Absence of retromandibular vein associated with atypical formation of external jugular vein in the parotid region

Jyothsna Patil,Naveen Kumar,Ravindra S Swamy,Melanie R D'Souza,Anitha Guru,Satheesha B Nayak 대한해부학회 2014 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.47 No.2

Veins of the head and neck exhibiting anatomical variations or malformations are clinically significant. Anatomical variation in the external jugular vein is very common. However, anatomical variation in the retromandibular vein is rare. In this paper, we report a rare case of complete absence of the retromandibular vein. In the absence of the retromandibular vein, the maxillary vein divided into anterior and posterior divisions. The posterior division joined the superficial temporal vein to form an atypical external jugular vein, and the anterior division joined the facial vein to form an anonymous vein. In clinical practice, radiologists and surgeons use the retromandibular vein as a guide to expose the branches of the facial nerve during superficial parotidectomy. Therefore, absence of the retromandibular vein is a hurdle during this procedure and may affect the venous drainage pattern from the head and neck.

Study of surgical anatomy of portal vein of liver segments by cast method and its clinical implications

Vidya C. Shrikantaiah,Manjaunatha Basappa,Sangita Hazrika,Roopa Ravindranath 대한해부학회 2018 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.51 No.4

Portal vein provides about three-fourths of liver’s blood supply. Portal vein is formed behind the neck of pancreas, at the level of the second lumbar vertebra and formed from the convergence of superior mesenteric and splenic veins. The purpose of this study is to review the normal distribution and variation, morphometry of portal vein and its branches for their implication in liver surgery and preoperative portal vein embolization. It is also helpful for radiologists while performing radiological procedures. A total of fresh 40 livers with intact splenic and superior mesenteric vein were collected from the mortuary of Forensic Department, JSS Medical College and Mysuru Medical College. The silicone gel was injected into the portal vein and different segments were identified and portal vein variants were noted. The morphometry of portal vein was measured by using digital sliding calipers. The different types of portal vein segmental variants were observed. The present study showed predominant type I in 90% cases, type II 7.5% cases, and type III 2.5% cases. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of length of right portal vein among males and females were 2.096±0.602 cm and 1.706±0.297 cm, respectively. Mean and SD of length of left portal vein among males and females were 3.450±0.661 cm and 3.075±0.632 cm, respectively. The difference in the Mean among the males and females with respect to length of right portal vein and left portal vein was found to be statistically significant (P=0.010). Prior knowledge of variations regarding the formation, termination and tributaries of portal vein are very helpful and important for surgeons to perform liver surgeries like liver transplantation, segmentectomy and for Interventional Radiologists.

New Finger-vein Recognition Method Based on Image Quality Assessment

( Dat Tien Nguyen ),( Young Ho Park ),( Kwang Yong Shin ),( Kang Ryoung Park ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2013 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.7 No.2

The performance of finger-vein recognition methods is limited by camera optical defocusing, the light-scattering effect of skin, and individual variations in the skin depth, density, and thickness of vascular patterns. Consequently, all of these factors may affect the image quality, but few studies have conducted quality assessments of finger-vein images. Therefore, we developed a new finger-vein recognition method based on image quality assessment. This research is novel compared with previous methods in four respects. First, the vertical cross-sectional profiles are extracted to detect the approximate positions of vein regions in a given finger-vein image. Second, the accurate positions of the vein regions are detected by checking the depth of the vein`s profile using various depth thresholds. Third, the quality of the finger-vein image is measured by using the number of detected vein points in relation to the depth thresholds, which allows individual variations of vein density to be considered for quality assessment. Fourth, by assessing the quality of input finger-vein images, inferior-quality images are not used for recognition, thereby enhancing the accuracy of finger-vein recognition. Experiments confirmed that the performance of finger-vein recognition systems that incorporated the proposed quality assessment method was superior to that of previous methods.

