Immunohistochemical Study on β1- and β2-Adrenergic Receptors in Rat Vestibular Nuclei

안성기,Roza Khalmuratova,허동구,김호엽,박현우,주연희,강흥수 대한평형의학회 2012 Research in Vestibular Science Vol.11 No.2

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the localizations of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in rat vestibular nuclei by immunohistochemical staining procedure. Materials and Methods: Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Primary antibodies for the β1- and β2-ARs were used. The sections were treated with a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit antibody. The sections were then incubated in avidin-biotin-peroxidase reagent and processed with immunoperoxidase using 3.3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Results: β1-AR and β2-AR immunopositive neurons were found to be distributed throughout the four major vestibular nuclei. Both receptors were primarily detected in neuronal somata and their proximal dendrites. β1-AR and β2-AR were moderately expressed in the superior vestibular nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus,and spinal vestibular nucleus. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that β1-AR and β2-AR receptors are localized in rat vestibular nuclei. Furthermore, this study may provide additional speculation into the role of ARs during vestibular signal processing. Further studies are needed to clarify the roles played by β1-ARs and β2-ARs through physiologic and functional studies. Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the localizations of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in rat vestibular nuclei by immunohistochemical staining procedure. Materials and Methods: Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Primary antibodies for the β1- and β2-ARs were used. The sections were treated with a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit antibody. The sections were then incubated in avidin-biotin-peroxidase reagent and processed with immunoperoxidase using 3.3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Results: β1-AR and β2-AR immunopositive neurons were found to be distributed throughout the four major vestibular nuclei. Both receptors were primarily detected in neuronal somata and their proximal dendrites. β1-AR and β2-AR were moderately expressed in the superior vestibular nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus,and spinal vestibular nucleus. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that β1-AR and β2-AR receptors are localized in rat vestibular nuclei. Furthermore, this study may provide additional speculation into the role of ARs during vestibular signal processing. Further studies are needed to clarify the roles played by β1-ARs and β2-ARs through physiologic and functional studies.

일측 전정기관 손상 흰쥐에서 전정안구반사와 내측전정신경핵의 c-Fos 단백질발현에 대한 전정기관의 전기자극 효과

박병림,황호룡,이문영,김민선,Park Byung-Rim,Hwang Ho-Ryong,Lee Moon-Yong,Kim Min-Sun 대한약리학회 1997 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.1 No.3

Unilateral labyrinthectorny (ULX) causes autonomic symptoms, ocular and postural asymmetries, which disappear over tune in the process of equilibrium recovery known as vestibular compensation. In the present study in order to elucidate mechanisms responsible for the effects of electrical stimulation on vestibular compensation and investigate the relationship between vestibular compensation and c-Fos expression in the medial vestibular nuclei following ULX, we measured spontaneous nystagmus, eye movement induced by sinusoidal rotation and c-Fos expression or to 72 hs after ULX in Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental animals were divided into two groups: ULX group with ULX only, and electrical stimulation (ES) group with electrical stimulation of $-2{\sim}-5V$, 1.0ms, 100 Hz to the lesioned vestibular system for 4 hs/day. Spontaneous nystagmus following ULX disappeared by 72 hs in ULX group and 36 hs in ES group. In eye movement induced by sinusoidal rotation, normal pattern of eye movement by rotation toward the lesioned side was recovered 24 hs after ULX at rotation of 0.1 Hz and 6 hs after at 0.2 Hz, 0.5 Hz in ULX group. In ES group, the eye movement recovered after 12 hs at 0.1 Hz, 6 hs at 0.2 Hz, and 4 hs at 0.5 Hz. Directional Preponderance which represents the symmetry of bilateral vestibular functions showed significantly early recovery in ES group compared with that of ULX group. Expression or c-Fos immunoreactive cells in the bilateral medial vestibular nuclei was severely asymmetrical till 36 hs in ULX group, and then it became a symmetry and disappeared after 72 hs. However, ES group showed the symmetry of c-Fos expression after 6 hs, which was significantly early recovery in 25 group. All these findings suggest that electrical stimulation ameliorates recovery of vestibuloocular reflex following ULX by the restoration of the balance of the resting activity between bilateral medial vestibular nuclei. In addition, c-Fos expression in the medial vestibular nuclei could be used as a marker of vestibular compensation since c-Fos expression is closely related to the course of recovery following ULX.

