Combining Life Cycle Assessment and Manufacturing System Simulation: Evaluating Dynamic Impacts from Renewable Energy Supply on Product-Specific Environmental Footprints

Jan-Markus Rödger,Jan Beier,Malte Schönemann,Christine Schulze,Sebastian Thiede,Niki Bey,Christoph Herrmann,Michael Z. Hauschil 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.8 No.3

The eco-efficiency of actual production processes is still one dominating research area in engineering. However, neglecting the environmental impacts of production equipment, technical building services and energy supply might lead to sub-optimization or burden-shifting and thus reduced effectiveness. As an established method used in sustainability management, Life Cycle Assessment aims at calculating the environmental impacts from all life cycle stages of a product or system. In order to cope with shortcomings of the static character of life cycle models and data gaps this approach combines Life Cycle Assessment with manufacturing system simulation. Therefore, the two life cycles of product and production system are merged to assess environmental sustainability on product level. Manufacturing simulation covers the production system and Life Cycle Assessment is needed to relate the results to the final product. This combined approach highlights the influences from dynamic effects in manufacturing systems on resulting life cycle impact from both product and production system. Furthermore, the importance of considering indirect peripheral equipment and its effects on the manufacturing system operation in terms of output and energy demands is underlined. The environmental flows are converted into impacts for the five recommended environmental impact categories. Thus, it can be demonstrate that Life Cycle Assessment can enhance the process simulation and help identify hot-spots along the life cycle. The combined methodology is applied for analysing a case study in fourteen scenarios for the integration of volatile energy sources into energy flexible manufacturing control.

Product Life Cycle에 따른 리노베이션 광고에 관한 연구

구환영 커뮤니케이션디자인협회 시각디자인학회 2004 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.15 No.-

광고는 기업과 소비자간의 커뮤니케이션이자, 소비자의 구매행동을 촉진시키기 위한 기업의 마케팅 활동이다. 광고가 소비자』게 전달되는 과정은 기업에서 생산되는 제품의 성능, 기능, 서비스의 품질에 대한내용들을 담아 대중매체를 통해 소비자에게 전달되고, 소비자는 그 광고의 정확한 정보를 인식하여 제품을 구매하고 서비스를 이용한다. 일련의 과정 속에 행해지는 광고 중 제품수명주기(Product Life Cy치e)에 따른 광고는 인생의 생명주기처럼 하나의 제품이 탄생기, 성장기, 성숙기, 쇠퇴기, 사장기를 거쳐야 하지만 제품의 포지션(Position)과, 성공여부에 따라 광고의 전개과정과 내용이 달라져야함을 인식하게 되었다. 특히 제품으로서의 수명을 다하고, 소비자의 기억속에 사라지는 상품이나 기업은 그 존재여부를 판단하여 신제품의 탄생이냐, 기존제품의 리뉴얼(Renewal) 또는 리페어(Repair)냐를 결정하게 된다. 신제품의 개발은 새로운 인지도와 이미지를 상승시켜야 하기 매문에 비용, 시간, 노력이 절대적으로 필요하다. 하지만 최근 불황타개를 위한 건설업에서 시장이 확산되고 있는 리노베이션(Renovation) 기법은 기존 건물을 헐지 않고 신축 건물 공사비의 30% 비용으로 건물의 용도, 가치를 높힐 수 있어 건축주에게 큰 호응을 얻고 있다. 본 연구에서는 바로 이 건축산업에서 부각되고 있는Renovation의 특성과 기능을 광고 전략에 적극적으로 도입하여 최소의 비용으로 최대의 가치를 창출할 수 있는 기본 시스템을 연구하려 하였다. Advertisement is not only communication between a company and consumers, but also the company's marketing activity to promote consumers' purchase. Advertisement conveys information on the quality of service or the performance and function of a product to consumers, who understand the information in the advertisement and use the service or product. Among various types of advertisement, one is made on the basis of the product life cycle. In producing this type of advertisement, advertisers came to realize that although a product has to go through the period of birth, growth, mature, decline, and demise, the methods and contents of the advertisement should be made different depending on the product's position and the level of success. In particular, when some products have gone through this product life cycle and are about to disappear from the memory of consumers, companies consider the value of the products and make decision on whether to renew the existing products or repair them. Developing new products takes a lot of time, costs, and efforts, since it requires to bring new awareness and boost new images. On the other hand, renovation is gaining big popularity among constructors as it does not necessitate the destruction of an old building and helps enhance the value of the building at only 30% of the cost of building a new structure. The objective of this study is to establish a basic system to create maximum values at minimum cost by incorporating the characteristics of the renovation in the construction business into advertisement strategies.

