Performance Evaluation of a Driving Power Transmission System for 50 kW Narrow Tractors

홍순중,하종규,김용주,Shaha Nur Kabir,서영우,정선옥 한국농업기계학회 2018 바이오시스템공학 Vol.43 No.1

Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission’s power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission’s gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor’s power was input in the transmission’s input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission’s power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission’s gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor’s power was input in the transmission’s input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and tra... Purpose: The development of compact tractors that can be used in dry fields, greenhouses, and orchards for pest control, weeding, transportation, and harvesting is necessary. The development and performance evaluation of power transmission units are very important when it comes to tractor development. This study evaluates the performance of a driving power transmission unit of a 50 kW multi-purpose narrow tractor. Methods: The performance of the transmission and forward-reverse clutch, which are the main components of the driving power transmission unit of multi-purpose narrow tractors, was evaluated herein. The transmission performance was evaluated in terms of power transmission efficiency, noise, and axle load, while the forward-reverse clutch performance was evaluated in terms of durability. The transmission’s power transmission efficiency accounts for the measurement of transmission losses, which occur in the transmission’s gear, bearing, and oil seal. The motor’s power was input in the transmission’s input shaft. The rotational speed and torque were measured in the final output shaft. The noise was measured at each speed level after installing a microphone on the left, right, and upper sides. The axle load test was performed through a continuous equilibrium load test, in which a constant load was continuously applied. The forward-reverse clutch performance was calculated using the engine torque to axle torque ratio with the assembled engine and transmission. Results: The loss of power in the transmission efficiency test of the driving power unit was 6.0-9.7 kW based on all gear steps. This loss of horsepower was equal to 11-18% of the input power (52 kW). The transmission efficiency of the driving power unit was 81.5-89.0%. The noise of the driving power unit was 50-57 dB at 800 rpm, 70-77 dB at 1600 rpm, and 76-83 dB at 2400 rpm. The axle load test verified that the input torque and axle revolutions were constant. The results of the forward-reverse clutch performance test revealed that hydraulic pressure and torque changes were stably maintained when moving forward or backward, and its operation met the hydraulic design standards. Conclusions: When comprehensively examined, these research results were similar to the main driving power transmission systems from USA and Japan in terms of performance. Based on these results, tractor prototypes are expected to be created and supplied to farmhouses after going through sufficient in-situ adaptability tests.

최신 농업기계 특허 동향 조사

홍순중,김동억,강동현,김진진,강정균,이경환,모창연,류동기,Hong, S.J.,Kim, D.E.,Kang, D.H.,Kim, J.J.,Kang, J.G.,Lee, K.H.,Mo, C.Y.,Ryu, D.K. 국립한국농수산대학교 교육개발센터 2021 현장농업연구지 = Journal of practical agricultural resear Vol.23 No.2

농경지, 농기계, 농작업자 간 IoT 등의 통신 기술을 이용한 유기적인 정보교환을 통해 생산성, 효율성, 수익성을 높이는 지능형 데이터 농업 형태인 커넥티드 팜이 상용화 단계에 있다. 본 연구는 지능형 농업기계의 교육과정과 농업기계 안전교육 성과지표를 개발하고자 ICT, 로봇, 인공지능 등 첨단 기술을 적용한 농업생산의 무인화 및 고효율화 변화에 따른 농업기계의 특허 동향을 조사 분석하였다. 노지용 자동화 기술과 관련해서 미국, 일본, 유럽, 한국의 특허 건수는 각각 541건, 326건, 128건, 85건으로 미국에서의 특허 활동이 가장 활발한 것으로 나타났고, 일본, 유럽, 한국의 순으로 조사되어 한국에서의 농업 자동화 기술이 선진국에 비해 뒤쳐져있는 것으로 조사되었다. 노지 자동화 기술의 세분기술 분야로 보면, 경로 생성 및 추종 기술, 환경 인식을 통한 작업기 제어 기술, 로봇 농작업 시스템 설계 기술, 작물 및 환경 센싱 기술, 수확량 및 품질 모니터링 기술 분야 순으로 출원 점유율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. The connected farm that agricultural land, agricultural machinery and farmer are connected with an IoT gateway is in the commercialization stage. That has increased productivity, efficiency and profitability by intimate information exchange among those. In order to develop the educational program of intelligent agricultural machinery and the agricultural machinery safety education performance indicator, this study analyzed patent trends of agricultural machine with unmanned technology used in agriculture and efficiency technology applied advanced technologies such as ICT, robots and artificial intelligence. We investigated and analyzed patent trends in agricultural machinery of Korea, the USA and Japan as well as the countries in Europe. The United States is an advanced country in the field of unmanned technology and efficiency technology used in agriculture. Agricultural automation technology in Korea is insufficient compared to developed countries, which means rapid technological development is needed. In the sub-fields of field automation technology, path generation and following technology and working machine control technology through environmental awareness have activated.

