NUTRITIVE VALUES AND GROWTH RESPONSE OF CATTLE FED AMMONIA TREATED RICE STRAW

Maeng, W.J.,Chung, T.Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1989 Animal Bioscience Vol.2 No.1

Nutritive values and fermentation rates of rice straw treated with 3% anhydrous and 3% aqueous ammonia were evaluated both in vitro and sheep metabolism trials. Daily gain, feed efficiency and feed cost per gain were also determined with growing Holstein bulls fed anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw. Crude protein was increased 2.4 fold and NDF was decreased 6.5%, but ADF and cellulose were not different between untreated and ammonia treated rice straw. An average of 35.5% of total added ammonia-N retained in the rice straw and other 64.5% was not retained in the rice straw. Ammonia treatment increased in vitro DM, NDF, ADF and cellulose digestibilities by 44.8%, 43.3%, 49.4% and 42.4%, respectively, and fermentation rates by 63.3%, 132.4%, 49.4% and 42.4%, respectively. In sheep metabolism trials, DM digestibilities of rice straw treated with anhydrous and aqueous ammonia were increased 22% and 36%, respectively, and digestible DM intakes by 48% and 70%, respectively in sheep fed anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw over untreated rice straw. Rumen ammonia and blood urea were considerably higher in sheep fed ammonia treated rice straw than sheep fed untreated rice straw. Daily gain of Holstein bulls was increased 20.8% and 29.9% and rice straw intakes were increased 28.4% and 44.3% in anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw over untreated rice straw. Feed conversion was improved 9.5% and 10.3% and feed cost/gain was reduced 7.1% and 9.2% respectively in anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw group as compared with untreated rice straw group.

논 投入 볏짚과 헤어리베치의 分解 및 窒素 放出이 벼 生育에 미치는 影響

이호진 서울대학교 농업개발연구소 2000 농업생명과학연구 Vol.4 No.-

The decomposition of crop residue is necessary for the nutrient recycling in farm soil. Rice straw is considered as a main soil organic supplier, since it is easily and economically incorporated into the soils compared to other organic manures in paddy field. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. For the effective use of rice straw and hairy vetch, we investigated the decomposition and N release of the rice straw and hairy vetch and their effect on rice growth in paddy field. The decomposition of rice straw and hairy vetch placed by soid depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting date was investigated by mesh bag method which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. At the same time, the decomposition coefficient(k) of rice straw was determined in laboratory incubation by using mesh bag as affected by temperature, water and nitrogen condition. Recoveries of rice straw-15N and hairy vetche-15N by rice plants were measured by 15N-tracer method to investigate the fate of nitrogen released by rice straw and hairy vetch decomposition under different nitrogen fertilizer application levels in paddy soil. Furthermore, recovery of urea-15N by rice plant was measured by 15N-tracer method to investigate the utilization of fertilized urea as affected by rice straw and hairy vetch incorporation. The overall decomposition patterns of rice straw and hairy vetch were similar for the three incorporation depths in transplanted paddy field. The straw incorporated at transplanting date showed an initial weight loss of about 50%, 70% and 90% after 2 months, 5 months and 2 years, respectively, soil incorporation. Hairy vetch decomposed more rapidly than rice straw and showed an initial weight loss of 72-81% as affected by depth after the first month soil incorporation. After 5 months, the vetch had lost 86-90% of its weight as affected by incorporation depth. The decrease of lignin of decomposing rice straw was slower than that of cellulose and silica. C/N ratio of the decomposing straw did not change significantly throughout rice growth stages, but that of decomposing vetch sharply increased during the early stages and after then, slowly decreased. N amounts released from the straw and the vetch during 5 months were about 67% and 94% of initial N, while more than 60% and 90% of those was released during first month after soil incorporation, respectively. P release rate from the straw and the vetch was faster than N release rate. Hairy vetch was more rapidly decomposed and released more nitrogen as compared with rice straw. The decomposition coefficient of rice straw in laboratory incubation showed about threefold variation to the different conditions. The rate of straw decomposition increased as the temperature increase, in both treatments of surface spreading and soil incorporation. Meanwhile, the decomposition rate of buried straw in both saturated and flooded conditions decreased as compared with that of 30% soil moisture. Nitrogen applications increased decomposition rate of straw, but there was no difference between 5 and 10 kgN/10a levels. Recoveries of rice straw-15N by rice plants were 10.2, 13.4 and 14.9% in 0, 6 and 12 kgN/10a application, respectively, and recoveries of hairy vetch-15N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kgN/10a application, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization increased the recovery of rice straw-15N and hairy vetch-15N. The incorporation of rice straw and hairy vetch decreased the loss of urea-15N in paddy soil. This result was mainly due to increased soil residual effect and plant uptake of urea-15N in rice straw and hairy vetch incorporation, respectively. Also loss of nitrogen by nitrate leaching from paddy soil for about 10 days after transplanting was decreased by rice straw and hairy vetch incorporation. The yields of the transplanted paddy rice cultured using soil incorporation of rice cultivated applying urea fertilizer. The yield in the plot with rice straw was 12% lower than that in plot with urea fertilizer, but the yield in the plot with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea fertilizer. In farmer's field trial, we investigated the effects of long term application of rice straw on rice yield for four years. The rate of application of fresh rice straw was 5-6kg straw-N/10a in combination of 6kgN/10a of chemical N fertilizer. The yield in the plot with successive rice straw application increased gradually year by year, which showed the possibility of reducing the application rate of chemical N fertilizer.

