공중송신권 침해 게시물로의 링크행위와 저작권법위반죄- 대법원 2021. 9. 9. 선고 2017도19025전원합의체 판결을 중심으로 -

류동훈 충남대학교 법학연구소 2022 法學硏究 Vol.33 No.4

On September 9, 2021, the Supreme Court ruled en bloc that the act of linking to the posts infringing copyright did not correspond to the act of infringing the public transmission right that directly infringes the copyright, but it could be the act of aiding the act of infringing by the principal offender. However, the logic of the majority opinion is flawed as follows: First, the Copyright Act distinguishes the concept of public transmission from the concept of transmission, and stipulates that public transmission includes transmission. In other words, both the public transmission of transmission and the public transmission that is not transmission can be regarded as the public transmission, that is, the component of the violation of copyright law. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court did not discriminate between the two concepts, and denied its validity as the component of the copyright violation(i.e. it is not the public transmission) just because the act of linking to the subject of judgment does not correspond to transmission. Next, the judgment is problematic in that it requires substantial increase in the chance of occurrence of a constituent result as a criterion for judging the causal relationship in relation to whether the the act of linking corresponds to an act of aiding and abetting. Given that the Supreme Court acknowledged the establishment of an accessory to a crime when it was objectively acknowledged that a close and direct relationship with the act of the principal offender was objectively acknowledged before the judgment of subject, there is a risk of excessively expanding the scope of aiding by acknowledging a causal relationship only in relation to the realization of the crime if such an attitude has been changed. Accordingly, this paper is intended to critically consider the subject of judgment, review whether the act of linking is a criminal offense of copyright law violation through comparative legal studies of the Article 8 of the WCT, which was the basis for the adoption of the concept of public transmission in the Copyright Act, and the judgment of the European Court of Justice in this regard, and whether it is criminal, if the criminality is denied, by examining the requirements for establishment of an accessory to a crime, such as the time of establishment, intention, and causality, step by step. 2021. 9. 9. 대법원 전원합의체 판결(2017도19025 이하 ‘대상판결’이라고만 한다)은 저작권 침해물로의 링크행위가 저작권을 직접 침해하는 공중 송신권의 침해행위에는 해당하지 아니하지만 정범의 침해행위를 방조하는 행위에는 해당될 수 있다고 판시하였다. 그러나 다수의견의 논리에는 흠결이 있다. 우선 저작권법은 공중송신의 개념과 전송의 개념을 구별하며 공중송신에 전송이 포함되는 것으로 정하고 있다. 즉 전송의 공중송신과 전송이 아닌 공중송신을 모두 공중송신 즉 저작권법위반죄의 구성요 건으로 볼 수 있다. 그럼에도 대법원은 양자의 개념을 구별하지 아니한채 대상판결의 링크행위가 전송에 해당하지 아니한다는 이유만으로 저작 권법위반죄의 구성요건해당성을 부정 -즉 공중송신이 아니라고 판단- 하였다. 다음으로 링크행위가 방조행위에 해당하는지 여부와 관련, 그 인과 관계를 판단하는 기준으로 구성요건적 결과 발생의 기회가 현실적으로 증대될 것을 요구하였다는 점에서 문제가 된다. 대법원은 대상판결 이전 까지 정범의 행위와 밀접하고 직접적인 관련성이 객관적으로 인정되는때 종범의 성립을 인정하였는데 이와 같은 태도를 변경한 것인지, 변경한 것이라면 범죄의 실현과의 관련성만으로 인과관계를 인정하는 것으로 방조의 성립 범위를 지나치게 확장시킬 우려가 있기 때문이다. 이에 본고에서는 대상판결을 비판적으로 고찰하여 저작권법상 공중송 신과 전송의 개념은 물론 저작권법 공중송신 개념의 도입 근거가 된 WCT 제8조, 이와 관련한 유럽사법재판소의 판결 등 비교법적 연구를 통하여 링크행위의 저작권법위반죄 정범성 여부를 검토해 보고, 정범성이 부정되는 경우 성립시기, 고의, 인과관계 등 방조범의 성립요건을 단계적 으로 살펴보아 그 종범성 여부를 검토해 보고자 한다.

