3차원 CT 영상을 이용한 두개악안면 분석을 위한 계측점의 제안

장혜숙,백형선 대한치과교정학회 2002 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.32 No.5

3차원 CT체서는 환자의 움직임에 의한 오차와 상의 확대나 왜곡을 감소시킨 실측치를 얻을 수 있으며 두개안면부의 입체적인 영상을 구성할 수 있고 원하는 조직이나 구조물의 관찰이 용이하다. 디지털 영상 기술이 빠르게 발전하고 있고 치료의 범위가 더욱 넓어지면서 두개악안면 구조의 3차원적인 분석법의 개발은 시급한 과제가 되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Vworks 프로그램™(Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea)을 이용하여 정상인과 비대칭 환자의 3차원 CT영상에서 지정이 용이하고 반복재현성이 높은 계측점을 설정하고자 하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 건조두개골의 실측치와 Vworks 프로그램을 이용하여 구성한 3차원 CT영상에서의 계측치를 비교한 결과 평균오차가 0.99mm, 확대율이 1.04%로 나타났다. 2. 3차원 CT영상에서 경조직 계측점으로 Supraorbitale, Lateral orbital margin, Infraorbitale, Nasion, ANS, A point, Zygomaticomaxilla, Upper incisor, Lower incisor, B point, Pogonion, Menton, PNS, Condylar inner margin, Condylar outer margin, Porion, Condylion, Gonion2, Gonion3, Sigmoid notch,Basion 등이 임상적으로 유용하다고 판단되었다. 3. 3차원 CT영상에서 연조직 계측점으로 Endocanthion, Exocanthio, Soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Alsre lateralis, Upper nostril point, Lower nostril point, Subnasale, Upper lip point, Cheilionm Stomion, Lower lip center, Soft tissue B, Pogonion Menton, Preaurale 등이 임상적으로 유용하다고 판단되었다. Vworks 프로그램으로 3차원 CT영상을 구성하고 계측하는 것이 임상적으로 유용하다고 판단되었다. 또한 위에서 제안된 연조직 및 경조직 계측점들은 3차원 CT영상에서 반복 재현성을 높고 지정이 용이하며 해부학적 특징을 나타내주는 점들로 두개악안면 구조의 3차원적인 진단과 술전, 술후의 예측과 비교에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 사료되는 바이다. Three-dimensional CT imaging is efficient in examining specific structures in the craniofacial area by reproducing actual measurements through minimization of errors from patient movement and image magnification. Due to the rapid development of digital image technology and the expansion of treatment range a need for developing three dimensional analysis has become urgent. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the percentage of error and magnification of three-dimensional CT using a dried skull and Vworks program™ (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea) and also to obtain landmarks that are easy to designate and reproduce in three-dimensional images using the Vmorph-proto program™ (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea). The following conclusions were obtained ; 1. In the comparison of actual measurements from the dried skull and the three-dimensional image obtained from the Vworks program, the mean error was 0.99mm and magnification was 1.04%. 2. Clinically useful hard tissue landmarks from three-dimensional images were Supraorbitale, Lateral orbital margin, Infraorbitale, Nasion, ANS, A point, Zygomaticomaxilla, Upper incisor, Lower incisor, B point, pogonion, Menton, PNS, Condylar inner margin, Condylar outer margin, Porion, Condylion, Gonionl, Gonion2, Gonion3, Sigmoid notch and Basion. 3. Clinically useful soft tissue landmarks from three-dimensional images were Endocanthion, Exocanthion, Soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Alare lateralis, Upper nostril point, Lower nostril point, Subnasale, Upper lip point, Cheilion Stomion, Lower lip center, Soft tissue B, Pogonion Menton and Preaurale. The Vworks program can be considered a clinically efficient tool to produce and measure three-dimensional images. Most of the hard and soft tissue landmarks proposed above are anatomically important points which are also easily reproducible and designated. These landmarks can be beneficial in three-dimensional diagnosis and the prediction of changes before and after surgery.

입체영상(立體映像)을 이용한 원격Robot 조작자의 수행도 분석

조암,전용웅,Jo, Am,Jeon, Yong-Ung 대한인간공학회 1999 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.18 No.3

In order to apply three-dimensional images to industries, the possibility of realizing three-dimensional images should be ensured and when operating a task using three-dimensional images, the intention of the observer and the result of operation should be precisely related. The aim of this paper is to investigate the task performance of a human operator during operating a robot manipulator using three-dimensional and two-dimensional image displays. From the result of this research, it was found that the accuracy of robot operation in the case of using three-dimensional displays is much higher than in the case of using two-dimensional displays and the adapting time to the operating task using three-dimensional displays is shorter than that using two-dimensional displays. From such results, we concluded that the application of three-dimensional displays, which can closely reflect real environment, to industries is desirable.