논에서 볏짚과 볏짚퇴비 연용에 의한 토양 이화학적 특성과 벼 품질 변화

황선아 ( Seon Ah Hwang ),배희수 ( Hui Su Bae ),이수환 ( Soo Hwan Lee ),강종국 ( Jong Gook Kang ),김홍규 ( Hong Kyu Kim ),이경보 ( Kyeong Bo Lee ) 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2013 농업생명과학연구 Vol.44 No.2

본 연구는 1979년부터 논에서 유기물과 질소 시비량을 달리 처리하여 연차별 토양 물리화학성과 쌀 수량 및 품질의 변화를 조사하였다. 2009년에서 2011년까지 3년간(31-33년차)의 변화를 보면 pH는 약간 높아졌고 OM은 유기물 무시용 처리구에서 감소하였으나 볏짚과 볏짚퇴비 처리구에서는 증가하였으며, OM 증가에는 볏짚퇴비를 처리하는 것이 더 효과적이었다. T-N은 무시용<볏짚<볏짚퇴비 처리구순으로 높았으며, 유효인산은 시험전에 비해 무시용<볏짚<볏짚퇴비 처리구 순으로 높아졌다. 치환성 양이온은 시험전에 비해 모두 높아졌고 유효규산함량 또한 무시용<볏짚<볏짚퇴비 처리구 순으로 증가하였다. 유기물 종류별 토양 양분의 증가는 대체로 볏짚퇴비 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 유기물 장기연용에 따라 용적밀도가 낮아지고 공극률이 증가하며 고상비율이 감소하여 토양 물리성이 개선되었는데 그 효과는 볏짚 처리구보다 볏짚퇴비 처리구에서 더 컸다. 유기물 종류별 토양의 입단화 정도는 볏짚퇴비 처리구보다 볏짚 처리구에서 높았다. 쌀수량은 유기물 무시용 처리구에 비하여 볏짚 및 볏짚퇴비 처리구에서 증가하였고 볏짚퇴비 처리 구에서는 초년도부터 줄곧 가장 많았다. 완전립 비율은 무시용<볏짚<볏짚퇴비 처리구 순으로 높았으며 단백질 함량은 무시용 처리구가 볏짚이나 볏짚퇴비 처리구에 비해 약간 낮았다. 질소 시용량이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향이고, 완전립 비율은 점점 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 단백질과 아밀로오스 함량은 증가하는 경향이었다. This experiment was initiated in 1979 to investigate the effects of long-term application of rice straw and rice straw compost with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy field. The organic matters were applied 5 Mg/ha/year as rice straw and 10 Mg/ ha/year as rice straw compost, respectively. The application rates of nitrogen fertilizer were 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg/ha/year per type of organic matters. This study was investigated effect of different treatments on soil properties and rice quality. In 2009- 2011, after 31-33 years of experiment, the long-term application of organic matters tended to high the soil pH and to increase organic matter and available phosphate contents. The organic matter, available phosphate, exchangeable cations and available silicate were greater increasing in treatment of rice straw compost than of rice straw. The soil physical properties were improved by application of organic matters and more effective in treatment of rice straw compost than of rice straw. Distribution of water stable aggregate (above 2mm) were increased by long-term application of organic matter and its effect was higher in treatment of rice straw than of rice straw compost. The application of organic matters resulted in the increase in rice yield and it was more effective to apply rice straw compost.