Terminal bifurcation of the external jugular vein: a rare variation

Satheesha Badagabettu Nayak,Soumya Kodimajalu Vasudeva 대한해부학회 2022 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.55 No.4

Variations of external jugular vein are common. Here, we present a rare terminal bifurcation of the left external jugular vein. The left external jugular vein was formed by the union of entire retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. One inch above the clavicle, it bifurcated into medial and lateral divisions. The medial division terminated into the internal jugular vein and the lateral division terminated into the subclavian vein. Medial division received a common vein formed by the union of anterior jugular vein and an anonymous vein lying under the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The lateral division received a common vein formed by the union of suprascapular and transverse cervical veins. The knowledge about this variation could be useful to head and neck surgeons, radiologists and plastic surgeons.

A Comparison of Complete Blood Cell Count in Canine Blood Samples Obtained from the Jugular Vein, Cephalic Vein and Lateral Saphenous Vein

안형모,송중현,안수진,유도현,김영주,한동현,정동인 한국임상수의학회 2019 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.36 No.6

The purpose of this study was to compare the results of complete blood cell count (CBC) of blood samples collected from the jugular vein, cephalic vein and lateral saphenous vein and to find out if there were clinically significant differences. Total of 40 dogs were tested. CBC tests were conducted with blood samples obtained from the jugular vein, cephalic vein and lateral saphenous vein and manual differential count was performed to accurately distinguish the white blood cell (WBC) types. The results were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA and posthoc test was conducted using the least significant difference method. As a result, there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the total WBC and monocyte count. The post-hoc test of total WBC counts revealed a significant difference between the jugular vein and cephalic vein, and the jugular vein and lateral saphenous vein. For monocyte counts, a significant difference was observed between the jugular vein and lateral saphenous vein.

Morphometric evaluation of great vein of Galen and its clinical implications

Grace Suganya. S(Grace Suganya. S ),Ariharan. K(Ariharan. K ),Raveendranath Veeramani(Raveendranath Veeramani ),Dinesh Kumar. V(Dinesh Kumar. V ),Nagarajan Krishnan(Nagarajan Krishnan ) 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.1

The Galenic venous system plays a vital role in the drainage of blood from deeper parts of the brain. This venous system is contributed by many major veins. These veins are located closer to the pineal gland making the surgical approach in this region difficult. Any accidental injury or occlusion of the vein of Galen could lead to devasting results. Thus, studying the dimensions of the vein of Galen is more important. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the morphometry and trajectory to the vein of Galen. About 100 computed tomographic venography records were evaluated and the length, diameter of vein of Galen, angle between straight sinus and vein of Galen and distance from internal occipital protuberance and roof of fourth ventricle to vein of Galen were studied. The mean length and diameter of vein of Galen were 9.8±2.7 and 4.08±1.04 respectively. The mean angle between straight sinus and vein of Galen was 64.2°. The mean distance between external occipital protuberance and roof of fourth ventricle to vein of Galen were 52±6.9 and 33.3±4.5 respectively. No significant morphometric differences were observed between the age groups as well as between the sexs. The results obtained from this study may be helpful for the neurosurgeons in better understanding of the anatomy of the Galenic venous system and to adopt a safe surgical approach to improve the efficacy of the surgeries of the pineal gland and also in the region of vein of Galen.

초음파를 통한 Giacomini 정맥의 빈도 및 하지 정맥부전과의 연관성에 관한 연구

박순찬,권세환,오주형,류경남,안형준,박호철 대한초음파의학회 2009 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.28 No.3