동대동맥동신경 제거 흰쥐에서 혈압조절에 대한 전정기관의 역할

조상곤,이재효,김민선,김원철,박병림,오석규,정진원 대한순환기학회 2003 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.33 No.6

Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Medial Vestibular Nucleus Following Acute Hypotension in Rats

최명애,김나리,박상언,박병건,김민선,박병림 대한평형의학회 2012 Research in Vestibular Science Vol.11 No.4

Background and Objectives: Acute hypotension induces expression of c-Fos protein and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), and glutamate release in the vestibular nuclei. Expression of c-Fos protein and pERK is mediated by the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. In this study, the signaling pathway of glutamate in the vestibular nuclei following acute hypotension was investigated. Materials and Methods: Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) was measured by Western blotting in the medial vestibular nucleus following acute hypotension in rats. Results: Expression of pGluR1 Ser831,a subtype of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)receptors, peaked at 30 minutes after acute hypotension insult, and expression of pNR2B, a subtype of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, peaked at 2 hours after acute hypotension insult. Acute hypotension induced expression of Homer1a and group I mGluR in the medial vestibular nucleus. Expression of mGluR1 and mGluR5 peaked at 6 hours following acute hypotension insults. Conclusion: These results suggest that afferent signals from the peripheral vestibular receptors, resulting from acute hypotension insult, are transmitted through group I mGluRs as well as AMPA and NMDA receptors in the vestibular system.

Responses of Inferior Olive Neurons to Stimulation of Semicircular Canals

Park, Sah-Hoon,Park, Jong-Seong,Lee, Min-Su,Shin, Jung-Woo The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2002 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.6 No.4

In spite of abundant anatomical evidences for the fiber connection between vestibular nuclei and inferior olivary (IO) complex, the transmission of vestibular information through the vestibulo- olivo-cerebellar climbing fiber pathway has not been physiologically established. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether there are IO neurons specifically responding to horizontal rotation and also in which subregions of IO complex these vestibularly-activated neurons are located. The extracellular recording was made in 68 IO neurons and responses of 46 vestibularly-activated cells were analyzed. Most of the vestibularly-activated IO neurons responded to signals of vertical rotation (roll), while a small number (13/46) of recorded cells were activated by horizontal canal signal (yaw). Regardless of yaw-sensitive or roll-sensitive, vestibular IO neurons were excited, when the animal was rotated to the side contralateral to the recording side. The gain and excitation phase were very similar to otolithic or vertical-canal responses. Histologic identification of recording sites showed that most of vestibular IO neurons were located in ${\beta}$ subnucleus. Electrical stimulation of a HSC evoked an inhibitory effect on the excitability of the ipsilateral IO neurons. These results suggest that IO neurons mainly in the ${\beta}$ subnucleus receive vestibular signals from semicircular canals and otolithic organs, encode them, and transmit vestibular information to the cerebellum.

The Ipsilateral Vestibulothalamic Tract in the Human Brain

Jang, Sung Ho,Kwon, Hyeok Gyu De Gruyter Open 2018 Translational neuroscience Vol.9 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Although there are a few studies of portions of the vestibular system such as the vestibulocerebellar tract and the neural connectivity of the vestibular nuclei (VN), no study of the ipsilateral vestibulothalamic tract (VTT) (originating from the VN and mainly connecting to the lateral thalami nuclei) has been reported. In the current study, using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), we investigate the reconstruction method and characteristics of the ipsilateral VTT in normal subjects. Thirty-three subjects were recruited for this study. For the ipsilateral VTT, the seed region of interest (ROI) was placed on the VN, which was isolated on the FA map using adjacent structures as follows: the reticular formation (anterior boundary), posterior margin of medulla and pons (posterior boundary), medial lemniscus (medial boundary) and restiform body (lateral boundary). The target ROI was placed at the lateral thalamic nuclei using known anatomical locations. The DTT parameters of the ipsilateral VTT were measured. The ipsilateral VTTs that originated from the vestibular nuclei ascended postero-laterally to the upper pons and antero-medially to the upper midbrain via the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and terminated the lateral thalamic nuclei. No significant differences were observed in DTT parameters of the ipsilateral VTT between the right and left hemispheres (p > 0.05). Using DTT, we reconstructed the ipsilateral VTT and observed the anatomical characteristics of the ipsilateral VTT in normal subjects. We believe that the methodology and results in this study could be helpful to researchers and clinicians in this field.</P>

