate next step.

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Salix Koreensis Andersson in DC. leaf methanol extract in vitro models

Kim, Eun-Ji,Kim, Mi Hye Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical 2016 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.6 No.4

Oxidative rancidity in foods causes undesirable changes in nutritive value, aroma, flavor, and color. Salix Koreensis Andersson in DC. (SK) has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and is traditionally used to treat neuralgia, edema, pain, and inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory effects of SK on oxidative and inflammatory reactions have not been elucidated. In this context, we scientifically validated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of SK leaf (SKL). The methanol extract of SKL was evaluated for in vitro anti-oxidative activities. SKL showed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of SKL were also investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. LPS resulted in decreased SOD activities compared with the unstimulated cells, but SKL significantly increased SOD activities reduced by LPS. In addition, LPS-induced nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and interleukin-6 productions were significantly and dose-dependently reduced by SKL in RAW264.7 macrophages without inducing cytotoxicity. In conclusion, these results indicate that SKL will be able to be effectively used as a food additive with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

Endlicheria anomala (Nees) Mez 추출물의 항산화, 항염증 및 미백 활성

진경숙 ( Jin Kyong Suk ),이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ),권현주 ( Hyun Ju Kwon ),김병우 ( Byung Woo Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2013 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.41 No.4

본 연구에서는 Endlicheria anomala (Nees) Mez 메탄올 추출물(EAME)의 항산화, 항염증 및 미백 생리활성을 in vitro assay 및 cell culture model system을 이용하여 분석 하였다. EAME의 항산화능을 분석한 결과 DPPH, H2O2로 유도한 ROS, LPS로 유도한 NO 등 다양한 산화적 스트레스원을 효과적으로 소거하였다. 대표적인 항산화 효소들로 천연물에 의한 항산화능 활성에 의해 주로 발현이 유도되는 세효소인 HO-1, TrxR1, NQO1 및 그 전사 인자인 Nrf2의 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 시료 처리 농도의 증가에 따라 세 효소 및 Nrf2의 발현이 유의적으로 증가됨을 보였다. 또한 EAME는 in vitro DOPA oxidation을 강하게 저해하여 tyrosinase inhibitor로서 작용할 가능성을 시사 하였고 이에 B16F10 melanocyte를 이용하여 미백 효능을 분석한 결과 유의적인 melanin 생성억제능 및 tyrosinase 효소 활성 억제능을 보였으며 이는 tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 등 melanin 생성의 핵심 작용 효소들의 단백질 발현 저해를 통해 일어나는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 EAME가 높은 항산화능과 항염증 활성, 그리고 미백 활성을 보유함을 처음으로 밝혔으며 향후 기능성 식품 및 피부 미용 소재로서유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. In this study, the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenic activities of Endlicheria anomala (Nees) Mez methanol extract (EAME) were evaluated by use of in vitro assays and cell culture model systems. The results revealed that EAME scavenges various radicals such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl hydrogen peroxide induced reactive oxygen species, and lipopolysaccharide induced nitric oxide. Furthermore, EAME induced the expression of anti-oxidative enzymes such as heme oxygenase 1, thioredoxin reductase 1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase 1, and their upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2- related factor 2. Moreover, EAME inhibited in vitro DOPA oxidation and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Its anti-melanogenic activity will have originated from the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity and melanogenesis related protein expression. Taken together, these results provide the important new insight that E. anomala possesses various biological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-melanogenic. Therefore, it might be utilized as a promising material in the fields of nutraceuticals and cosmetics.

청미래덩굴 잎 및 뿌리 추출물의 항산화, ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase 억제 및 항염증 활성비교

김경곤,강윤환,김대중,김태우,최면,Kim, Kyoung Kon,Kang, Yun Hwan,Kim, Dae Jung,Kim, Tae Woo,Choe, Myeon 한국영양학회 2013 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.46 No.4

