유통 패류의 중금속 및 패류독소 분석

김정은,황선일,이성봉,신상운,권혜정,이지연,이병훈,모아라,최옥경,Kim, Jeong-Eun,Hwang, Seon-Il,Lee, Seong-Bong,Shin, Sang-Woon,Kwon, Hye-Jung,Lee, Ji-Yeon,Lee, Byoung-Hoon,Mo, A-Ra,Choi, Ok-Kyung 한국식품위생안전성학회 2022 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.37 No.3

In this study, heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and mercury) and shellfish poisoning toxins (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins) were investigated in a total of 104 shellfishes. According to the analysis of heavy metals, lead (Pb) was detected in the range of 0.0177-0.5709 mg/kg, cadmium (Cd) was detected in the range of 0.0226-1.4602 mg/kg, and mercury (Hg) was detected in the range of 0.0015-0.0327 mg/kg. Levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg were acceptable by Korean standards. Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) were investigated for monitoring of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and OA and DTX-1 were not detected. As a result of monitoring of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins, domoic acid was detected in 5 of 104 samples and detection ratio was 4.8%. The detection period was found as follows; 1 case in January, 1 case in February, 1 case in May, 2 cases in September. These showed that continuous monitoring for the management of shellfish poisoning toxins and heavy metals is required. In addition, this study can be used as reference data to strengthen managing heavy metals in fishery products.

경남 한산·거제만해역에서 생산된 패류의 위생학적 안전성 평가

하광수,이가정,정연중,목종수,김풍호,김연계,이희정,김동욱,손광태,Ha, Kwang-Soo,Lee, Ka-Jeong,Jeong, Yeon-Jung,Mok, Jong-Soo,Kim, Poong-Ho,Kim, Yeon-Kye,Lee, Hee-Jung,Kim, Dong-Wook,Son, Kwang-Tae 한국식품위생안전성학회 2018 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.33 No.5

본 연구는 2013년부터 2017년까지 경남 한산 거제만 해역에서 생산되는 패류에 대한 위생지표세균, 마비성 패류독소, 설사성 패류독소를 분석하여 세균학적 독물학적 안전성을 평가하였다. 굴 시료 404점에 대한 분변계대장균은 < 18~330 MPN/100 g의 범위를 나타내었으나, 대장균 230 E. coli MPN/100 g을 초과한 시료는 없었다. 굴 수확시기 동안 분석한 대장균의 기하학적 평균치는 24.3 MPN/100 g으로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 한산 거제만해역에서 생산되는 굴의 세균학적 안전성을 평가한 결과, 식품위생법의 생식용 굴에 대한 위생기준을 만족하였고, EU의 패류생산해역 A등급 기준에 부합하였다. 한산 거제만해역의 독물학적 평가를 위해 굴 532개 시료와 패류독소 지표종인 지중해담치 268개 시료에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 마비성패류독소는 2013년 4월에 지중해담치 3개 시료에서 1.20~2.29 mg/kg 범위로 기준을 초과하여 검출되었으나, 굴시료에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 총 120개 시료에서 설사성패류독소를 분석하였으나, 정량한계 이하로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 독물학적 안전성 평가결과, 굴 시료에서는 마비성 및 설사성패류독소가 전혀 검출되지 않았으나, 지표종인 지중해담치에서는 마비성패류독소 기준치를 초과한 것으로 나타나 지속적인 모니터링과 안전관리가 요구되었다. To evaluate bacteriological and toxicological safety hygienic indicator bacterium and paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish toxins in the shellfish produced in Hansan Geojeman 2013-2017 were investigated. Fecal coliforms were < 18~330 MPN/100 g in 404 oyster samples. But all samples tested, did not exceed 230 E. coli MPN/100 g. Geometric mean of E. coli for oyster samples collected during major shellfish production period was 24.3 MPN/100 g, considerde stable results. Bacteriological quality of oysters collected from Hansan Geojeman meets the standard value based on shellfish hygiene of the Food Sanitation Act of Korea and also meets Grade A, according to classification of shellfish harvesting areas of the European Union. For toxicological evaluation of Hansan Geojeman, 532 oyster samples and 268 mussel samples as an indicator, were analyzed. Paralytic shellfish toxins were detected in the range of 0.42~2.29 mg/kg in eight mussel samples, and exceeded criteria in three samples from early to late April 2013. Diarrhetic shellfish toxin was detected in three of 120 samples, but it was revealed to be under regulation value (0.16 mg Okadaic Acid equ./kg). As a result of toxicological evaluation, paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish toxins were not detected in oyster samples, but it was found that mussel as an indicator species, exceeded the threshold value of paralytic shellfish toxin. Accordingly, sanitary surveys were continuously requested for food safety management of shellfish.