일측 전정기관 손상 후 전정신경핵에서 c-Fos 단백발현에 대한 Ginkgo biloba의 영향

최동옥,김선경,최명애,이문영,김민선,박은호,박병림 대한평형의학회 2003 Research in Vestibular Science Vol.2 No.2

전정피질의 구조 및 기능의 이해

김민선,이재희,이경완,박병림 대한평형의학회 2010 Research in Vestibular Science Vol.9 No.1

The vestibular end-organs generate very sophisticated gravity sensory information about head movement by sensing head acceleration in three-dimensional space. Vestibular information is crucial for higher brain functions such as cognition of spatial orientation, spatial memory, and perception of self-motion. The term “vestibular cortex” represents cortical area where vestibular information is processed, converged with other sensory inputs to maintain cortical functions. The vestibular cortex gives rise to commend signals that control the vestibulosomatic reflex through the modulation of vestibular nuclear activity in the brainstem. The vestibular cortex includes such different cortical regions as the premotor region of the frontal cortex, parietal areas, temporal areas, and a central core region called parietoinsular vestibular cortex. This paper summarizes systemically animal and clinical research data concerned with the vestibular cortex in order to understand anatomy and functions of the vestibular cortex and to provide a basic literature for further study.

가성 전정신경염

최재환,최광동 대한평형의학회 2011 Research in Vestibular Science Vol.10 No.-

Acute vestibular syndrome is the rapid onset of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting (with nystagmus, unsteady gait, and head motion intolerance) over seconds-hours, lasting days-weeks. This presumed-viral, peripheral vestibular disorder is known as vestibular neuritis (without auditory symptoms), labyrinthitis (with auditory symptoms), generically acute peripheral vestibulopathy (APV). Most acute vestibular patients have APV, but some have an acute central vestibular syndrome resulting from lesions affecting the pons (the root entry zone of the vestibular nerve, vestibular fascicle, vestibular nucleus), inferior cerebellum (uvula and nodulus), or vestibular cortex (insula). Clinically, it is important to differentiate central vestibular syndrome from APV, because it can produce cerebellar swelling that can lead to brainstem compression and death unless there is neurosurgical intervention. The type of nystagmus evident on examination had been said to differentiate APV from central vestibulopathy, but assessment of nystagmus alone cannot distinguish all cases, and perhaps half of patients with pseudo-vestibular neuritis have unidirectional nystagmus mimicking APV. Therefore, in patients with acute vestibular syndrome, no improvement within 48 hours, abnormal neurological signs, severe headache, profound postural imbalance, unilateral hearing loss, normal head impulse test, and central patterns on vestibular function tests suggest a pseudo-vestibular neuritis.

Central vestibular disorder due to ischemic injury on the parieto-insular vestibular cortex in patients with middle cerebral artery territory infarction : Observational study

Yeo, Sang Seok,Jang, Sung Ho,Kwon, Jung Won Wolters Kluwer Health 2017 Medicine Vol.96 No.51

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Central vestibular disorder is common after middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarction. The MCA supplies blood to the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC), a core region of central vestibular symptoms. We report on patients that sustained injuries of the core vestibular pathway to the PIVC with central vestibular disorder following MCA territory infarction, demonstrated on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Nineteen patients with MCA territory infarction and 12 control subjects were recruited. To reconstruct the core vestibular pathway to the PIVC, we defined seed region of interest (ROI) as vestibular nuclei of pons and target ROI as the PIVC. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, and tract volume were measured. In the affected hemisphere, FA value of the core vestibular pathway to the PIVC revealed significant difference between all patient groups and the control group (<I>P</I> < .05). In contrast, patients with symptoms of ataxia only revealed significant decrement of tract volume compared with the control group (<I>P < </I>.05). Additionally, subgroup B revealed significant decrement of tract volume compared with that of subgroup A and the control group (<I>P < </I>.05). In the unaffected hemisphere, there was no significant difference in all DTI parameters between all patient groups and the control group (<I>P < </I>.05). Injury to the core vestibular pathway to the PIVC was demonstrated in patients that revealed typical central vestibular disorder following MCA territory infarction. Analysis of the core vestibular pathway to the PIVC using DTI would be beneficial in clinical evaluation and management of patients with MCA territory infarction.</P>