본 연구에서 청미래덩굴 잎과 뿌리의 물추출물을 이용하여 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드의 함량을 측정한 결과 잎 추출물에서 더 많은 함량이 확인되었으며, DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거능, 환원력 측정을 통한 항산화 활성을 비교한 결과도 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드함량 측정 결과와 마찬가지로 잎에서 높은 활성을 명확하게 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 청미래덩굴 추출물의 항당뇨 효능에 대한 최초의 시도로서 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 활성억제능을 측정한 결과 뿌리추출물에서는 효소의 억제력을 확인할 수 없었지만 잎 추출물에서는 농도 및 반응시간의 증가에 따라 억제력이 증가하여 물 추출물 상태에서 1 mg/mL 기준으로 acarbose의 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 활성 억제능과 비교하여 71.8%의 활성을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 당뇨와 염증의 관련성이 대두되는 최근의 연구 상황에서 청미래덩굴 잎 추출물의 IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2의 mRNA 발현 억제작용을 확인함으로써 염증반응의 개선 가능성도 제시할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 청미래덩굴 잎 추출물의 항산화능, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 활성억제능 및 항염증효능을 확인함으로써 neutraceuticals 소재로서의 개발가능성을 증명하였고 추가 연구의 필요성을 제시하였다. This study was conducted in order to compare the biological activities of leaf and root water extracts of Smilax china L. (SC) by measuring the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, anti-oxidant activity, inhibitory effect on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory gene expression. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of SC leaf (SCLE) and root (SCRE) water extracts were 127.93 mg GAE/g and 39.50 mg GAE/g and 41.99 mg QE/g and 1.25 mg QE/g, respectively. The anti-oxidative activities of SCLE and SCRE were measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity assay and reducing power assay. Both SCLE and SCRE scavenged radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, and SCLE showed stronger radical scavenging activity and reducing power than SCRE; however, both SCLE and SCRE exhibited lower activities than ascorbic acid. Compared to the anti-diabetic drug acarbose, which was used as a positive control, SCLE and SCRE exhibited low ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activities; nevertheless, the activity of SCLE was 3.7 fold higher than that of SCRE. Finally, SCLE caused significantly decreased expression of the LPS-induced cytokines, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNA in RAW264.7 cells, indicating anti-inflammatory activity. These results indicate that SCLE might be a potential candidate as an anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory agent.

청미래덩굴 잎 및 뿌리 추출물의 항산화, α-Glucosidase 억제 및 항염증 활성비교

김경곤,최면,강윤환,김대중,김태우 한국영양학회 2013 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.46 No.4

This study was conducted in order to compare the biological activities of leaf and root water extracts of Smilax china L. (SC) by measuring the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, anti-oxidant activity, inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory gene expression. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of SC leaf (SCLE) and root (SCRE) water extracts were 127.93 mg GAE/g and 39.50 mg GAE/g and 41.99 mg QE/g and 1.25 mg QE/g, respectively. The anti-oxidative activities of SCLE and SCRE were measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity assay and reducing power assay. Both SCLE and SCRE scavenged radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, and SCLE showed stronger radical scavenging activity and reducing power than SCRE; however, both SCLE and SCRE exhibited lower activities than ascorbic acid. Compared to the anti-diabetic drug acarbose, which was used as a positive control, SCLE and SCRE exhibited low α-glucosidase inhibition activities; nevertheless, the activity of SCLE was 3.7 fold higher than that of SCRE. Finally, SCLE caused significantly decreased expression of the LPS-induced cytokines, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNA in RAW264.7 cells, indicating anti-inflammatory activity. These results indicate that SCLE might be a potential candidate as an anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory agent.

산초 추출물 및 분획물의 항산화, 미백 및 항염증 활성

진경숙 ( Kyong Suk Jin ),오유나 ( You Na Oh ),박정애 ( Jung Ae Park ),이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ),진수정 ( Soo Jung Jin ),현숙경 ( Sook Kyung Hyun ),황혜진 ( Hye Jin Hwang ),권현주 ( Hyun Ju Kwon ),김병우 ( Byung Woo Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2012 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.40 No.4

본 연구에서는 한약재로 사용되고 있는 산초 과피 추출물의 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 알아보기 위해 산초 추출물 및 분획물이 보유한 항산화, 미백 및 항염증 활성을 in vitro assay system 및 cell culture model system을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 산초 MeOH, EtOH, 열수 추출물 모두 강한 DPPH radical 소거 활성 및 tyrosinase 효소 활성저해를 통한 DOPA 산화 억제능을 보였다. B16F10 mouse melanoma cell을 이용하여 α-MSH에 의해 유도된 세포 내 melanin 생성에 미치는 산초 추출물의 영향을 알아본 결과 농도의존적인 melanin 생성 억제능을 보였고 세포의 tyrosinase 활성 저해능 또한 이와 일치하는 결과를 보여 산초 추출물에 의한 melanin 생성 억제능이 tyrosinase 효소 활성 억제 및 melanogenesis 관련 단백질 발현 저해에서 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell을 이용하여 산초 추출물의 항염증 활성을 분석한 결과 농도의존적인 NO 생성 저해능을 보였으며 이는 NO 생성 단백질인 iNOS의 발현 저해에서 기인함을 단백질 발현 분석을 통해 확인하였다. 산초 추출물에 존재하는 활성물질을 규명하기 위해 용매 분획을 실시한 후 각 분획물의 미백 및 항염증 활성을 비교 분석한 결과 물 층을 제외한 모든 용매분획이 활성을 보유함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 산초 추출물이 높은 항산화능과 미백활성, 그리고 항염증 활성을 보유함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 미백활성을 비롯한 생리활성 보유 천연물 소재 탐구의 기초자료로 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 사료된다. This study was designed to explore new nutraceutical and cosmetic resources possessing biological activities from the plant kingdom. To fulfill this purpose, we analyzed the anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Zanthoxylum schinifolium extract (ZSE) and its solvent fractions using in vitro assays and cell culture model systems. Three kinds of ZSE treated with methanol, ethanol, and water exhibited potent anti-oxidative activities through DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and inhibited in vitro DOPA oxidation. Furthermore, Z. schinifolium methanol extract (ZSME) inhibited the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, which induces melanin contents in B16F10 cells. Its anti-melanogenic activity originates from the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity and melanogenesis related protein expression. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide induced nitric oxide production in the RAW 264.7 cell line was also ameliorated by ZSME treatment in a dose dependent manner. Among the four solvent fractions of ZSME treated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, nbutanol, and water, three fractions, except water, showed significant anti-melanogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Taken together, these results provide important new insights into Z. schinifolium, indicating that it possesses numerous biological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, it may well serve as a promising material in the field of nutraceuticals and cosmetics.