면양에 의한 암모니아-황산병용처리 볏짚의 반추위내 발효특성

문승식,유성오 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 1998 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.11 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of treatment of ammonia (NH_3)-sulfuric acid combination on feed value of rice straw as a ruminant feedstuff. Rice straw was treated with 3% ammonia (W/DM) for at least 45 days and further with sulfuric acid for overnight to complete the combination treatment. The treated rice straw was then sun-dried, and the chemical composition of the treated rice straw was analyzed. Also, three sheep (49.8 kg) were used to determine the fermentation characteristics in the rumen. The treatments included untreated, ammonia-treated, and ammonia·H_2SO_4 combination-treated rice straw. The results are as follows 1. Ruminal pH of sheep fed ammonia·H_2SO_4 combination-treated rice straw was slightly lower at all times after feeding, but no difference was observed among 1∼8 hours after feeding. 2. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations of sheep fed ammonia·H_2SO_4 combination-treated rice straw was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of sheep fed untreated and ammonia-treated rice straw. 3. Ruminal total VFA concentration peaked at 1 hour after feeding, and was higher in ammonia-treated and ammonia·H_2SO_4 combination-treated rice straw than that of sheep fed untreated rice straw. 4. Ruminal acetic acid and propionic acid concentration of sheep fed ammonia-treated and ammonia·H_2SO_4 combination-treated rice straw were slightly higher than that of sheep fed untreated rice straw from 1 to 8 hours after feeding. 5. Ruminal acetic acid to propionic acid ratio of sheep fed ammonia-treated rice straw was slightly higher than those of sheep fed other treatments. 6. Ruminal butyric acid concentration of sheep fed untreated rice straw was lower than those of sheep fed other treatments from 1 to 8 hours after feeding.

요소처리 및 요소-황산 병용처리 볏짚의 저장기간에 따른 영양소 함량 및 In Vitro 소화율

박성진,유성오 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2002 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.15 No.-

본 시험은 일반볏짚에 요소 6%를 수용상태로 처리하여 밀봉상태로 60일간 보관한 후 개봉한 요소처리 볏짚과 이들 처리볏짚의 1/2에 해당하는 양에 농황산 2.5%을 처리하여 제조한 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚을 공기가 잘 통한 실온에서 0, 1, 2 및 4개월간 저장한 후 저장기간에 따른 화학적 조성, 질소함량 및 in vitro 소화율을 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 조단백질, NDF 함량은 모든 저장기간에서 요소처리 볏짚보다 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚에서 높았으며(P<0.05), 요소처리 볏짚의 조단백질 함량은 저장기간 2 및 4개월에서 현저한 감소되었고 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚은 저장기간 4개월에서 감소되었다(P<0.05). NDF 함량은 두처리 모두가 저장기간 4개월에서 감소되었다(P<0.05). 2. Total N 및 NH3-N 함량은 모든 저장기간에서 요소처리 볏짚보다 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚에서 높았고(P<0.05) 요소처리 볏짚의 Total N 및 NH3-N 함량 저장기간이 경과할수록 유의적으로 감소하였지만(P<0.05) 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚은 저장기간 4개월에서 감소되었다(P<0.05). 3. in vitro 건물, 조단백질, NDF 및 ADF 소화율은 모든 저장기간에서 요소처리 볏짚보다 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚에서 높았고(P<0.05) 처리볏짚 모두가 저장기간의 경과에 따른 in vitro 건물 소화율은 차이가 없었다. 요소처리 볏짚의 in vitro 조단백질 소화율은 저장기간이 경과될수록 감소하였지만(P<0.05) 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚은 저장기간의 경과에 의한 차이가 없었다. 요소처리 볏짚의 in vitro NDF 소화율은 저장기간 경과에 따른 차이는 없었지만 요소-황산병용처리 볏짚은 저장기간 2∼4개월까지는 증가되었다(P<0.05). This study was carried out to investigate the effect of urea-sulfuric acid combination on feed value of rice straw as a ruminant feedstuff. Rice straw was treated with 6% urea (W/DM) for at least 60 days and further with 2.5% sulfuric acid (W/DM) for overnight to complete the combination treatments. The treated rice straw was then sun-dried, and were kept in a room under shade with good air ventilation. At the start(0), and after 1, 2 and 4 months, and the chemical composition and in vitro digestbility of the treated rice straw was analyzed. The treatments included urea-treated and urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw. The results are as follows : 1. CP(crude protein), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) contents were higher(P<0.05) in urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw than that of urea-treated rice straw at all storing periods. CP content of urea-treated rice straw was reduced at 2 and 4 months of storage, but urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw was reduced(P<0.05) at 4 month of storage. NDF content of urea-treated andurea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw were reduced(P<0.05) at 4 month of storage. 2. Total N and NH3-N contents were higher(P<0.05) in urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw than that of urea-treated rice straw at all storing periods, and urea-treated rice straw decreased as storing period was increased, but urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw was reduced(P<0.05) at 4 month of storage. 3. In vitro dry metter, CP, NDF and ADF (neutral detergent fiber) digestibilities were higher (P<0.05) in urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw than that of urea-treated rice straw at all storing periods. In vitro dry metter digestibilities of urea-treated and urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw were not significantly different among storing periods. In vitro CP digestibility of urea- treated rice straw was decreased(P<0.05) as storing period increased, but urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw was not significantly different among storing periods. In vitro NDF digestibility of urea-treated rice straw was not significantly different among storing periods, but urea·H_(2)SO_(4)-treated rice straw was increased(P<0.05) to 2∼4 months of storage.