2D Stereo Image의 3D 벡터 이미지 생성

신성욱(Sung-Wook Shin),이동희(Dong Heui Lee),신예호(Ye Ho Shin) 한국의료정보교육협회 2013 보건의료생명과학논문지 Vol.1 No.1

In the field of stereo vision to study a method for generating a three-dimensional image by obtaining depth information from a stereo image that can be acquired from the stereo camera, and synthesizes the three-dimensional image by using the raster image block processing method. This is a method of real-time processing area such as automatic car driving system or the visual information of an industrial robot. However, in this paper, rather than the real-time processing to generate a 3D image to focus on the accuracy, after the vectorrizing of the 2-dimensional stereo image, and generates a 3-dimensional vector image from two-dimensional stereo vector images to study how to.

Evaluation of accuracy of 3D reconstruction images using multi-detector CT and cone-beam CT

김미자,허경회,이원진,허민석,이삼선,최순철 대한영상치의학회 2012 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.42 No.1

Purpose : This study was performed to determine the accuracy of linear measurements on three-dimensional (3D) images using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods : MDCT and CBCT were performed using 24 dry skulls. Twenty-one measurements were taken on the dry skulls using digital caliper. Both types of CT data were imported into OnDemand software and identification of landmarks on the 3D surface rendering images and calculation of linear measurements were performed. Reproducibility of the measurements was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA and ICC, and the measurements were statistically compared using a Student t-test. Results : All assessments under the direct measurement and image-based measurements on the 3D CT surface rendering images using MDCT and CBCT showed no statistically difference under the ICC examination. The measurements showed no differences between the direct measurements of dry skull and the image-based measurements on the 3D CT surface rendering images (P¤.05). Conclusion : Three-dimensional reconstructed surface rendering images using MDCT and CBCT would be appropriate for 3D measurements. Purpose : This study was performed to determine the accuracy of linear measurements on three-dimensional (3D) images using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods : MDCT and CBCT were performed using 24 dry skulls. Twenty-one measurements were taken on the dry skulls using digital caliper. Both types of CT data were imported into OnDemand software and identification of landmarks on the 3D surface rendering images and calculation of linear measurements were performed. Reproducibility of the measurements was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA and ICC, and the measurements were statistically compared using a Student t-test. Results : All assessments under the direct measurement and image-based measurements on the 3D CT surface rendering images using MDCT and CBCT showed no statistically difference under the ICC examination. The measurements showed no differences between the direct measurements of dry skull and the image-based measurements on the 3D CT surface rendering images (P¤.05). Conclusion : Three-dimensional reconstructed surface rendering images using MDCT and CBCT would be appropriate for 3D measurements.

Estimating the Myocardium’s Angle of Three-Dimensional Trajectory, Using the Tracking of Sequential Two-Dimensional Echocardiography Images

Manijhe Mokhtari-Dizaji,Mosayyeb Mobasheri,Faride Roshanali 한국심초음파학회 2014 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.22 No.1

Background: In this study, the angle of the myocardium’s trajectory in three dimensions (Ф) was estimated by simultaneoususe of long-axis and short-axis views of left ventricle septum two-dimensional images. Then correlation of three-dimensionaltrajectory’s angle with the rotation angle from the long (χ) and short (θ) axis views was estimated and compared at the three levelsof base, mid and apex of the interventricular septum wall. Methods: Two-dimensional echocardiography images of long- and short-axis views of 19 healthy men were recorded andanalyzed. Using an electrocardiogram of each individual, the images of the two views were synchronized. The interventricularseptum wall motion at the three levels of base, mid and apex were estimated, using a block matching algorithm throughoutthree cardiac cycles. Considering the defined system of coordinates and the position vectors in long and short-axis views, the3-dimensional angle of the trajectory was calculated. Results: Maxima of the Ф, θ, and χ angles were extracted at 16.33 ± 3.01, 10.61 ± 3.38, and 15.11 ± 3.30 degrees at base level,22.77 ± 4.95, 7.78 ± 2.96, and 16.72 ± 2.66 degrees at mid level and 14.60 ± 5.81, 10.37 ± 5.48, and 8.79 ± 3.32 degrees at apexlevel, respectively, of the septum wall, respectively. This study shows significant correlation between the angle of 3-dimensionaltrajectory (Ф) with the angle in short axis view (θ) of the septum wall at the apex level; and also with the angle in long axis view(χ) of the septum wall at base and mid levels. Conclusion: Due to the motion of the wall of the left ventricle in three dimensions, and the non-isotropic structure ofmyofibers, the angle of 3-dimensional trajectory was estimated using the speckle tracking method of 2-dimentionalechocardiography images.

