체액의 수분 및 나트륨 균형

김지홍,Kim, Ji-Hong 대한소아신장학회 2010 Childhood kidney diseases Vol.14 No.2

The maintenance of the osmolality of body fluids within a very narrow physiologic range is possible by water balance mechanisms that control the intake and excretion of water. Main factors of this process are the thirst and antidiuretic hormon arginine vasopressin (AVP), secretion regulated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. Body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid (ECF), disorders of body water homeostasis can be divided into hypo-osmolar disorders, in which there is an excess of body water relative to body solute, and hyperosmolar disorders, in which there is a deficiency of body water relative to body solute. The sodium is the predominant cation in ECF and the volume of ECF is directly proportional to the content of sodium in the body. Disorders of sodium balance, therefore, may be viewed as disorders of ECF volume. This reviews addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying water and sodium metabolism, the two major determinants of body fluid homeostasis for a good understanding of the pathophysiology and proper management of disorders with disruption of water and sodium balance. 1. 나트륨은 세포외액의 유효삼투압을 형성하는 가장 중요한 용질이며, 수분 밸런스의 이상은 혈중 삼투압의 변화와 혈중 나트륨농도의 이상(hyponatremia, hypernatremia)으로 발현된다. 2. 수분의 출입의 조절에 의하여 체액의 농도변화에 대처하는 과정을 수분 밸런스(water balance) 혹은 수분 대사(water metabolism)라 하며, 세포외 액량 특히 유효혈장량의 변화에 대처하여 체내 총 나트륨량의 출입을 조절하는 과정을 나트륨 밸런스($Na^+$ balance) 혹은 나트륨 대사($Na^+$ metabolism)라 하고 그 차이점을 정리하면 Table 1과 같다. 3. 수분 밸런스의 가장 중요한 두가지 요소는 갈증반응에 의한 수분섭취와 항이뇨호르몬(AVP)에 의한 소변으로의 수분 배출이며, AVP의 분비의 강력한 자극은 삼투압의 변화와 유효혈장량의 변화이다. 4. 나트륨 밸런스는 나트륨 섭취욕구에 의해서는 큰 영향을 받지 못하며, 주로 신장에 의한 염분배출조절에 의하며 이루어지고, 사구체 여과율과 알도스테론 분비가 신장의 나트륨 배설량을 결정하는 가장 중요한 인자이다.

Predicting Hydrologic Response to Climate Changes for Safety Assessment of Geological Disposal System

Minjeong Kim,Heejae Ju,Jung-Woo Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

The timescale of safety assessment for a geological disposal system is considered up to hundreds of thousands of years when the radionuclides in spent nuclear fuel decay to levels comparable to natural radioactivity. During this long period, a variety of climate changes are expected to occur, including variations in temperature and precipitation as well as long-term sea level changes and glacial cycles. These climate changes can either directly affect water balance components or indirectly affect water balance by altering terrain and vegetation that have an impact on water balance. Water balance is a significant element of safety assessment, because it affects the radionuclide transport via groundwater flow, which in turn affects the radiological risk to humans and other biotas. Therefore, it is important to understand the hydrologic response to climate changes for proving the long-term safety of the disposal system. To this end, this study performed hydrological simulations using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for several climate change scenarios. SWAT is the watershed-scale hydrological model developed by the USDA-ARS (United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service) and has been widely used to quantify the water balance in a watershed. It calculates the hydrologic cycle based on the water balance equation with different physical processes for water balance components such as evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. This study assumed several climate change scenarios (e.g., variations in temperature and precipitation, sea level change, and formation of permafrost) and analyzed how the components of the water balance would respond under different scenarios and which scenarios would have the greatest impact on the water balance. These findings can provide valuable insights for future long-term safety assessments on the Korean Peninsula and can also be used as input data for the biosphere module of APro (Adaptive process-based total system performance assessment framework).

The Effects of Water-Based Exercise on Physiological Cost Index and Balance in Stroke Patients

박승규,박삼헌 대한물리치료학회 2014 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.26 No.6

Purpose: This study attempts to find the effects of water-based exercise performed on stroke patients in their physiological costindex and static and dynamic balance. Methods: The subjects were 30 stroke patients, who were randomly divided a water-based exercise group and a land-basedexercise group, each with 15 patients. Both exercises ware performed 3 day per week, for 40 minutes a day, for a period of eightweeks. Results: The Water-based exercise group showed a decreased physiological cost index compared to the land-based exercisegroup, with the physiological cost index of the water-based exercise group decreasing, while the land-based exercise group,showing a significant decrease. Water-based exercise increased static and dynamic balance capacity better than land-based group,showing a significant difference and better efficiency of water-based exercise when compared to land-based exercise. Conclusion: From the result of the study, we found that water-based exercise is more effective in improving PCI and static anddynamic balance capacity. Through this study, training in water-based stroke patients could use cardiovascular endurance andbuoyancy and the vortex, as an effective treatment that can enhance the growth and voluntary participation in the range of thepatient's own movement the thought is, in consideration of the changes in the physiological cost index due to the difference inthe ground and water, and should establish a training program that matches the purpose