Fungal Diversity of Rice Straw for Meju Fermentation

( Dae Ho Kim ),( Seon Hwa Kim ),( Soon Wo Kwon ),( Jong Kyu Lee ),( Seung Beom Hong ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.12

Rice straw is closely associated with meju fermentation and it is generally known that the rice straw provides meju with many kinds of microorganisms. In order to elucidate the origin of meju fungi, the fungal diversity of rice straw was examined. Rice straw was collected from 12 Jang factories where meju are produced, and were incubated under nine different conditions by altering the media (MEA, DRBC, and DG18), and temperature (15oC, 25oC, and 35oC). In total, 937 strains were isolated and identified as belonging to 39 genera and 103 species. Among these, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Eurotium, Fusarium, and Penicillium were the dominant genera. Fusarium asiaticum (56.3%), Cladosporium cladosporioides (48.6%), Aspergillus tubingensis (37.5%), A. oryzae (31.9%), Eurotium repens (27.1%), and E. chevalieri (25.0%) were frequently isolated from the rice straw obtained from many factories. Twelve genera and 40 species of fungi that were isolated in the rice straw in this study were also isolated from meju. Specifically, A. oryzae, C. cladosporioides, E. chevalieri, E. repens, F. asiaticum, and Penicillium polonicum (11.8%), which are abundant species in meju, were also isolated frequently from rice straw. C. cladosporioides, F. asiaticum, and P. polonicum, which are abundant in the low temperature fermentation process of meju fermentation, were frequently isolated from rice straw incubated at 15oC and 25oC, whereas A. oryzae, E. repens, and E. chevalieri, which are abundant in the high temperature fermentation process of meju fermentation, were frequently isolated from rice straw incubated at 25oC and 35oC. This suggests that the mycobiota of rice straw has a large influence in the mycobiota of meju. The influence of fungi on the rice straw as feed and silage for livestock, and as plant pathogens for rice, are discussed as well.

Rumen Fermentation and Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows Affected by Physical Forms and Urea Treatment of Rice Straw

Gunun, P.,Wanapat, M.,Anantasook, N. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.9