Quasi-Quadrature Modulation Method for Power-Efficient Video Transmission Over LTE Networks

Maksymyuk, Taras,Longzhe Han,Xiaohu Ge,Hsiao-Hwa Chen,Minho Jo IEEE 2014 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY Vol.63 No.5

<P>New emerging services, such as real-time video streaming or video on demand, are causing rapid growth in packet transmission over wireless networks. Unlike voice calls, for which the duration is usually not very long, video streaming applications require continuous transmission for a long time. Therefore, video streaming applications in mobile networks consume more energy compared with voice calls. Thus, the task of optimizing data transmission algorithms has become more important during the last few years. Apparently, the majority of multimedia traffic is video transmission. These applications consume much more power, compared with audio or general data transmission, because of higher throughput requirements. This paper addresses the problem of decreasing power consumption due to video transmission applications in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. There are existing solutions for managing power consumption during video transmission. In particular, Third-Generation Partnership Project LTE Advanced (LTE-A) has defined the discontinuous reception/transmission (DRX/DRT) mechanism to allow devices to turn off their radio interfaces and go to sleep in various patterns. Some other similar solutions suggest DRX/DRT optimization to maximize the sleep periods of devices while guaranteeing quality of service in multimedia applications. However, existing solutions for packet transmission optimization are not very effective without physical-layer optimization. However, existing solutions for packet transmission optimization are not very effective without physical-layer optimization. We suggest a new method of modulation for improving energy efficiency of wireless video transmission. Four different schemes of quasi-quadrature modulation using multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques with different quality of service performances are proposed in this paper. We simulate H.264/AVC video transmission. Results confirm the theoretical analysis. The proposed approach is able to improve energy efficiency while providing the same packet loss probability.</P>

Structural optimization of an automobile transmission case to minimize radiation noise using the model reduction technique

최중선,이현아,이지영,박경진,박준홍,Chae-Hong Lim,박기종 대한기계학회 2011 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.25 No.5

Vehicles should provide a comfortable environment for passengers. The noise from the transmission case is one of the causes of an uncomfortable environment. The transmission is composed of gears, shafts, bearing and cases. When transmission activity occurs, noise is transferred to the passengers through the transmission case. Design of the transmission case is performed in order to reduce the transmission noise. Acoustic analysis is carried out and structural optimization is utilized for the design to reduce the noise. Generally, the boundary element method (BEM) has been utilized for acoustic analysis. However, it is difficult to utilize the boundary element method in structural optimization because the cost to calculate the sensitivity information is fairly expensive. Instead, the finite element method (FEM) is employed for calculating the radiation noise of the transmission. Radiation noise is considered as the total noise from the transmission. Radiation noise is calculated at the outside of the transmission case and it can be expressed indirectly by multiplication of the velocity in the normal direction of the finite elements, the radiation efficiency and the characteristic acoustic impedance. The high frequencies are dominant for the transmission noise and the radiation efficiency is 1 at the high frequency range. Since the characteristic acoustic impedance has a constant value, the noise is the same as the norm of the velocity. The velocity of each finite element is calculated from modal analysis and the noise is expressed based on the average velocity of the vibrating structure. However, a long computation time is required to calculate the noise in a large scale structure such as a transmission. Thus, the entire model of transmission is condensed into the reduced model by the model reduction technique. The component mode synthesis (CMS) method is employed for the model reduction technique. The CMS method is an effective method for dynamic analysis of large and/or complex structures. The reduced model keeps the dynamic characteristics of the entire structure and it is used for structural optimization. In structural optimization,the design variables are the thicknesses of the groups of the transmission cases, the objective function is the mass of the structure and a constraint is imposed on the noise. An alternative formulation is made by exchanging the objective and constraint functions. The optimization results are discussed in terms of practical application.

Performance Evaluation of a Driving Power Transmission System for 50 kW Narrow Tractors

Hong, Soon-Jung,Ha, Jong-Kyou,Kim, Yong-Joo,Kabir, Md. Shaha Nur,Seo, Young Woo,Chung, Sun-Ok Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2018 바이오시스템공학 Vol.43 No.1

Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission's power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission's gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor's power was input in the transmission's input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.