The Effects of Water-Based Exercise on Physiological Cost Index and Balance in Stroke Patients

( Seung-kyu Park ),( Sam-heon Park ) 대한물리치료학회 2014 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.26 No.6

Purpose: This study attempts to find the effects of water-based exercise performed on stroke patients in their physiological cost index and static and dynamic balance. Methods: The subjects were 30 stroke patients, who were randomly divided a water-based exercise group and a land-based exercise group, each with 15 patients. Both exercises ware performed 3 day per week, for 40 minutes a day, for a period of eight weeks. Results: The Water-based exercise group showed a decreased physiological cost index compared to the land-based exercise group, with the physiological cost index of the water-based exercise group decreasing, while the land-based exercise group, showing a significant decrease. Water-based exercise increased static and dynamic balance capacity better than land-based group, showing a significant difference and better efficiency of water-based exercise when compared to land-based exercise. Conclusion: From the result of the study, we found that water-based exercise is more effective in improving PCI and static and dynamic balance capacity. Through this study, training in water-based stroke patients could use cardiovascular endurance and buoyancy and the vortex, as an effective treatment that can enhance the growth and voluntary participation in the range of the patient`s own movement the thought is, in consideration of the changes in the physiological cost index due to the difference in the ground and water, and should establish a training program that matches the purpose.

The Effects of Water-Based Exercise on Physiological Cost Index and Balance in Stroke Patients

Park, Seung-Kyu,Park, Sam-Heon The Korean Society of Physical Therapy 2014 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.26 No.6

Purpose: This study attempts to find the effects of water-based exercise performed on stroke patients in their physiological cost index and static and dynamic balance. Methods: The subjects were 30 stroke patients, who were randomly divided a water-based exercise group and a land-based exercise group, each with 15 patients. Both exercises ware performed 3 day per week, for 40 minutes a day, for a period of eight weeks. Results: The Water-based exercise group showed a decreased physiological cost index compared to the land-based exercise group, with the physiological cost index of the water-based exercise group decreasing, while the land-based exercise group, showing a significant decrease. Water-based exercise increased static and dynamic balance capacity better than land-based group, showing a significant difference and better efficiency of water-based exercise when compared to land-based exercise. Conclusion: From the result of the study, we found that water-based exercise is more effective in improving PCI and static and dynamic balance capacity. Through this study, training in water-based stroke patients could use cardiovascular endurance and buoyancy and the vortex, as an effective treatment that can enhance the growth and voluntary participation in the range of the patient's own movement the thought is, in consideration of the changes in the physiological cost index due to the difference in the ground and water, and should establish a training program that matches the purpose.

대구지역에 분포하는 약수의 지구화학적 특성

김종근,이재영 한국환경보건학회 1997 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Chemical analysis, statistical analysis and geochemical study were carried out to investigate the influence of the geology on the chemical characferistics of the mineral water in Taegu area. A simple comparision between the chemical components of the mineral water and their bedrocks indicates that the bedrock types in the catchmerit area control the chemical characteristics of the surface water. However more objective evidences for the mineral water-bedrock relationship come from the statistical analyses(cluster analysis and factor analysis). The results of the statistical analyses suggest that the bedrock type factor explains the data variation seven times as much as pollution does, which evidently indicates that the bedrock in the study area mainly control the mineral water chemistries. The results of comparision of the statistical analyses results with the mineral weathering reactions and mineral stability diagrams can be summarized as follows: 1. Plagioclase weathering to kaolinite provides SiO$_2$ , Ca$^{2+}$ and Na$^+$, and muscovite weathering to kaolinite provides K$^+$, and amphibole and mica minerals weathering to kaolinite provides F to the mineral water. Most of Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$ in the mineral water are the products of carbonate mineral dissolution. SO$_4^{2-}$ may be the byproduct of sulfide oxidation. 2. The weatering of silicate mineral produces Ca-rich smectite and kaolinite, but Ca-rich smectite is unstable and will be transformed to more stable kaolinite because of the continuous dilution of the mineral water by precipitation. By Hashimoto s Mineral Balance Index, S-10 and S-12 mineral spring water were evaluated tasty and healthy water, S-9 and S-11 mineral spring water were evaluated tasty water and S-7, S-8 and S-13 mineral spring water were evaluated healthy water.