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different physical forms and urea treatment of rice straw on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk production. Four, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation with initial body weight (BW) of $409{\pm}20kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were as follows: untreated, long form rice straw (LRS), urea-treated (5%), long form rice straw (5% ULRS), urea-treated (2.5%), long form rice straw (2.5% ULRS) and urea-treated (2.5%), chopped (4 cm) rice straw (2.5% UCRS). Cows were fed with concentrate diets at a ratio of concentrate to milk yield of 1:2 and rice straw was fed ad libitum. The findings revealed significant improvements in total DM intake and digestibility by using long and short forms of urea-treated rice straw (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not altered among all treatments (p>0.05), whereas ruminal $NH_3$-N, BUN and MUN were found to be increased (p<0.01) by urea-treated rice straw as compared with untreated rice straw. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (p<0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (p<0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (p<0.05) in cows fed with long or short forms of urea-treated rice straw. The 2.5% ULRS and 2.5% UCRS had greater microbial protein synthesis and was greatest when cows were fed with 5% ULRS. The urea-treated rice straw fed groups had increased milk yield (p<0.05), while lower feed cost and greater economic return was in the 2.5% ULRS and 2.5% UCRS (p<0.01). From these results, it could be concluded that 2.5% ULRS could replace 5% ULRS used as a roughage source to maintain feed intake, rumen fermentation, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, milk production and economical return in mid-lactating dairy cows.

중화된 요소처리 볏짚이 면양의 消化率 및 질소출납에 미치는 영향

문승식,박성진,유성오 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 1996 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.9 No.-

본 시험은 볏짚을 효과적으로 이용할 목적으로 일반볏짚을 2∼3cm로 절단하여 농업용 요소 6%(건물기준)를 처리하여 30일간 보관하여 요소처리 볏짚을 제조하였고, 요소처리 볏짚을 개봉한 즉시 1/2을 농황산-당밀을 처리하여 72시간 보관하여 중화된 요소처리 볏짚을 제조하였으며, 이들 처리볏짚에 대한 소화율, 질소출납 및 기호성에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 평균체중 50 kg의 면양 3두를 이용하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 건물, 조단백질, NDF 및 ADF 소화율은 중화된 요소처리볏짚이 무처리 및 요소처리 볏짚보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05) 2. 질소섭취량, 분질소, 뇨질소 및 질소유지는 중화된 요소처리 볏짚이 무처리 및 요소처리 볏짚보다 높게 나타났지만 섭취질소에 대한 질소축적율은 요소처리 볏짚이 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 3. 건물섭취량은 중화된 요소처리 볏짚에서 가장 높은 경향을 나타냈지만 상호간에 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. This study was carried out to examine the effect of neutralization of urea-treated rice straw on feed value of rice straw as ruminant feedstuff. Chopped rice straws were treated with urea solution applied 6% urea (W/DM) and water to increase the moisture content up to 30% (W/DM), and they were kept in polyethylene bag for 30 days, and the half of urea-treated rice straw was mixed with an sulfuric acid-molasses solution to neutralize free ammonia and kept airtightly in polyethylene bag for 72 hours. The urea-treated and neutralized urea-treated rice straw were dried. Also, Tree sheep (average weight of about 50kg) were used to determine the effects of the digestibility, nitrogen balance and voluntary feed intake. Digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, NDF and ADF in neutralized urea-treated rice straw were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in untreated and urea-treated rice straw. Nitrogen intake, fecal and urinary nitrogen in neutralized urea-treated rice straw were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in untreated and urea-treated rice straw, but nitrogen retention/intake nitrogen was high (P<0.05) in urea-treated rice straw. Dry matter intake was slightly higher in neutralized urea-treated rice straw.