키르기스스탄 고려인 구비설화의 전승 양상

강현모 안동대학교 민속학연구소 2024 공동체문화와 민속 연구 Vol.7 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 키르기스스탄 고려인에게 전승되는 구비설화의 전승 양상을 밝히는 데 있다. 키르기스스탄은 고려인 거주 숫자에서 중앙아시아 국가의 중간적 위치에 놓여 있다. 사실화 전승의 유형은 이야기의 현실화와 소재에 관한 사건의 사실화로 나누어진다. 이야기의 현실화는 사실적인 정보만 구술하는데, 새로운 삶의 공간으로 이주하며 상상의 나래보다 현실적인 삶에 치중한 그들 나름대로의 전승이 유형으로 굳어진 것 같다. 사건의 사실화는 경험하거나 보았던 사건의 소재를 중심으로 구술하는 유형이다. 전통적 전승의 유형은 설화가 국내외의 전승과 일치한 전승이다. 전통적 전승을 보면, 첫째는 종류와 자료가 많지 않지만 소설을 모태로 하는 전승이 있다. 둘째는 이야기의 현실화 자료가 인문지리적 환경의 변화에도 망각됨 없이 원래의 서사 구조로 전승되는 유형이다. 셋째, 일반 전통적 전승은 한국이나 중앙아시아 설화와 비슷한 다양한 내용과 형식의 자료들이 있다. 현지화 전승의 유형은 강제 이주 후 중앙아시아 토착세력과 문화적 정치적으로 갈등하면서 외래 민족의 모습을 보여주는 설화이다. 첫째, 외국 설화의 수용은 고려인들이 현지 토착 민족의 설화나 외국의 설화를 수용하였다. 둘째, 키르기스스탄화 설화는 사건의 현실화 자료와 달리 현지 토착민들과 대응 문제를 제시하고 있다. 키르기스스탄 고려인 설화의 전승 양상은 중앙아시아 고려인들의 전승 양상과 큰 차이가 없으나, 나름대로의 지역적 특징을 드러내는 전승 양상을 보여주고 있었다. 앞으로 문학적, 문화적, 사회적 의미를 새롭게 구명할 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to reveal the transmission pattern of folktales handed down among Kyrgyzstan Koreans. Kyrgyzstan Koreans placing it in the middle of Central Asian countries in that number. The transmission of Factualization is divided into the actualization of the story and the Factualization of the event related to the ritua. The actualization of the story only dictates factual information, but as they moved to a new living space, they seemed to have solidified into their own type of transmission that focusing on realistic life rather than imagination. Factualization of an event is a type of experience or dictation centered on the subject matter of case. Traditional transmission is a transmission in which folktales match domestic and foreign transmission. Looking at traditional transmission, first, there are not many types and materials, but there is a transmission based on a novel. Second, despite changes in the human geographic environment, the actualization data of the story is passed down as a circular narrative structure without forgetting. Third, traditional transmission has various contents and forms similar to Korean or Central Asian tales. The localization transmission is a story that shows the appearance of foreign peoples as they clash culturally and politically with the indigenous forces of Central Asia after forced migration. First, Koreans accepted the tales of local indigenous peoples or foreign tales. Second, Kyrgyzstanization tales, unlike the actualization data of the incident, present a problem of response with the local indigenous people. Although there is no significant difference from the transmission pattern of the in Central Asia Koreans folk tales, they showed a transmission pattern that reveals its own regional characteristics. In the future, it is necessary to newly identify their literary, cultural, and social meanings.

Performance Evaluation of a Driving Power Transmission System for 50 kW Narrow Tractors

( Soon-jung Hong ),( Jong-kyou Ha ),( Yong-joo Kim ),( Shaha Nur Kabir ),( Young Woo Seo ),( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 바이오시스템공학 Vol.43 No.1

Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission’s power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission’s gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor’s power was input in the transmission’s input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.

Performance Evaluation of a Driving Power Transmission System for 50 kW Narrow Tractors

홍순중,하종규,김용주,Shaha Nur Kabir,서영우,정선옥 한국농업기계학회 2018 바이오시스템공학 Vol.43 No.1

Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission’s power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission’s gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor’s power was input in the transmission’s input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission’s power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission’s gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor’s power was input in the transmission’s input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and tra... Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission’s power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission’s gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor’s power was input in the transmission’s input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.