Performance evaluation of a 400 W precise window motor for glass houses

홍순중,박수복,강나래,김용주,정선옥 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2017 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.44 No.4

Crop growth and production cost are greatly influenced by management of environmental factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and CO2, especially in protected horticulture. Opening and closing of greenhouses is the most important operation for control of these ambient environmental factors, and precise and stable operation requires high performance window motors. In this study, a 400 W precise window motor was constructed, and its performance was evaluated for plastic and glass greenhouses. First, the motor was designed and fabricated by benchmarking of an advanced foreign product. Then, the performance was evaluated through vibration, PCB (Process Control Block), and load tests. Vibration tests resulted in averaged vibration displacement and velocity of the developed motor of 0.002 mm and 0.2267m/s, which were statistically significantly different from those of the target motor. Average vibration acceleration (0.26 m/s2) of the developed motor was also significantly different from that (0.51 m/s2) of the target motor. PCB tests showed 2 - 4 mm deviation from the target values, and confirmed the operating status and precision of the control. Load tests with a 300 kg load also showed acceptable operating status and durability. Current values were 1.31 ± 0.06 A and RPMs were in the range of 2.9 - 3.0. Considering the above results, the developed window motor would be competitive to the target foreign product.

정밀 농업기계 교육프로그램의 발전

홍순중,김동억,강동현,김진진,강정균,정선옥,모창연,유동기,Hong, S.J.,Kim, D.E.,Kang, D.H.,Kim, J.J.,Kang, J.G.,Chung, S.O.,Mo, C.Y.,Ryu, D.K. 국립한국농수산대학교 교육개발센터 2020 현장농업연구지 = Journal of practical agricultural resear Vol.22 No.2

In Korea, the agricultural machinery market has been generally on the rise, and particularly the demand for the diverse agricultural machine is increasing due to the radical changes in agriculture, such as a high supply of the advanced and automated agricultural machine and an increase in aged or female farmer population. Therefore, this study analyzes the technical trends in the precision agricultural machine domestically and globally to guide the direction of development of the ICT-based machine. The investigation of the precision agricultural machine in this study focuses on the production technology through analyzing the trends in sensor-related technology, the decision-making research, variable treatment technology, and academic publication. The result shows that information processing technology including the sensor and the decision-making requires various measurement factors and the established technologies are continually being developed.

Determination of safety factor for agricultural gear reducer using simulation software

홍순중,김용주,정선옥,최창현,박수복,노현석,장정훈 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2018 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.45 No.2

Agricultural gear reducers are used in a variety of agricultural machinery designs such as in agricultural tractors and transport cars, and even greenhouses. For greenhouses, a gear reducer is used to control windows on the side and the roof. Gear reducers for agricultural applications are designed using the empirical method because of the lack of a standard for experimentation. Simulation is necessary for the optimal design of an agricultural gear reducer. There are many advantages to this optimization such as low-cost maintenance, reduced size, and weight. In this study, bending and contact safety factor simulation for the gear reducer of a greenhouse was conducted by decreasing the face widths of helical gear shaft 2 and shaft 3 from 30.8 and 30 mm, respectively, at an interval of 4 mm. The bending and contact safety factors were calculated using AGMA standard. Simulation results showed that bending and contact safety factors decreased rapidly when the face width of the helical gear on shaft 2 was 30 mm and the face width of helical gear on shaft 3 decreased from 30.8 mm to 26.8 mm, suggesting that it would be safe to reduce the face width of the helical gear on shaft 3 to 26.8 mm. The reduction of the face width also reduced the weight of the agricultural gear. This study suggests that the agricultural gear reducer safety factor decreases as the face width decreases.