고추밭 고랑 볏짚피복에 의한 양분유출 특성

홍성창,김민경,정구복,소규호 유기성자원학회 2016 유기물자원화 Vol.24 No.1

Excessive application of nutrient supplement on the upland soil may increase the amount of discharge to surrounding water systems. The chemical fertilizer (CF), cow manure compost (CMC), and pig manure compost (PMC) are used as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of red pepper. Rice straws are widely used as a soil covering material in order to reduce weed occurrence, to protect soil moisture, and to supply organic matter in upland soil. This study was conducted to evaluate the furrow covering effect with rice straw on nutrient discharge in upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. The experimental plots of nutrient supplement were consisted of CF, CMC, and PMC and the amount of nutrient application were as recommended amount after soil test for red pepper cultivation. Each nutrient supplement treatment plot has no furrow covering (CFC) as a control and furrow covering with rice straw (FCS), respectively. Furrow covering with rice straw (FCS) of CF treatment and CMC treatment reduced the amount of T-N(total nitrogen) discharge by 1.4 kg ha-1, 2.1 kg ha-1, respectively, compared to control. While the amount of T-P(total phosphorus) discharge of the furrow covering with rice straw of CF, CMC, and PMC increased by 2.1 kg ha-1, 2.1 kg ha-1, and 0.2 kg ha-1, respectively, compared to control. The phosphorus and nitrogen content of straw were 0.4 % and 0.3 % respectively. In addition, in three week the phosphorus was eluted from the straw which soaked in distilled water. Thus, it was assumed that T-P discharging originated from rice straw which applied as a furrow covering material. The furrow covering with rice straw reduced weed occurrence compared to control. But production of fresh red pepper was not influenced significantly by furrow covering with rice straw. In conclusion, excessive furrow covering with rice straw could induce T-P discharge from upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate amount of rice straw as a furrow covering material. 농경지에 작물재배를 위한 양분재료의 과다한 투여는 주변 수계로의 양분유출을 증가시킬 수 있다. 고추재배시 사용되는 양분재료는 화학비료, 우분퇴비, 돈분퇴비 등이 대표적이다. 볏짚은 벼 재배의 부산물로 밭 농사에서 잡초발생 억제, 토양수분 보존, 유기물 재료로 널리 사용된다. 본 연구는 노지 고추 재배에서 밭 고랑을 볏짚으로 피복할 때 강우로 발생하는 표면 유출수에 의한 양분유출 특성을 파악하기 위해 수행하였다. 시험구는 양분재료를 기준으로 하여 화학비료, 우분퇴비, 돈분퇴비로 구분하였고 양분투입량은 토양검정 시비량에 준하여 처리하였다. 각각의 시험구는 화학비료 또는 우분퇴비, 돈분퇴비를 시용한 후 볏짚으로 덮은 경우(피복 처리구)와 덮지 않은 경우(무피복구)로 구분하였다. 화학비료 처리구와 우분퇴비 처리구의 볏짚 고랑 피복 처리는 무피복구 보다 T-N (총질소)의 유출이 각각 1.4 kg ha-1, 2.1 kg ha-1 감소하였다. 반면에 화학비료 처리구와 우분퇴비 처리구, 돈분퇴비 처리구의 볏짚고랑 피복 처리는 무피복구 보다 T-P (총인)의 유출이 각각 2.1 kg ha-1, 2.1 kg ha-1, 0.2 kg ha-1 증가하였다. 볏짚은 질소 0.4 %, 인산을 0.3 % 함유하고 있고 증류수에 볏짚을 담근 후 3주일 내에 인산 성분이 유출되므로 T-P의 유출은 고랑을 피복한 볏짚에서 기원한 것으로 추정된다. 무피복구에 비하여 고랑 볏짚 피복구는 잡초발생이 줄었다. 그러나 붉은 고추의 수확량은 무피복구와 볏짚피복구 간에 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로, 고추밭 고랑을 볏짚으로 과다하게 피복하면 T-P의 유출을 유발할 수 있으므로 고랑을 피복하는데 적정한 볏짚량을 산정하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단되었다.

볏짚 및 가공처리 왕겨의 급여가 한우의 사료섭취 및 반추행동에 미치는 영향

이왕식,이병석,이상철,이상석,이세영,이덕윤,하종규 한국동물자원과학회 2004 한국축산학회지 Vol.46 No.1

Effects of low quality roughage sources on duration and frequencies of rumination and chewing in Hanwoo steers were determined. Animals were fed three diets; concentrate+rice straw)50:50), concentrate+rice straw+popped rice hull(50:35:15) and concentrate)+rice straw+ground rice hull(50:35:15) to compare both rice straw alone and combination with rice hull. Eating and ruminating time of steers fed concentrate+rice straw(50:50), concentrate+rice straw+popped rice hull(50:35:15) and concentrate+rice straw+ground rice hull(50:35:15) were 78.8 and 338.4min/day; 98.0 and 362.5min/day, and 160 and 519.2min/day, respectively. When steers were fed popped rice hull and ground rice hull, time spent for both eating and ruminating was significantly increased(p<0.05). When steers fed popped and ground rice hull, number of ruminating chews and number of chews per rumination time were significantly decreased(p<0.05). The number of rumination boli and boli per rumination time had significantly decreased(p<0.05) in steers fed both types of rice hull. In summary, when cattle were fed experimental diets substituted with popped or ground rice hull to rice straw, the rumination behaviors were increased, because popped or ground rice hull might physically stimulate rumen wall. Therefore, both the physically shape and size of roughage sources are important factors to induce rumination behavior.