An improved design of power-cycling hydrodynamic mechanical transmission

Xiaojun Liu,Dongye Sun 대한기계학회 2020 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.34 No.8

Recent studies have demonstrated that the power-cycling hydrodynamic mechanical (PCHM) transmission has excellent performance in improving power performance and fuel economy of a wheel loader. However, these results have been obtained by assuming that its speed ratio can always change continuously. Hence, this study first investigated the speed ratio of the transmission how to change when shifting from one gear to another. It was found that the concept of the PCHM transmission suggested in the literature is ineffective, even for a configuration with two gears in the gearbox. Then, the configuration of the PCHM transmission was developed as a different one to increase the torque multiplication capacity and efficiency of the transmission. A design method for this transmission is proposed to quantify its performances. The design method is based on a multi-objective optimization problem which is comprised of two objectives, seven design variables and eleven constraints. The relationships between average efficiency of the transmission and maximum tractive force of the vehicle and the seven transmission parameters are qualitatively examined. Results show that the performance of the transmission depends mainly on the number of transmission gears instead of on three parameters of the torque converter. The average efficiency is not sensitive to the maximum tractive force on a globally optimal Pareto front. The PCHM transmission with the new configuration can enable the average efficiency and the maximum tractive force to increase by 2.1 % and by 6.6 %, compared to that of the traditional hydrodynamic mechanical transmission, respectively.

株主 議決權 行使의 電子化에 따른 法的 課題 ― 2009年 改正商法을 中心으로 ―

김순석 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2010 서울법학 Vol.18 No.1

The Korean Commercial Code(KCC) were amended two times in February and May, 2009. This article deals with revised articles of the KCC which are related with electronic exercise of shareholders' voting rights. Even though the article 363⑴ of the KCC introduced the notice of shareholders' meeting by electronic transmission, it has not been utilized at all because there was no specific regulations to follow. Also the 2009 amendment of the KCC requires the shareholder's prior approval of the notice by electronic transmission. Therefore even if a corporation adopts the notice by electronic transmission, it cannot send the notice by electronic transmission without shareholder's approval. According to revised article 289⑶ of the KCC, the public notice by electronic media is allowed in addition to current public notice to federal register and daily newspaper. In order to use the public notice by electronic media, the article of incorporation must be amended via special quorum of shareholders' meeting. This article recommends the eradication of the public notice with respect to financial statements of listed companies because they submit the financial statements to Korea's Financial Services Commission(KFSC) and the statements are disclosed through the Data Analysis Retrieval Transfer of the KFSC. The article 352bis of the KCC introduces shareholders' list by electronic media and it allows to include email addresses of shareholders. Since there is no restriction as to the scope of disclosure for shareholders' list under the KCC, this article recommends not to include shareholders' email addresses within shareholders' list and keep them separately. Also written ballot by transmission of shareholders's meeting was introduced through the article of 368 the forth. This article suggests not to limit the process of verifying shareholder to electronic signature through officially authentication. Also it reviews the problems of amended resolutions which are proposed during shareholders's meeting, the deadline of the ballot by electronic transmission. The Korean Commercial Code(KCC) were amended two times in February and May, 2009. This article deals with revised articles of the KCC which are related with electronic exercise of shareholders' voting rights. Even though the article 363⑴ of the KCC introduced the notice of shareholders' meeting by electronic transmission, it has not been utilized at all because there was no specific regulations to follow. Also the 2009 amendment of the KCC requires the shareholder's prior approval of the notice by electronic transmission. Therefore even if a corporation adopts the notice by electronic transmission, it cannot send the notice by electronic transmission without shareholder's approval. According to revised article 289⑶ of the KCC, the public notice by electronic media is allowed in addition to current public notice to federal register and daily newspaper. In order to use the public notice by electronic media, the article of incorporation must be amended via special quorum of shareholders' meeting. This article recommends the eradication of the public notice with respect to financial statements of listed companies because they submit the financial statements to Korea's Financial Services Commission(KFSC) and the statements are disclosed through the Data Analysis Retrieval Transfer of the KFSC. The article 352bis of the KCC introduces shareholders' list by electronic media and it allows to include email addresses of shareholders. Since there is no restriction as to the scope of disclosure for shareholders' list under the KCC, this article recommends not to include shareholders' email addresses within shareholders' list and keep them separately. Also written ballot by transmission of shareholders's meeting was introduced through the article of 368 the forth. This article suggests not to limit the process of verifying shareholder to electronic signature through officially authentication. Also it reviews the problems of amended resolutions which are proposed during shareholders's meeting, the deadline of the ballot by electronic transmission.