대동맥궁 기형 환자에서 나선형 CT를 이용한 3차원 영상 진단의 유용성

김양민,김태훈,김미영 世宗醫學硏究所 2000 世宗醫學 Vol.17 No.2

뉴로-퍼지 추론시스템을 이용한 입체 영상 카메라의 왜곡 영상 보정

서한석,임화영,Seo, Han-Seog,Yim, Wha-Young 한국전자통신학회 2010 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.5 No.3

본 논문은 카메라의 고정 초점방식 렌즈를 통해 얻은 영상의 왜곡을 보상하여 왜곡된 이미지 좌표에서 본래의 좌표를 갖는 원영상으로 복원하는 연구이다. 이미지 센서의 다양한 영상 기기 발달과 활용으로 다방면의 산업분야에 확대 이용되고 있으나, 카메라의 소형화와 경량화 필요로 인해 렌즈의 굴곡에 의한 수신 영상의 왜곡이 영향을 미치는 경향이 많다. 특히, 입체 영상 카메라 응용 기기인 경우 좌, 우측 렌즈의 서로 다른 왜곡으로 입체감 저하 및 좌우 이미지 왜곡 등이 수반된다. 좌, 우측 카메라 수신 영상의 각 부분별로 본래의 좌표로 환산하는 근사식을 세우고 이들을 종합하는 방식으로 접근했다. 적응 뉴로-퍼지 추론시스템을 구성하여 소속 함수를 통해 분할하고 1차 Sugeno fuzzy 모델식으로 추정하여 좌, 우측 본래의 영상에 근접한 결과를 얻었다. 이로서 저가이며 소형 렌즈를 활용한 영상으로도 정확한 입체 영상 센싱 기능과 판별을 기대할 수 있게 된다. In this paper, this study restores the distorted image to its original image by compensating for the distortion of image from a fixed-focus camera lens. The various developments and applications of the imaging devices and the image sensors used in a wide range of industries and expanded use, but due to the needs of the small size and light weight of the camera, the distortion from acquiring images of the distorted curvature of the lens tends to affect many. In particular, the three-dimensional imaging camera, each different distortion of left and right lens cause the degradation of three-dimensional sensitivity and left-right image distortion ratio. we approached the way of generalizing the approximate equations to restore each part of left-right camera images to the coordinators of the original images. The adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System is configured for it. This system is divided from each membership function and is inferred by 1st order Sugeno Fuzzy model. The result is that the compensated images close to the left, right original images. Using low-cost and compact imaging lens by which also determine the exact three-dimensional image-sensing capabilities and will be able to expect from this study.