전과정평가(LCA)에서 제품 디자이너의 역할에 대한 연구

서명원 사단법인 한국조형디자인협회 2024 조형디자인연구 Vol.27 No.1

화석 에너지의 사용과 순환 가능하지 않은 소재의 무분별한 사용으로 인해 지속가능에 대한 중요성은 디자인 분야에서도 중요한 화두가 되고 있다. 이러한 지속가능성을 판단하는 기준으로 사용되는 전과정평가(LCA : Life Cycle Assessment)는 제품, 자재, 프로세스 또는 기타 측정할 수 있는 활동의 전체 수명주기 동안 환경에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 분석하는 기준으로 활용된다. 이 평가과정은 디자이너가 참여하는 분야를 포함하고 있으며, 이는 디자이너의 판단에 따라 지속가능성에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 의미한다. 본 논문에서는 전과정평가의 발전 과정을 검토하고 의미와 이점에 관해 확인하는 데 중점을 두며, 평가의 과정을 확인하고 분석해 보겠다. 이는 제품 생산과 소비에서 발생하는 환경오염물 발생에 대한 이해를 높이고, 제품 디자이너가 환경친화적인 디자인을 할 수 있는 방향 설정에 도움이 될 것이다. 마지막으로 전과정평가에서 제품 디자이너의 역할에 대해 고찰해 보겠다. 산업계에서 많이 활용되는 전과정평가는 기술적인 통계 지표로서 디자이너의 역할이 배제되어 있다. 하지만 제품의 설계 및 소재 결정에 큰 역할을 하는 디자인 과정은 제품의 생산, 소비, 재활용 과정에 큰 영향을 준다는 점을 확인하겠다. 따라서 디자이너가 주체적으로 지속 가능한 디자인을 수행하기 위해서는 일반적인 생산에 대한 이해뿐만 아니라 소비, 재사용, 에너지 효율 등에 대한 이해도를 높여야 하는 것이 현실임을 본 논문을 통해 확인하려 한다. The growing concern over the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels and non-renewable materials in conjunction with their adverse environmental impacts has made sustainability a pivotal topic in the field of design. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a systematic analysis of the environmental impact of products, materials, processes, or other measurable activities throughout their entire life cycle, serves as a key criterion for evaluating sustainability. This assessment process encompasses fields in which designers actively participate, implying that sustainability can be influenced by the designer's judgment. This paper reviews the development of Life Cycle Assessment, emphasizing its meaning and benefits. The objective is to examine and analyze the assessment process, aiming to enhance understanding of environmental pollution generated during product production and consumption. This, in turn, will assist product designers in steering towards environmentally friendly design directions. Lastly, based on a comprehensive understanding of Life Cycle Assessment, the paper reflects on the role of product designers. Life cycle evaluation, which is widely used in industry, is a technical statistical indicator and excludes the role of designers. However, this paper will confirm that the design process, which plays a large role in determining the design of a product and the materials used, has a significant impact on the production, consumption, and recycling process of the product. Therefore, this study aims to confirm the necessity of expanding designers' comprehension beyond conventional production methods to foster proactive engagement in sustainable design.

제품디자인에 있어 디자인 속성이 제품수명주기에 미치는 영향

김영일,라지은,라광진 한국브랜드디자인학회 2012 브랜드디자인학연구 Vol.10 No.2

전통적인 제품수명주기 이론은 제품의 도입, 성장, 성숙, 쇠퇴기의 단계의 연속으로 설명되고 있으며 각 단계가 제품의 매출에 의해 변화된다고 제시하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 전통적인 제품수명주기 이론은 매출에 따른 수명주기의 변동만 제시하고 있을 뿐 제품수명주기에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 접근은 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 제품수명주기에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 디자인을 선정하고 제품이 시장에 도입되어 시간이 경과함에 따라서 디자인에 따라 제품의 생존율이 어떻게 변화되고 그리고 이러한 디자인 속성들이 제품수명주기에는 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 실증적으로 분석함으로써 시장에서 제품의 수명주기를 관리하기 위한 방안을 도출하고자 한다. 분석결과 휴대폰 디자인 속성 중 배터리 수명과 구조, 조작방식 등은 제품수명주기에 영향을 주지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 디자인 속성 중 재질, 색상, 형태, 액정크기 등은 휴대폰 제품의 수명주기에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. Conventional products life cycle has been presented and explained only by the sequence of stages from the introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. However, this product life cycle diagram changes only over aforementioned stages in aspect of product sales. Therefore, this simple and conventional life cycle does not consider key impact factors. Therefore, this study considered product design as the factor which influences product life cycle and conducted an empirical study to explore which design factor and any other characteristics of a product might affect a product life cycle. The result shows that the battery life, overall styles, operating types design factors of mobile phone could not influence product life cycle. The type, color, material and size of display screen design factors, however, had effects on product life cycle.