경남 한산·거제만해역에서 생산된 패류의 위생학적 안전성 평가

하광수,이가정,정연중,목종수,김풍호,김연계,이희정,김동욱,손광태 한국식품위생안전성학회 2018 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.33 No.5

본 연구는 2013년부터 2017년까지 경남 한산·거제만 해역에서 생산되는 패류에 대한 위생지표세균, 마비성 패 류독소, 설사성 패류독소를 분석하여 세균학적·독물학적 안전성을 평가하였다. 굴 시료 404점에 대한 분변계대장균은 < 18~330 MPN/100 g의 범위를 나타내었으나, 대장 균 230 E. coli MPN/100 g을 초과한 시료는 없었다. 굴 수확시기 동안 분석한 대장균의 기하학적 평균치는 24.3 MPN/100 g으로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 한산·거제만해역에서 생산되는 굴의 세균학적 안전성을 평가한 결과, 식품위 생법의 생식용 굴에 대한 위생기준을 만족하였고, EU의 패 류생산해역 A등급 기준에 부합하였다. 한산·거제만해역 의 독물학적 평가를 위해 굴 532개 시료와 패류독소 지표 종인 지중해담치 268개 시료에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 마비성패류독소는 2013년 4월에 지중해담치 3개 시료에서 1.20~2.29 mg/kg 범위로 기준을 초과하여 검출되었으나, 굴 시료에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 총 120개 시료에서 설사성패류독소를 분석하였으나, 정량한계 이하로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 독물학적 안전성 평가결과, 굴 시료에서는 마비성 및 설사성패류독소가 전혀 검출되지 않았으나, 지 표종인 지중해담치에서는 마비성패류독소 기준치를 초과 한 것으로 나타나 지속적인 모니터링과 안전관리가 요구 되었다. To evaluate bacteriological and toxicological safety hygienic indicator bacterium and paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish toxins in the shellfish produced in Hansan·Geojeman 2013-2017 were investigated. Fecal coliforms were < 18~330 MPN/100 g in 404 oyster samples. But all samples tested, did not exceed 230 E. coli MPN/ 100 g. Geometric mean of E. coli for oyster samples collected during major shellfish production period was 24.3 MPN/100 g, considerde stable results. Bacteriological quality of oysters collected from Hansan·Geojeman meets the standard value based on shellfish hygiene of the Food Sanitation Act of Korea and also meets Grade A, according to classification of shellfish harvesting areas of the European Union. For toxicological evaluation of Hansan·Geojeman, 532 oyster samples and 268 mussel samples as an indicator, were analyzed. Paralytic shellfish toxins were detected in the range of 0.42~2.29 mg/kg in eight mussel samples, and exceeded criteria in three samples from early to late April 2013. Diarrhetic shellfish toxin was detected in three of 120 samples, but it was revealed to be under regulation value (0.16 mg Okadaic Acid equ./kg). As a result of toxicological evaluation, paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish toxins were not detected in oyster samples, but it was found that mussel as an indicator species, exceeded the threshold value of paralytic shellfish toxin. Accordingly, sanitary surveys were continuously requested for food safety management of shellfish.

Anesthetic Effects and Physiological Responses of Clove Oil, Lidocaine-HCl, and Tricaine Methanesulphonate on Seawater Shellfishes in Korea

In-Seok PARK(박인석) 한국수산해양교육학회 2019 水産海洋敎育硏究 Vol.31 No.2

This study aimed to investigate the effects of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and tricane methanesulfonate (MS-222) on scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), ark shell (Scapharca broughtonii), surf clam (Pseudocardium sachalinensis), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), granular ark (Tegillarca granosa), and shortneked clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), and to compare the anesthetic effect among three anesthetics. Induction times of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and MS-222 were significantly affected by concentrations of anesthetics, and decreased drastically as the concentrations of anesthetics increased (P < 0.05). At each group, as the concentration of anesthetics increased, the induction time decreased (P < 0.05). For each anesthetic, the longer the shell length of six species in this experiment were, the more induction time increased (P < 0.05). Plasma cortisol and plasma glucose, which were measured to examine the stress response in seawater shellfishes in this experiment. Cortisol concentrations of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and MS-222 on six seawater shellfish were increased until 6 hrs after recovery of anesthesia (RA) and cortisol concentrations of three anesthetics on each shellfish were highest at 6 hrs after RA. At 6 hrs after RA, cortisol concentrations of MS-222 on each shellfish were higher than those of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl. Especially, cortisol concentration of granular ark at 6 hrs after RA was higher than that of the other shellfishes. At 6 hrs after RA, cortisol concentrations of three anesthetics were decreased until 48 hrs. Glucose concentrations of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and MS-222 on six seawater shellfish were increased until 12 hrs after RA and glucose concentrations of three anesthetics on each shellfish were highest at 12 hrs after RA. At 6 hrs after RA, glucose concentrations of MS-222 on each shellfish were higher than those of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl and glucose concentration of granular ark was higher than those of the other shellfishes as well. From 12 to 48 hrs after RA, glucose concentrations of three anesthetics were decreased.