농업기계 단기임대사업의 효율적 운영을 위한 실태조사 연구

홍순중(Soon-Jung Hong),허윤근(Yun-Kun Huh),정선옥(Sun-Ok Chung),신승엽(Seung-Yeoub Shin) 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2011 농업과학연구 Vol.38 No.3

Status survey on short-term agricultural machinery rental business was conducted to provide basic data for effective and sustainable implementation of the rental system. Selected survey samples were 34 rental management institutions such as city and county level government offices and agricultural technology development centers, and Primary Agricultural Cooperatives. Survey was conducted through mailing of questionnaire papers and direct interviews with the officers in charge of the agricultural machinery short-term rental management. Number of agricultural machinery retained by the 34 management institutions for the machinery rental business was 3,699, and numbers of the machinery were 1630 for upland crops, 929 for rice, 542 for orchard farming, 274 for animal husbandry, and 324 for common use. Regarding size of warehouse for rental agricultural machinery, 50% of the institutes were less than 660 m<SUP>2</SUP>, 26.5% were greater than 993 m<SUP>2</SUP>, and 23.5% were between 663 and 990 m<SUP>2</SUP>. Institutes maintaining machinery washing facilities were only 10 (29%) among the 34 rental management institutions. Agricultural machinery rental business was advertised to farmers by 91% of the institutes, and the methods were leaflet (35.2%), village broadcasting (26.5%), call-up education (23.6%), and TV and radio (14.7%). Major contents of the advertisement were rental procedure (52.9%), rental machinery (26.5%), and rental cost (20.6%).

트랙터 부착형 양파 줄기절단기 개발에 관한 기초 연구

홍순중(Soonjung Hong),백이(Yee Paek),강동현(Donghyeon Kang),김효철(Hyocher Kim),이상희(Sanghee Lee),문석표(Seokpyo Moon),민병규(Byeonggyu Min),남영조(Youngjo Nam),권승귀(Seunggwi Kwon),김동억(Dongeok Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2023 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.24 No.7

최근 국내 농촌인력의 고령화와 인구감소로 인하여 인력 수급의 어려움 등으로 농촌 노동력 부족현상이 심화되어 농작물 생산에 어려움이 가중되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 양파 재배농가의 노동력 부족문제를 해결하기 위해 양파 수확작업에 필수적인 줄기절단기를 개발하여 농용트랙터에 줄기절단장치를 부착하였으며, 줄기절단시험을 실시하였다. 엔진의 회전수 증가에 따라 PTO 회전수의 편차는 다소 있으나 엔진회전수 증가에 따라 PTO 회전수는 증가되었다. PTO 540 rpm으로 고정을 한 후 엔진의 회전수가 1,600 rpm일 때 줄기 절단율은 53.1%, 미절단율은 43.8%, 극절단율은 3.1% 및 손실율은 0%로 나타났고 1,800 rpm일 때 줄기 절단율은 64.1%, 미절단율은 31.3%, 극절단율은 4.7% 손실율은 0%로 나타났다. 2,000 rpm일 때 줄기 절단율은 64.1%, 미절단율은 18.8%, 극절단율은 17.2% 및 손실율은 0%로 나타났다. 양파 줄기절단기 작업시간은 10a 당 기계작업시 0.6시간, 인력작업은 10시간이 소요되었으며 작업성능은 인력에 비하여 약 16배 노력절감의 효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 향후, 포장조건에 따른 작업성능을 높일 수 있는 연구가 추가적으로 필요할 것이다. Recently, the shortage of rural labor in South Korea has intensified due to the aging and decrease of the population. This is resulting in difficulties in finding workers and has added to the difficulty in producing crops. Therefore, to solve the labor shortage problem of onion growers, a stem cutter for harvesting onions was developed and attached to an agricultural tractor in this study. The number of engine revolutions varies slightly, and the change in power take-off (PTO) increases with the number of engine revolutions. When fixing the PTO at 540 rpm, the rate of cut stems was 53.1%, the rate of uncut stems was 43.8%, the rate of extreme cuts was 3.1%, and the loss rate was 0%. At 1,800 rpm, the rate of cut stems was 64.1%, the rate of uncut stems was 31.3%, and the rate of extreme cuts was 0%. At 2,000 rpm, the rate of cut stems was 64.1%, the rate of uncut stems was 18.8%, the rate of polar cutting was 17.2%, and the loss rate was 0%. The work time of the onion stem cutter was 0.60 hours per 10a, which would have taken 10 hours to do manually. The cutter saved about 16 times more effort compared to manual labor. However, there is still a need for research to improve work the performance according to field conditions.