업사이클 패션 제품 인식, 친환경 의식, 지속가능한 라이프스타일의 구조적 관계

최성실 ( Choi Sung-sil ),유태순 ( Yoo Tai-soon ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2015 한국디자인포럼 Vol.47 No.-

연환경을 보호하고 패션 산업의 지속가능성을 지키기 위한 방안으로 최근 전 세계적으로 업사이클 디자인이 주목을 받고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 업사이클 패션 제품 인식이 친환경 의식과 지속가능한 라이프스타일에 직접적인 효과를 주는지 그 인과관계를 밝혀보고자 한다. 대구·경북 지역에 거주하는 20대의 여대생을 대상으로 335부의 설문지를 사용하였고, 자료분석은 AMOS 19.0 과 SPSS 19.0 프로그램을 사용하였다. 연구결과 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 업사이클 패션 제품 인식은 친환경 의식과 지속가능한 라이프스타일에 직접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 친환경 의식은 지속가능한 라이프스타일에 직접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 업사이클 패션 제품 인식은 친환경 의식을 통해 지속가능한 라이프스타일에 간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 업사이클 패션 산업이 앞으로 더욱 발전하게 된다면 그로 인해 환경에 대한 의식까지 깨우치게 되고 지속가능한 라이프스타일을 지향하고자 하는 의지도 생기게 될 것으로 기대할 수 있다. This study is to identify relations among perception of up-cycle fashion products, environment-friendly consciousness, and sustainable life-style. The subjects of the study were female undergraduated students who lice in Daegu and Kyungvuk region. Data analysis was don using AMOS 19.0 and SPSS 19.0 for Windows. The results are as follows. First, up-cycle fashion products had a direct effect on environment-friendly consciousness and sustainable life-style. This means that those who are attracted to up-cycle fashion products get more conscious of environment-friendly awareness to protect the environment, which, in turns, affects their sustainable life-style to leads a environment-conscious life. Second, environment-friendly consciousness influenced directly sustainable life-style, which implies that interests in the environment and awareness of protection it leads to sustainable life-style where resource saving, social activity, environment protection are considered critical. Finally, being aware of up-cycle fashion products affects sustaining an eco-friendly life-style through environment-friendly consciousness in an indirect manner. To think of up-cycle fashion products of being attractive and contributing to the environment protection on increasing concerns and importance on the environment, and then such perception of the environment affects sustainable life-style which aims for resource saving, social activities, and environment protection. In short, if the up-cycle fashion industry further receives good responses with better-designed products and develops to give a good impression to many people, it is expected that those who encouter such products will realize that they have never thought of regarding the environment and they will get willing to lead sustainable life-style.

원가관리 집중편차와 원가관리활동 그리고 성과간의 관계

김달곤,김순기 대한경영학회 2004 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.17 No.3

Traditional cost management systems have focused primarily on recurring conversion costs. Life-cycle management focuses on those activities that occur prior to production to ensure the lowest total life-cycle cost. Previous studies show that about 85 to 90 percent of a product's life-cycle cost is determined by decisions made early in the cycle. The supposition of cost management model is that investment in prior to production activities will bring rewards from reduced costs. In this study, the degree of cost management deviation is conceptualized. This means a deviation between the ideal and present ranking in the likelihood of cost management of each life-cycle stage. This study analysed that the effect of its deviation on cost management activity and performance variables. However, there are no difference in these variables. The major reason is that most of companies are the design ability is insufficient. Therefore, the companies must endeavor in order to raise a design ability. Traditional cost management systems have focused primarily on recurring conversion costs. Life-cycle management focuses on those activities that occur prior to production to ensure the lowest total life-cycle cost. Previous studies show that about 85 to 90 percent of a product's life-cycle cost is determined by decisions made early in the cycle. The supposition of cost management model is that investment in prior to production activities will bring rewards from reduced costs. In this study, the degree of cost management deviation is conceptualized. This means a deviation between the ideal and present ranking in the likelihood of cost management of each life-cycle stage. This study analysed that the effect of its deviation on cost management activity and performance variables. However, there are no difference in these variables. The major reason is that most of companies are the design ability is insufficient. There

A fuzzy-based decision-making method for evaluating product discontinuity at the product transition point