남해 창선해역의 해수 및 진주담치의 위생학적 안전성 평가

유현덕,하광수,심길보,강진영,이태식,김지회 한국수산과학회 2010 한국수산과학회지 Vol.43 No.4

A sanitary survey was conducted to evaluate the water quality and mussel (Mytilus edulis) conditions of two administrative shellfish growing waters: those designated as shellfish growing water for export, and adjacent waters on the east coast of Changseon Island, Namhae, Korea. In all, 1,656 seawater and 166 mussel samples were collected at 46 stations for seawater and five stations for the shellfish from January 2007 to December 2009. Both seawater and mussels were examined for total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The standard plate count and most probable number of Escherichia coli were also determined for the shellfish samples. The range of the geometric means and the estimated 90th percentiles of fecal coliform for seawater samples at each station were <1.8–4.1 MPN/100 mL and <1.8–22.3 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The sanitary conditions for both shellfish growing areas, the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area in Changseon, met the 'Approved area' criteria of the United States National Shellfish Sanitation Program. The range of E. coli detected in mussels in these areas was <20–500 MPN/100 g; and only 3 of 166 samples exceeded 230 MPN/100 g, the European standard for the consumption of raw bivalves. Therefore, the mussel farms in the Changseon area are classified as 'Class A' according to criteria set in European Community regulations. However, the levels of E. coli in mussels in parts of the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area exceeded the bacterial limits after rainfall exceeding 45 mm. Further studies are needed to fully define the conditions leading to a temporary closure to harvest after a rainfall event.

조개의 상징에 관한 연구

이혜경 (사) 한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2023 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.5 No.1

This study aims to examine the meaning of shellfish, one of the props frequently used by clients in the consultation process of sand play therapy, in religion, folklore, human history, and Korean culture, and to examine clinical implications. Shellfish have a symbol of regeneration and resurrection, healing and salvation. Shellfish symbolizes fertility, abundance and femininity, and is a symbol of auspiciousness and magical power. In addition, shellfish are represented as shellfish currency and scallops as a representative symbol of resources, and they appear as the main form of people. The fact that shellfish receives foreign substances from the outside and embraces it for a long time to create pearls, the crystals of round gems, adds value. It is a symbol of suffering and perseverance. Taken together, shellfish show various symbols such as healing, regeneration, femininity, internal resources, and growth, and this aspect of this researcher's clients expressed in sand works using shellfish.

Genetic Diversity of Foodborne Pathogen Detected in Commercial Shellfish in Metropolitan Area

박정훈,조규봉 대한의생명과학회 2022 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.28 No.2

This study was performed to investigate the contamination status of microorganisms that cause food poisoning in shellfish distributed in the metropolitan area of South Korea. The analyses were conducted according to the sample type, season, and region. In particular, the genotype of food poisoning viruses that explosively cause collective food poisoning was analyzed. Total 483 each of four types of shellfish (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus coruscus, Pectea albicans albicans, and Scapharca subcrenata) were collected from four distribution sites located in the metropolitan area. We investigated foodborne pathogen by multiplex PCR and RT/Nested PCR from shellfish. As a result, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Bacillus cereus were detected in 13 and 21 samples and Norovirus (NoV) GI and GII were detected in 7 and 12 samples, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus and NoV GI and GII showed differences in types of shellfish and seasons, and no correlation was confirmed with regional differences. Also, as a result of genotyping for the detected NoV GI and GII, they were confirmed as NoV GI.7, GI.5 and GII.3, which are causes of collective food poisoning. Therefore, cross-infection with shellfish can cause food poisoning. In particular, attention must be paid to the handling and cooking of shellfish in organizations that implement group feeding, and it is necessary to establish a management system for microorganisms that cause food poisoning in the process of shellfish farming and distribution.