Compact and Wideband Coupled-Line 3-㏈ Ring Hybrids

Hee-Ran Ahn(안희란),Jungjoon Kim(김정준),Bumman Kim(김범만) 한국전자파학회 2008 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.19 No.8

두 종류의 넓은 대역폭을 갖는 ring hybrids(하나는 coupled line이 포함되어 있고, 다른 하나는 left-handed transmission line을 포함한 ring hybrids)가 비교되었으며, 비교 결과로부터 coupled line을 포함한 ring hybrid가 모든 면에서 우수한 특성을 가짐을 보여줬다. 그러나, coupled line을 포함한 ring hybrid는 -3 ㏈ coupling power를 가질 경우에 한해서만이 perfect matching이 이루어지기 때문에, perfect matching을 갖는 coupled line ring hybrid는 2차원으로 구현하기는 거의 불가능하다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서 coupled line을 해석했고, 그 해석 결과로부터 coupling coefficient에 관계없이 어느 경우에도 perfect matching을 이룰 수 있는 설계 식을 유도했다. 이 설계식을 이용하여, transmission line의 길이가 π보다 큰 경우에도 적용될 수 있는 크기를 줄이기 위한 새로운 형태의 transmission line 등가회로를 제시했다. 이 새로운 형태의 transmission line의 등가회로를 이용하면 기존의 ring hybrid의 3λ/4의 transmission line을 줄이는 데 사용할 수 있기 때문에 ring hybrid의 크기를 더욱 줄이는 데 장점이 될 수 있다. 이 등가회로를 증명하기 위해서, coupling power를 고정하고 또는 transmission line의 길이를 고정하는 2가지 형태의 simulation을 하였으며, 대역폭은 coupled line의 coupling power에 직접적인 상관 관계가 있음을 보였다. 기존의 등가회로와 새로운 형태의 등가회로를 이용하여, 작고 넓은 대역폭을 가지는 ring hybrid를 제시하였다. 새로 제시된 ring hybrid를 이용하여, 기존의 ring hybrid와 비교하였다. 비교 결과로부터, 본 논문에서 제시한 ring hybrid의 전체 ring 둘레가 1/3보다 더 작음에도 불구하고, 대역폭이 훨씬 넓음을 보여줬다. 작고 넓은 대역폭을 가지는 ring hybrid를 측정했으며, 측정 결과는 -2.78 ㏈, -3.34 ㏈, -2.8 ㏈, -3.2 ㏈의 power division 특성을 보여줬으며, matching과 isolation은 20 % 이상의 대역폭에서 -20 ㏈보다 좋은 특성을 보여줬다. In this paper, two types of wideband 3-㏈ ring hybrids are compared and discussed to show the ring hybrid with a set of coupled-line sections better. However, the better one still has a realization problem that perfect matching can be achieved only with -3 ㏈ coupling power. To solve the problem, a set of coupled-line sections with two shorts is synthesized using one- and two-port equivalent circuits and design equations are derived to have perfect matching, regardless of the coupling power. Based on the design equations, a modified Π-type of transmission-line equivalent circuit is newly suggested. It consists of coupled-line sections with two shorts and two open stubs and can be used to reduce a transmission-line section, especially when its electrical length is greater than π. Therefore, the 3λ/4 transmission-line section of a conventional ring hybrid can be reduced to less than π/2. To verify the modified Π-type of transmission- line equivalent circuit, two kinds of simulations are carried out; one is fixing the electrical length of the coupled-line sections and the other fixing its coupling coefficient. The simulation results show that the bandwidths of resulting small transmission lines are strongly dependent on the coupling power. Using modified and conventional Π-types of transmission-line equivalent circuits, a small ring hybrid is built and named a compact wideband coupled-line ring hybrid, due to the fact that a set of coupled-line sections is included. One of compact ring hybrids is compared with a conventional ring hybrid and the compared results demonstrate that the bandwidth of a proposed compact ring hybrid is much wider, in spite of being more than three times smaller in size. To test the compact ring hybrids, a microstrip compact ring hybrid, whose total transmission-line length is 220°, is fabricated and measured. The measured power divisions(S₂₁, S₄₁, S₂₃ and S₄₃) are -2.78 ㏈, -3.34 ㏈, -2.8 ㏈ and -3.2 ㏈, respectively at a design center frequency of 2 ㎓, matching and isolation less than -20 ㏈ in more than 20 % fractional bandwidth.