백작약(Paeonia japonica)의 항산화, 트롬빈 저해, 암전이억제 및 암세포사멸 평가

김준호,김은정 한국자원식물학회 2018 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.31 No.1

백작약 물 추출물과 유기용매 분획물들의 항산화 활성, 트롬빈 억제 및 구강암세포주에서의 암전이 억제 및 암세포 사멸능을 확인하였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 85.13%의 높은 항산화 활성과 87.54%의 높은 트롬빈저해 효과를 나타냈으며, 또한구강암세포주에서도 트롬빈 처리에 의해 활성화된 MMP-2/ pro-MMP-2이 높은 암전이 억제 활성을 나타냈다. 그리고 구강암세포주에 대한 세포사멸 효과는 물 추출물이 5배 이상의 높은 능력을 보였다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 바탕으로 백작약 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 새로운 항산화제, 트롬빈억제제 및 암전이억제제의 개발을 위한 우수한 천연물 소재 후보 물질로서의가능성을 제시하고 있다. Paeonia japonica is a perennial flowering plant used in traditional medicine therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of water extract and solvent fractions obtained from P. japonica on anti-oxidative, anti-thrombin, anti-invasive and pro-apoptotic activities in YD-10B cells, human oral squamous carcinoma cell line. Water fraction revealed the highest extraction yield at 11.44% (w/w). Anti-oxidative activity was the highest in ethyl acetate fraction (85.13%). In the thrombin inhibitory activity test, ethyl fraction was the highest, with a value of 87.54%. Release and activation of MMP-2/pro-MMP-2 ratio in thrombin-treated YD-10B cells were significantly inhibited in the ethyl acetate fraction. At a concentration of 120 ㎍/㎖, water extract and solvent fractions of P. japonica inhibited cell proliferation in YD-10B cells except water fraction. Pro-apoptotic effect on human oral squamous carcinoma cell using the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio analysis was higher in water extract than other fractions. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of P. japonica potentiates a promising antioxidant, anti-thrombin and anti-invasive agents. Key words - Anti-oxidative activity, Anti-thrombin activity, Anti-invasive activity, Paeonia japonica, Pro-apoptotic activity

Anti-inflammatory Action of Phenolic Compounds from Gastrodia elata Root

Lee, Ji-Yun,Jang, Young-Woon,Kang, Hyo-Sook,Moon, Hee,Sim, Sang-Soo,Kim, Chang-Jong The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2006 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.29 No.10

Previous screening of the pharmacological action of Gastrodia elata (GE) root (Orchidaceae) showed that methanol (MeOH) extracts have significant anti-inflammatory properties. The antiinflammatory agents of GE, however, remain unclear. In this experiment, MeOH extracts of GE were fractionated with organic solvents for the anti-inflammatory activity-guided separation of GE. Eight phenolic compounds from the ether (EtOEt) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions were isolated by column chromatography: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (I), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (II), benzyl alcohol (III), bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (IV), 4(4'-hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyl-methylether (V), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (VI), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VII), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (VIII). To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of these compounds, their effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema, arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema and analgesic activity in acetic acid (HAc)-induced writhing response were carried out in vivo; cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 2H3) cells and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydroazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were determined in vitro. These phenolic compounds not only had anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vivo, but also inhibited COX activity and silica-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Among these phenolic compounds, compound VII was the most potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Compound VII significantly inhibited silica-induced ROS generation and compound VI significantly increased DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compounds I, II and III significantly inhibited the activity of COX-I and II. These results indicate that phenolic compounds of GE are anti-inflammatory, which may be related to inhibition of COX activity and to anti-oxidant activity. Consideration of the structure-activity relationship of the phenolic derivatives from GE on the anti-inflammatory action revealed that both C-4 hydroxy and C-3 methoxy radicals of benzyl aldehyde play an important role in anti-inflammatory activities.