아동의 창의성과 정서함양을 위한 아동미술교육 프로그램 연구 - 도식기(6세∼9세) 아동의 입체표현을 중심으로 -

이해윤 한국아동미술학회 2017 아동미술교육 Vol.16 No.-

다양성이 요구되는 21세기에 대비한 창의력 함양과 다양한 타문화에 대한 이해와 화합이 요구되 는 세계화의 시점에서 인간의 가치와 존엄성을 함양하기 위해 창의적으로 자기표현을 하게하며, 창의성과 사고력의 증진과 긍정적 정서발달을 위한 수단으로써 아동미술활동은 활동자체에 주의를 기울여야 하는 집중력과 손과 눈의 협응력, 3차원의 세계를 평면이나 입체로 표상해 내야 하는 인지적 능력, 색과 다양한 재료들을 선택하는 능력 등이 포함되어 있다. 장르를 허물고 각 영역을 넘나드는 표현이 늘어나고 있는 현 대미술에서 평면표현과 입체표현으로 명확하게 구분하기 어려운 표현들이 많이 등장하고 있으며 이를 교 육에서 부여함으로써 사물을 새롭게 바라볼 수 있는 안목을 기르고 새로운 시각으로 미술표현을 탐색할 수 있다. 평면보다는 이러한 입체표현 미술활동에서 시각, 운동감각, 촉각 등 인체의 감각기관이 중심이 되 어 주변의 각종 재료들을 온몸으로 체험하는 것에서 출발하여 집중력과 호기심 속에 재료에 대한 지식과 경험을 얻고 활동과정 속에서 문제해결능력, 미적질서와 독창성, 융통성, 유창성, 정교성 등을 발달시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 창의적인 입체표현 활동의 가치와 중요성을 재인식하고 생활 주변에서의 다양한 재료가 주는 풍부함이 호기심과 흥미 있는 동기유발로 폭넓은 발상을 유도하며 기회와 온몸으로 체험하는 경험의 제공으로 표현 의욕을 높여 실제 수업에 있어 보다 효과적인 입체표현 활동 프로그램을 제시함으로써 아 동의 잠재력을 계발시켜 자기표현 능력의 자신감 향상과 자유로운 창의성 향상은 물론이며 입체표현 활동 을 통한 교육적 효과와 ‘건강한 인간상’을 조성하는 데에 목적이 있으며, 입체표현 활동의 활성화를 향상 시키고 나아가 아동미술교육의 발전 방향을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. Children’s art activities as a tool for cultivating creativity for the 21st century in which creativity and diversity are required alongside the understanding of and harmony with various other cultures that are required for the globalization and for encouraging children to express themselves creatively in order to cultivate human values and dignity involve skills such as the concentration that requires focus on the activity itself, the coordination between hands and eyes, cognitive skill for expressing the three-dimensional world in two- or three-dimensions, and the skills for choosing colors and various materials. In contemporary art which increasingly involves expressions that pull down the boundaries between genres and fields, there have been a number of expressions that are difficult to classify as two-dimensional expression or three-dimensional expression. These can be used in education to develop the skill to see things in new ways and explore artistic expressions in new angles. Children can obtain knowledge and experience about the materials through concentration and curiosity and develop problem-solving skills, aesthetic order, originality, flexibility, fluency, and elaborateness through these artistic activities involving three-dimensional expressions rather than two-dimensional ones starting from the experience of various materials in the surroundings primarily through the sensory organs of the body such as vision, sense of movement, and touch. This study intended to have a new understanding of the value and importance of creative three-dimensional expression and increase children’s self-esteem for self-expressive skills and creativity, improve educational effects through the activities involving three-dimensional expression, and develop the ‘healthy image of man’ by arousing curiosity and encouraging broad thinking, providing children with opportunities and the chance to have a whole body experience through the abundance that various materials give in the surroundings in order to increase the desire to express, and suggesting activities involving three-dimensional expressions which are more effective in the actual class to develop children’s potential. It also intended to promote activities involving three-dimensional expressions and seek directions of development for children’s art education.

Three-dimensional imaging modalities in endodontics

Mao, Teresa,Neelakantan, Prasanna Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2014 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.44 No.3

Recent research in endodontics has highlighted the need for three-dimensional imaging in the clinical arena as well as in research. Three-dimensional imaging using computed tomography (CT) has been used in endodontics over the past decade. Three types of CT scans have been studied in endodontics, namely cone-beam CT, spiral CT, and peripheral quantitative CT. Contemporary endodontics places an emphasis on the use of cone-beam CT for an accurate diagnosis of parameters that cannot be visualized on a two-dimensional image. This review discusses the role of CT in endodontics, pertaining to its importance in the diagnosis of root canal anatomy, detection of periradicular lesions, diagnosis of trauma and resorption, presurgical assessment, and evaluation of the treatment outcome.

Three types of the serial segmented images suitable for surface reconstruction

Shin, Dong Sun,Park, Jin Seo,Chung, Min Suk Korean Association of Anatomists 2012 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.45 No.2

<P>Stereoscopic surface models of human organs can be manipulated in real time. This is a significant feature of an interactive simulation system used for clinical practice. Objective surface models are obtainable from the accumulation of each structure's serial outlines, followed by surface reconstruction. The segmented images including the outlines can be divided into outlined images, white-filled images, and color-filled images. The purpose of this study was to report the benefits of the three types of segmented images for surface reconstruction. For the raw data, sectioned images of a male cadaver head were used. In the sectioned images, 91 structures were delineated for the preparation of 234 serial outlined images. The outlined images were converted into white-filled and color-filled images; the reverse conversion was also possible. The outlined images, including the original sectioned images, could be the source not only of surface models but also of volume models. The white-filled images, with a minimal file size, were preferred for separate surface reconstruction of the individual structures. The color-filled images, which allowed for recognition of the entire outlined structures simultaneously, were regarded as a good choice for the construction of several surface models. For the process, we employed a variety of software packages including those for animation, where the images were compatible. This information can be used by other investigators to build their own three-dimensional models. In addition, the surface models of detailed structures in the head, accompanied by the corresponding sectioned and segmented images, will hopefully contribute to various simulations that can be useful to clinicians.</P>