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the incidence of Giacomini vein and its association with lower extremity venous insufficiency by performing US. Materials and Methods: From September 2006 to July 2007, 173 patients (58 males and 115 females, mean age: 52.7 years, age range: 22-72 years) who had been diagnosed with unilateral/bilateral varicose veins or telangiectasias were evaluated with duplex Doppler ultrasonography. The presence of Giacomini vein, superficial/ deep vein reflux, the anatomical sites of the venous reflux and the abnormal perforating veins was investigated in 346 legs. Results: Giacomini veins were found in 33 limbs (9.5%) of 21 patients (12.1%). Bilateral Giacomini veins were found in 12 patients. Of the 33 limbs that had Giacomini veins, 20 limbs had great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux and 4 limbs had small saphenous vein (SSV) reflux. The patients with Giacomini veins were classified into two groups according to the presence of Giacomini vein. There was no significant difference of the GSV reflux (p = 0.155), the SSV reflux (p = 0.760) and the mean velocity of the GSV reflux or the SSV reflux (p = 0.685, p = 0.431, respectively) between the two groups. Conclusions: Our results indicated that Giacomini vein is not associated with either GSV or SSV reflux, and this is contrary to conventional belief. 목적: 하지정맥류 환자에서 Giacomini 정맥의 빈도 및 하지 정맥부전 (lower extremity venous insufficiency)과의 관련 성을 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2006년도 9월부터 2007년도 7월까지 일측 혹은 양측 정맥류 (varicose veins) 또는 모세혈관 확장증 (telangiectasias)으로 진단받은 173명의 환자 (남자 58명, 여 자 115명, 연령 범위 22~72세, 평균 연령:52.7세)의 346개의 하지를 대상으로 이중 도플러 초음파 검사를 시행하였다. 이들 을 대상으로 Giacomini 정맥의 존재유무, 표재성/심부 정맥 역 류, 정맥 역류의 해부학적 위치, 비정상적인 관통정맥 (perforating veins)을 조사하였다. Giacomini 정맥을 확인한 군을 그룹 I, 그렇지 않은 군을 그룹 II로 분류하였다. 비정상적 인 역류의 기준은 표재성 정맥의 경우 0.5초 이상의 역류, 심부 정맥의 경우 2초 이상의 역류를 기준으로 하였다. 결과: Giacomini 정맥은 21명의 환자 (12.1%, 21/173) 중 33개의 하지 (9.5%, 33/346)에서 발견되었다. 양측 Giacomini 정맥은 12명의 환자에게서 발견되었다. Giacomini 정맥이 있는 33개의 하지중에서 20개의 하지에서 대복재 정맥 역류가 있었고 4개의 하지에서 소복재 정맥 역류가 있었다. 그 러나 1개의 하지에서는 심부 정맥 (슬와정맥) 역류가 있었다. 그룹 I과 그룹 II에서 대복재 정맥 역류 (p=0.155), 소복재 정 맥 역류 (p=0.760), 그리고 대복재 정맥 역류와 소복재 정맥 역류의 속도 (p=0.685, p=0.431)는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또 한 그룹 I과 그룹 II에서 복재 정맥 역류 (대복재 정맥 역류 혹 은 소복재 정맥 역류)의 빈도, 관통정맥의 역류 빈도는 유의한 차이가 없었으며 (p=0.294, p=0.414), 심부 정맥 (대퇴정맥, 슬와정맥) 역류에서도 통계학적인 차이를 발견할 수 없었다 (p=1.000, p=0.871). 결론: Giacomini 정맥은 대복재 정맥 역류나 소복재 정맥 역 류와 관련이 없다.

Right Gastric Venous Drainage: Angiographic Analysis in 100 Patients

성낙종,정진욱,김효철,박재형,제환준,안상부,조백환 대한영상의학회 2012 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.13 No.1

Objective: To evaluate the pattern of right gastric venous drainage by use of digital subtraction angiography. Materials and Methods: A series of 100 consecutive patients who underwent right gastric arteriography during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma were included in this study. Angiographic findings were retrospectively analyzed with respect to the presence or absence of the right and aberrant gastric veins, multiplicity of draining veins, aberrant right gastric venous drainage sites, and the termination pattern of aberrant right gastric veins (ARGVs). We also compared the relative size of the right and left gastric veins. Results: A total of 49 patients collectively had 66 ARGVs. The common drainage sites for the ARGVs included the hepatic segment IV (n = 35) and segment I (n = 15). The termination pattern of ARGV could be classified into 4 different types. The most common type was termination as a superficial parenchymal blush formation in small areas without demonstrable portal branches. A statistically significant difference was found for the dominancy of the right gastric vein in gastric venous drainage between the two groups with or without ARGV (p < 0.05, Fisher’s exact test). In the group of patients without ARGV (n = 51), the right gastric vein was equal to (n = 9) or larger than (n = 17) the left gastric vein in 26 patients (26 of 51, 51%). Conclusion: The incidence of ARGV is higher than expected with four distinct types in its termination pattern. The right gastric vein may play a dominant role in gastric venous drainage. Objective: To evaluate the pattern of right gastric venous drainage by use of digital subtraction angiography. Materials and Methods: A series of 100 consecutive patients who underwent right gastric arteriography during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma were included in this study. Angiographic findings were retrospectively analyzed with respect to the presence or absence of the right and aberrant gastric veins, multiplicity of draining veins, aberrant right gastric venous drainage sites, and the termination pattern of aberrant right gastric veins (ARGVs). We also compared the relative size of the right and left gastric veins. Results: A total of 49 patients collectively had 66 ARGVs. The common drainage sites for the ARGVs included the hepatic segment IV (n = 35) and segment I (n = 15). The termination pattern of ARGV could be classified into 4 different types. The most common type was termination as a superficial parenchymal blush formation in small areas without demonstrable portal branches. A statistically significant difference was found for the dominancy of the right gastric vein in gastric venous drainage between the two groups with or without ARGV (p < 0.05, Fisher’s exact test). In the group of patients without ARGV (n = 51), the right gastric vein was equal to (n = 9) or larger than (n = 17) the left gastric vein in 26 patients (26 of 51, 51%). Conclusion: The incidence of ARGV is higher than expected with four distinct types in its termination pattern. The right gastric vein may play a dominant role in gastric venous drainage.