관개방법에 따른 논에서의 수문 및 수질특성에 미치는 영향

전지홍,윤춘경,최진규,윤광식 한국육수학회 2005 생태와 환경 Vol.38 No.1

관개방법이 논에서의 수문 및 수질특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 관개용수가 풍부한 지표수 관개지역과 관개용수가 부족한 지하수관개지역에서의 물수지 및 영양물질수지 분석을 실시하였다. 지표수 관개논은 영농기간동안 지속적으로 관개가 이루어졌으나, 지하수 관개논은 영농초기에만 이루어졌으며 그 이후에는 강우에 의해 담수심이 유지되어 지표유출은 지표수 관개논에 비해상대적으로 낮은 빈도를 나타내었다. 지표수의 영양물질 농도는 시비에 의해 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 다량의 시비가 이루어지는 영농초기(5~6월 중순)에는 높은 영양물질 농도를 나타내어 이 시기에 논에서 유출이 이루어진다면 하류 수계에 영향을 줄 것으로 판단되었다. 물수지 분석결과 지하수 관개논의 관개량, 지표유출량 등이 상대적으로 지표수 관개논에 비해 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 영양물질수지분석 결과 대부분의 유입은 시비에 의해 이루어졌으며, 유출은 지표유출이 많은 비중을 차지하였으나 지표유출과 침투유출사이의 비율은 토양의 특성에 좌우되는 것으로 판단된다. 외부에서의 유입을 제외하고 시스템내에서의 유출입만 고려한다면, 물관리가 효율적으로 이루어진 지하수 관개논에서 낮은 부하량을 나타내었다. 그러나 기비가 이루어지고 인위적인 낙수나 강우에 의한 유출이 발생할 경우, 높은 부하량 뿐만 아니라 고농도의 영양물질질이 수계로 유입되는 것으로 나타났다. 논에서의 비점오염관리를 위한 대안으로 현재 시행되고 있는 시비량 감소 뿐 아니라, 효율적인 물관리기법 개발이 포함되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 특히 영농초기의 강우특성과 논에서의 담수기능을 고려해 볼 때 시비에 의한 높은 영양물질 농도를 나타내는 논 표면수의 유출을 효율적으로 억제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 물꼬높이의 증가와 천수간단관개 영농초기의 강우에 의한 유출을 억제시킴으로써 부족한 관개용수의 절약 뿐만아니라 하류수계의 수질보호에 기여를 할 것으로 판단되며, 다양한 조건에 따른 환경적인 측떤 뿐 아니라 벼의 생리적인 측면은 장기적인 모니터링을 통해 반드시 고려되어 야 할 것이다. The comparison of water balance and nutrient loading from paddy field with different irrigation management were carried out during 1999-2002 at two different sites; one is irrigated with groundwater and the other is irrigated with surface water. For the surface water irrigated paddy field, irrigation was performed continuously during growing season. Whereas, initial irrigation with groundwater was applied during initial growing season, and the ponded water depth was maintained by natural precipitation since initial irrigation. The runoff frequency of groundwater irrigated paddy field was less than that of surface water irrigated paddy field. The nutrient concentration of ponded water was high by fertilization at early cultural periods, so reducing surface drainage during fertilization period can reduce nutrient loading from paddy fields. Amount of irrigation water to surface water irrigated paddy field was higher than to groundwater irrigated paddy field and evapotranspiration was similar because it is influenced by climate. Overall input in and output from paddy field irrigated with goundwater were less than that with surface water. This study indicate that efficient water management can reduce surface drainage outflow, save water, and protect water quality. It might be important BMPs for paddy field.

상하수도 연계를 통한 도시 물 순환 모형 개발 및 적용

정건희(Chung, Gunhui),옥원수(Ohk, Won Soo) 한국방재학회 2020 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.20 No.6