Oh, Jeongsu,Han, Jeongho,Yang, Jeongsam Elsevier 2014 COMPUTERS IN INDUSTRY - Vol.65 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Companies have been striving to achieve product innovation and cost savings to keep up with a rapidly changing manufacturing environment, as well as to deliver new products just in time and earlier than their competitors. Their strategic goals include effective decision making with regard to product life cycles, predicting market demand, and timing new product launches through the optimization of demand and supply of products. However, most products that enter a decline stage experience a decline in sales, which in turn causes an increase in warehouse costs, and a decline in competitiveness, owing to a delay in the release of new products. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy-based decision-making method to effectively evaluate products to be discontinued at the product transition point after taking into account market uncertainties and characteristics of businesses in companies. Therefore, we conduct the matrix analysis and the Pareto analysis for quantitative evaluation of four stages of the product life cycle based on market demand information for target product groups, apply the results of this analysis to the fuzzy-based qualitative evaluation model, and subsequently infer the discontinuity priority for product models that are expected to be replaced by new products. Furthermore, we develop the PTP portfolio system to identify a list of product models to be discontinued, as well as to review their percentage of sales contribution with respect to the overall product sales of the company.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We propose a fuzzy-based decision-making method for evaluating product discontinuity. </LI> <LI> Quantitative/qualitative evaluation models using fuzzy logic are designed in terms of PLC. </LI> <LI> The models enable users to consider market uncertainty and business characteristics. </LI> <LI> Users can review a list of discontinued products intuitively using our PTP portfolio system. </LI> </UL> </P>

Modularity and Technology Evolution

Yearnmin Kim,Juliana Husan 대한산업공학회 2012 대한산업공학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.5

The challenge of understanding the dynamics of technology has long been a central issue of the management field. However, there are few explicit studies about the technology evolution of the modular product. Also, we apply a demand based view of technology evolution that is focused on the interaction between technology development and the demand environment in which both modular and integral technologies are ultimately compared. We develop a formal computer simulation model that explicitly considers the influence of heterogeneity in market demand on firms’ innovation choices following the Adner and Levinthal’s (2001) study. The model is used to examine the dynamics of product and process innovation of modular and integral product. The analysis reveals that modular and integral product show different pattern of product life cycle. Also, demand heterogeneity explains technology life cycle of both products well. Further, the model suggests a rationale for a new stage in the technology life cycle characterized by increasing performance at a stable price in both products. The analysis shows that modular product offers cost minimization, however integral product offers high performance (Baldwin, C. Y. 2010). Cost is reduced rapidly, but performance improvement grows slowly until the demand maturity in modular product, whereas, the contrary is revealed to the integral product. Further analysis reveals that performance/price ratio of modular product is superior to that of integral product after the attribute equalization stage.

Modularity and Technology Evolution

Yearnmin Kim,Juliana Husan 한국경영과학회 2012 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.5

The challenge of understanding the dynamics of technology has long been a central issue of the management field. However, there are few explicit studies about the technology evolution of the modular product. Also, we apply a demand based view of technology evolution that is focused on the interaction between technology development and the demand environment in which both modular and integral technologies are ultimately compared. We develop a formal computer simulation model that explicitly considers the influence of heterogeneity in market demand on firms’ innovation choices following the Adner and Levinthal’s (2001) study. The model is used to examine the dynamics of product and process innovation of modular and integral product. The analysis reveals that modular and integral product show different pattern of product life cycle. Also, demand heterogeneity explains technology life cycle of both products well. Further, the model suggests a rationale for a new stage in the technology life cycle characterized by increasing performance at a stable price in both products. The analysis shows that modular product offers cost minimization, however integral product offers high performance (Baldwin, C. Y. 2010). Cost is reduced rapidly, but performance improvement grows slowly until the demand maturity in modular product, whereas, the contrary is revealed to the integral product. Further analysis reveals that performance/price ratio of modular product is superior to that of integral product after the attribute equalization stage.

Approximate Life Cycle Assessment of Product Concepts Using Multiple Regression Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks

Park, Ji-Hyung,Seo, Kwang-Kyu The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 2003 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.17 No.12

In the early phases of the product life cycle, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is recently used to support the decision-making for the product concepts, and the best alternative can be selected based on its estimated LCA and benefits. Both the lack of detailed information and time for a full LCA for a various range of design concepts need a new approach for the environmental analysis. This paper explores a new approximate LCA methodology for the product concepts by grouping products according to their environmental characteristics and by mapping product attributes into environmental impact driver (EID) index. The relationship is statistically verified by exploring the correlation between total impact indicator and energy impact category. Then, a neural network approach is developed to predict an approximate LCA of grouping products in conceptual design. Trained learning algorithms for the known characteristics of existing products will quickly give the result of LCA for newly designed products. The training is generalized by using product attributes for an EID in a group as well as another product attributes for the other EIDs in other groups. The neural network model with back propagation algorithm is used, and the results are compared with those of multiple regression analysis. The proposed approach does not replace the full LCA but it would give some useful guidelines for the design of environmentally conscious products in conceptual design phase.