자료포락분석법을 이용한 농기계 임대사업의 효율성 분석

홍순중(Soon-Jung Hong),허윤근(Yun-Kun Huh),정선옥(Sun-Ok Chung),홍성현(Song-Hyun Hong) 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2012 농업과학연구 Vol.39 No.2

This study was conducted to survey and diagnose operation status of the agricultural machinery rental service, analyse and compare operational efficiency among 82 city and county ATDEC (agricultural technology development and extension center) using the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method, and recommend future direction, for improvement of the business. Input variables were invested budget and labor, and output variable was rental return. Percentages of return to investment on the rental service were calculated as 68.3% and 63.9% when analyzed with CCR (Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes) and BCC (Banker, Charnes and Cooper) models, respectively, indicating inefficiency of the service operation. Increase of rental charge would increase efficiency by 63.9~68.3% depending on models, and decrease of financial and labor investment would improve the efficiency by about 11.3%. Technical efficiency would be more important than scale efficiency, therefore adjustment of over-invested budget and labor needed to be made together with increase of rental charge to improve the operation. Among the ATDECs providing the rental service, 6 (7.3%), 43 (52.4%), and 33 (40.2%) were in state of CRS (constant return to scale), IRS (increasing return to scale), and DRS (decreasing return to scale), respectively. These indicated public aspects of the rental system, over-investment, lack of output component for input component, meaning that scale income would be increased by qualitative expand of rental charge. Efficiency analysis of the rental system by region showed that efficient ATDECs to be benchmarked by others were in the order of DMU-70, DMU-54, DMU-29, DMU-5, DMU-22, DMU-2, and DMU-61. More comprehensive and extensive survey and analyses would be necessary in the future.

IPA분석을 통한 농업기계 임대사업의 전략적 개선방안

홍순중(Soon-Jung Hong),허윤근(Yun-Kun Huh),정선옥(Sun-Ok Chung) 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2013 농업과학연구 Vol.40 No.4

Short-term agricultural machinery rental system has been operated by agricultural extension organization of local government (agricultural technology center) and sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, to improve utilization efficiency and save agricultural production cost through joint utilization of agricultural machinery. This study was conducted to analyze current status of the rental system operation and provide recommendations for future direction. Question survey was conducted for officers in charge of the rental system in the technology center, and strategic improvement was suggested through importance performance analysis (IPA). Survey results showed that 11 issues should be reformed or improved by 2015, which is not practically feasible. IPA analysis resulted that administration and manpower support, cooperation between federal and local organizations, and cooperation with other organizations should be focused for successful operation of the rental system. Issues that seem to happen after 2015 need to be handled as future research.

농용트랙터의 동력취출장치를 이용한 양파줄기절단효과

백이,홍순중,김동억,강동현,박효제 한국기계기술학회 2022 한국기계기술학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.11