도시 과밀화에 따라 주거지역의 인구밀도가 높아지고, 단위 면적당 물 사용량이 증가하고 있다. 그러므로 도시에 공급된 물의흐름을 연구하고, 도시 물 순환 건전성 제고를 위한 노력을 해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 비인과적인 프로그래밍인 Modelica를 소개하고, Open Medelica를 이용하여 도시 물 순환 모형의 기본이 될 수 있는 상수도와 하수도를 연계하는 모형을 구축하였다. 기존에 상수관망과하수관망을 모의하기 위해 일반적으로 사용되는 EPA-NET과 EPA-SWMM에서 제공하는 개발자 toolkit을 이용하여 수용가 블록을기준으로 Open Modelica 기반 상수관망과 하수관망을 연계하여 모의할 수 있도록 하였다. 상수관망에 공급되는 시간별 물 사용량의90%가 하수관망으로 자동 유입될 수 있도록 모형을 구축하였으며, 상수관망과 하수관망의 절점 간 연결을 위해 매칭테이블을구축하면 Open Modelica에 개발된 GUI에서 절점, 링크, 펌프, 탱크, 밸브 등의 수정이 가능하도록 개발하였다. 개발된 모형을 이용하여48시간 물 공급을 모의하였으며, 성공적으로 상수와 하수가 연계되어 모의되는 것을 확인하였다. 향후 개발된 모형을 기본으로하수처리수 재이용, 빗물이용, 우수의 유출 흐름, 저영향개발 시설 등과 같은 도시물순환 요소를 추가적으로 고려하여 보다 확장되고실제에 가까운 도시 물 순환 모형을 개발할 계획이다. 본 연구를 통해 Modelica가 시간에 따른 시스템 내 변화를 모의할 수 있다는것을 확인하였으며, 수식기반의 비인과적 시뮬레이션 언어이므로 도시 물 순환 요소의 블록별 개발을 통해 불록 간 관계 설정및 재사용 등이 가능하므로, 향후 도시 물 순환 모형의 시각화 및 구체화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. Due to urban overcrowding, the population density of residential areas and water use per unit are increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the flow of water supplied to cities and to improve the healthy circulation of urban water. This study used Modelica, a non-causal analytical program. Using Open Modelica, the researchers constructed a model linking water distribution and sewerage, as the basis of a balanced urban water model. Using the programmer s toolkit provided by EPA-NET and EPA-SWMM, which are commonly used to simulate the existing water supply and sewage pipe networks, Open Modelica-based water distribution networks and sewage pipe networks can be connected and simulated based on the customer block. A model was built so that 90% of the hourly water consumption supplied to the water supply pipe network can be automatically introduced into the sewage pipe network. If a matching table is constructed to connect the nodes of the water supply pipe network and the sewer pipe network, the nodes will reflect in the graphical user interface (GUI) developed in Open Modelica. It was developed to enable modification of links, pumps, tanks, and valves. The 48-hour water supply was simulated using the developed model, and it was confirmed that water supply and sewage networks were successfully connected. In the future, we plan to develop a more expanded and realistic urban water circulation model by considering additional urban water circulation factors, such as sewage treatment, water reuse, rainwater use, storm runoff, and low-impact development facilities. Through this study, it was confirmed that Modelica can simulate changes in the system over time. Since it is a formula-based non-causal simulation language, it is possible to establish and reuse relationships between blocks through block-by-block development of urban water circulation elements. It is expected to contribute to the visualization and concretization of future urban water circulation models.

제주도 중산간지대의 지표수 이용시설에 대한 수문지형학적 접근

안중기 ( Jung Gi An ),김태호 ( Tae Ho Kim ) 한국지형학회 2015 한국지형학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Before supplying underground water through a tubular well, irrigation facilities for surface water were used in the transition zone to mountain area of Jeju Island. This paper has examined the hydrogeomorphologic characteristics of irrigation facilities in Dongbaekdongsan such as distribution, structure, water source and water balance. There are ten facilities including two wells and eight reservoirs. The well was constructed in a collapsed hollow of lava flow and has a stair to scoop up water which originates from boundaries between lava flow units below two or three meters deep. By contrast, the reservoir was constructed on a lava flow abundant in a micro-relief by building a stone wall with a sluice to have surface water easily introduced into the reservoir. Since a lava flow, particularly pahoephoe, often produces an impermeable layer, depressions and collapsed hollows developed in the lava flow could become small wetlands largely maintained by rainfall and provide a base for constructing irrigation facilities. Surface water flows into four reservoirs through temporary channels in addition to direct rainfall. Water storage of Meonmulggak consists of direct rainfall of 60.8% and water flow of 39.2%. Heavy rainfall produces overflow and subsequent surface runoff from Meonmulggak which contains an annual water volume of 1,860 m3. The water balance of catchment area including Meonmulggak demonstrates that rainfall is partitioned into evapotranspiration of 31.4%, deep percolation of 67.8% and surface water runoff of 0.8%, respectively.

사료 섬유질이 고온 스트레스를 받는 수탉 성계의 수분 출납, 혈액의 산-염기 평형, 체온 및 대사율에 미치는 영향

이지훈,이봉덕,이수기,유동조,현화진 한국가금학회 1995 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.22 No.3

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.