Graft outflow vein unification venoplasty with superficial left hepatic vein branch in pediatric living donor liver transplantation using a left lateral section graft

Jung-Man Namgoong,Shin Hwang,Gil-Chun Park,Hyunhee Kwon,Yong Jae Kwon,Sang Hoon Kim 한국간담췌외과학회 2020 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.24 No.3

Orifice size of the left hepatic vein trunk (LHV) in left lateral segment (LLS) grafts is often too small to perform direct anastomosis. A small superficial branch of LHV is encountered in approximately 30% of LLS grafts. Unification venoplasty of the LHV trunk and its superficial vein branch makes the orifice size of LLS outflow vein larger than the original size. We present refined surgical techniques for LHV unification venoplasty with a superficial LHV branch. The patient was a 5-month-old 9 kg-weighing girl with biliary atresia. Her general condition deteriorated, but there was low possibility of deceased donor liver allocation, thus living donor liver transplantation was performed using her mother’s LLS. The graft hepatic vein was widened through unification venoplasty of LHV and its superficial branch. Recipient hepatic vein orifice was widened through unification of three hepatic veins. The graft and recipient hepatic vein orifices were well matched in size, and they were anastomosed with 5-0 continuous sutures. The portal vein was reconstructed with interposition of cold-preserved external iliac vein homograft. The graft left hepatic artery was reconstructed using the recipient right hepatic artery and hepaticojejunostomy was performed. This patient recovered uneventfully and is doing well for 3 months to date. The unification venoplasty with LHV trunk and its superficial vein branch makes the size of LLS outflow vein definitely larger than the original size, thus it can be a useful technical option to reduce the risk of hepatic vein outflow obstruction in pediatric liver transplantation using a LLS graft.

The best vein to be accessed based on descriptive study of dorsal metacarpal vein

Muna A. Salameh,Amjad T. Shatarat,Darwish H. Badran,Mhmoud A. Abu-Abeeleh,Islam M. Massad,Amjad M. Bani-Hani 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.4

It is well known that the most common sites for venous access are the superficial veins of the upper limb, particularly dorsal metacarpal veins and median cubital vein. Although dorsal metacarpal veins are the first choice for venous cannulation, there is scarce information about their anatomic variation. Hence, detailed anatomical information about these veins will improve the anatomic knowledge of the health care providers. Subsequently, this study was designed to study the dorsal metacarpal veins and to determine the most prominent dorsal metacarpal vein. A cross sectional study of 402 subjects (804 hands), was prepared to study the superficial veins on the dorsum of the hand among Jordanian students and staff of one of the major governmental medical colleges in Jordan, by using infrared illumination system. The obtained data was analyzed according to sex, sidedness, and handedness. Six locations of the most prominent dorsal metacarpal veins were identified. There was a significant relation between both females and males and the most prominent dorsal metacarpal vein (P=0.01). For the first time this study identified the most common location of the most prominent dorsal metacarpal vein in the fourth intermetacarpal space.