서해권역 패류 생산의 장기 (1970-2022년) 변화 및 생산성 향상에 관한 고찰

강희웅,박광재,이경미,김정현 한국패류학회 2024 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.40 No.1

This study aims to explore measures to continuously improve shellfish productivity in the West Sea coastal region (Incheon metropolitan city, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do), which has a high proportion of aquaculture among domestic shellfish production areas. To analyze changes in shellfish production in the West Sea coastal region over 52 years, we compared changes in tidal flat area and production by fishery and species from 1970 to 2022 using data from the KOrean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS, 2023). As a result of the analysis, West Sea region over the past 10 years (2013-2022) was a total of 50,092 tons (28,997 tons of offshore fisheries, 21,095 tons of shallow-sea aquacultures), aquaculture ratio accounted for 40.4%. Shellfish production by fishery in the West Sea area for 52 years (1970-2022) includes 23 species of offshore fisheries, and the main species targeted for fishing include sunray surf clams, surf clam, oysters, and manila clam. There are 16 species of shallow-sea aquacultures, and the main species targeted for aquaculture include manila clam, oysters, surf clam, and venus clams. Changes in tidal flat area due to reclamation projects had a significant impact on the production of burrowing shellfish. Over the past 31 years (1987-2018), the change in the area of the West Coast tidal flat decreased 590 km2 from 1,935.4 km2 to 1,345.4 km2, showing a decrease rate of 30.5%, a high decrease compares to other regions across the country. In conclusion, it is believed that the way to continuously improve the productivity of shellfish is to protect natural seed and shell growth areas, selecting habitat suitability and suitable sites for each species, managing seed release, and expanding shellfish seed production and intermediate cultivation infrastructure.

Regional Difference in Fatty Acid Content of Korean Shellfish

Jeonghee Surh,Hae-Jeung Lee,Hoonjeong Kwon 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.2

Regional variation in the fatty acid content of shellfish was investigated on 5 species of Korean shellfish including murex shell, ark shell, jack-knife clam, orient hard clam, and little neck clam that were originated from 2 geographically different regions in Korea (Region 1: South coast, 34-35°N, 127-129°E; Region 2: West coast, 36-38°N, 126-127°E). Significant regional difference in total fatty acids content was observed in murex shell and little neck clam (p<0.01), but not in the other species of shellfish. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids including n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were appreciably higher in murex shell from Region 2 and in little neck clam from Region 1 than the shellfish originated from their counterpart areas (p<0.05). Nevertheless, relative percentages of the fatty acids remained constant within same species regardless of geographic regions or species. Considering the facts of that the fish/shellfish are unique sources of n-3 fatty acids and a little neck clam is the most-consumed shellfish in Korea, n-3 fatty acids intake might vary with the habitat of the shellfish that Koreans consume.

Condition factor, hydrocarbons and bacterial burdens of shellfishes from mudflats in the Qua Iboe Estuary, Nigeria

Joseph Essien,Godwin Udofia,Edu Inam,김경웅 한국자원공학회 2013 Geosystem engineering Vol.16 No.2

In this article, the condition factor (CF; health status), bacterial burdens and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) accumulating potential of shellfishes harvested from tidal mudflats in the Qua Iboe Estuary mangrove ecosystem, Nigeria, were investigated. The results revealed that most species of shellfishes from the estuary were not healthy. Tympanotonus fuscatus had a healthy status (CF) of 54.6%, while Mytilis edulis, Thais haemostoma and Callinectes latimanus from hydrocarbon-impacted mudflats exhibited poor health statuses with CF values less than 40%. Though unhealthy, they exhibited great propensity to bioaccumulate hydrocarbons and bacteria including hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria from the environment. The mean levels of TPH in the shellfishes were 4.68 mg/g, 7.92 mg/g, 4.86 mg/g and 3.97 mg/g dry weight of T. fuscatus, M. edulis, Th. haemostoma and C. latimanus, respectively, as against 30.36 mg/g dry weight detected in the intertidal sediment. Correlation between levels of TPH accumulated and CF of the shellfishes (at p , 0.05) revealed weak and not definite relationships in T. fuscatus (r ¼ 0.080), M. edulis (r ¼ 0.102) and Th. haemostoma (r ¼ 0.214), while a positive significant relationship was observed for C. latimanus (r ¼ 0.583). The bacteria densities of freshly collected samples varied between the diverse species of shellfish. The relationship between bacterial load and CF was negative and insignificant in C. latimanus (r ¼ 20.123) but insignificantly positive inM. edulis (r ¼ 0.011), Th. haemostoma (r ¼ 0.347) and T. fuscatus (r ¼ 0.347). These findings have shown that shellfishes from mudflats in the Qua Iboe Estuary are not healthy but have great capability to bioaccumulate hydrocarbons and bacteria. Their bioaccumulating potential is not definitive and health (CF) dependent, but plausibly determined by the availability and nature of contaminants and their feeding mode. Though the role of oil-degrading bacteria within the viscera of shellfishes is uncertain, it is obvious that the commercially valid species investigated could serve as possible bio-indicators of hydrocarbon and bacterial contaminants in the fishing waters.