음운론과 형태론의 접면에 대한 일고찰

홍희정 어문연구학회 2023 어문연구 Vol.116 No.-

Phonology and morphology are separate branches of linguistics that are strictly distinct. However, when observing the linguistic phenomenon that actually appears in modern Korean, it can be seen that it is difficult to explain completely the phenomenon by choosing only one subfield. In particular, the alternation of morpheme has been drawn a lot of attention as one of the phenomena corresponding to the interface of phonology and morphology. The alternation of morpheme is a phenomenon in which the phonemes at the boundary change into other phonemes when morphemes and morphemes are combined, and the issue of whether it belongs to the domain of phonology or morphology has been discussed. In this process, the establishment of ‘morphophonology’, a new field that deals only with the alternation of morpheme, was also discussed. However, considering the problem of the unit called morphophoneme, it can be seen that the establishment of morphophonology is unnecessary. Accordingly, this study discussed the properties of the interface of phonology and morphology and the phonological phenomenon in irregular conjugation, one of the examples of such interfaces. It is certainly true that there are interfaces between phonology and morphology, which overlap each other, and through the linguistic phenomenon corresponding to these interfaces, we can understand phonology and morphology at a higher level. The phonological phenomenon in irregular conjugation is a representative linguistic phenomenon that can understand the interface between phonology and morphology. Unlike the regular conjugation, the phonological phenomenon that occurs in irregular conjugation is difficult to explain the combination of the stem and the ending with synchronic phonological rules or constraints. It is also impossible to generalize the phonological environment of predicates that shows the same pattern. Therefore, by examining the phonological phenomenon in irregular conjugation, it is possible to deepen the understanding of the interface of phonology and morphology. 음운론과 형태론은 엄밀히 구분되는 별개의 언어 부문이다. 그런데 현대국어에서 실제로 나타나는 언어 현상을 관찰하다 보면, 하나의 하위 부문만을 택하여 그 현상을 온전히 설명하기 어렵다는 것을 알 수 있다. 특히 형태소의 교체는 음운론과 형태론의 접면에 해당하는 현상 중 하나로 많은 관심을 받아 왔다. 형태소 교체는 형태소와 형태소가 결합할 때 그 경계에 놓인 음운이 다른 음운으로 변동하는 현상으로서, 이를 음운론의 영역에 속한다고 볼 것인지 형태론의 영역에 속한다고 볼 것인지의 문제가 논의되어 왔다. 이 과정에서 형태소의 교체만을 다루는 새로운 부문인 ‘형태 음운론’의 설정이 논의되기도 하였다. 그러나 형태 음운이라는 단위의 문제 등을 고려하면 형태 음운론의 설정이 불필요한 것임을 알 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 음운론과 형태론의 접면이 가지는 속성과 그러한 접면의 예 중 하나인 불규칙 활용에서의 음운 현상을 논의하였다. 음운론과 형태론 사이에 서로 겹치는 부분인 접면이 있다는 것은 분명한 사실이고, 이러한 접면에 해당하는 언어 현상을 통해 음운론과 형태론을 보다 높은 수준에서 이해할 수 있기 때문이다. 불규칙 활용에서의 음운 현상은 음운론과 형태론의 접면을 이해할 수 있는 대표적인 언어 현상이다. 불규칙 활용에서 나타나는 음운 현상은 규칙 활용과는 달리 어간과 어미의 결합을 공시적인 음운 규칙이나 제약 등으로 설명하기 어려운 것이다. 또한 같은 양상을 보이는 용언들의 음운 환경을 일반화할 수도 없다. 따라서 불규칙 활용에서의 음운 현상을 살핌으로써 음운론과 형태론의 접면에 대한 이해를 심화할 수 있다.

한국 음운론 연구(1995-2014) 관찰

김선회 한국음운론학회 2015 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.20 No.2

This study explores the characteristics and trends of academic research in phonology over a period of twenty years in Korea, quantitatively investigating 435 articles published in Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology from 1995 to 2014 by The Phonology- Morphology Circle of Korea. The investigation focuses on the words and phrases contained in the article titles. Their occurrence frequencies are counted and their co-occurrence networks are analyzed with measurements of meaningful index values such as degree, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality and edge weight. The study shows that the trends and directions of academic research in phonology in Korea have changed not radically but steadily and dynamically. While Optimality Theory-related words and phrases occurred frequently in article titles and played an important role in the network structure of co-occurring words and phrases before the period of 2010-2014, during this period Optimality Theory gave way to English-Korean inter-language studies of perception and production, an area towards which academic interest has steadily increased since 2000.

形態論, 爭點들에서 길 찾기

최형용 한국어문교육연구회 2016 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.44 No.1

形態論은 形態素에서 出發하여 單語까지를 다루는 分野라는 定義는 言語 普遍的이지만 나머지는 언어마다의 特殊性을 考慮해야 할 필요가 있다. 특히 중요한 것은 單語의 定義와 範圍인데 한국어는 音韻論的 單語, 文法的 單語, 語彙的 單語가 一致하지 않는 경우가 있다. 한국어에서 形態素의 交替는 音韻論的 單語 개념에 立脚하여 살펴보아야 할 필요가 있으며 品詞의 分類는 文法的 單語 개념에 立脚하여 살펴보아야 할 필요가 있다. 한국어에서 文法的 單語 개념에 立脚하여 品詞를 分類하면 語尾를 品詞의 하나로 認定해야 하므로 品詞 分類 基準 가운데 ‘形式’은 基準이 될 수 없다는 結論에 이르게 된다. 한국어의 語彙的 單語는 單語 形成을 위한 개념인데 한국어에는 助詞 結合語, 語尾 結合語가 적지 않다. 이는 例外가 아니라 한국어가 膠着語로서 가지는 특성을 반영하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 한편 한국어의 漢字語 形態論은 固有語 形態論과 함께 다루어져야 하는데 漢字語 形態論의 特性도 곧 한국어 形態論의 特殊性으로 理解될 필요가 있다. There are some reciprocal connections among the points in dispute in morphology. The points in dispute can be reorganized largely into definition and scope of morphology, definition of morpheme, definition of word, methods of word-formation, methods of word-classification and phase of morphology of Sino-Korean. It seems to be cross-linguistically universal that morphology deals with words from morphemes. But except this definition of morphology, specialties of each language must be reflected to the remaining issues. At this point, the definition and scope of word is the most important because there are some cases that are not correspondent among phonological words, grammatical words and lexical words in Korean. The concept of phonological word is applied to the alternation of morphemes and the concept of grammatical words is applied to the classification of parts of speech. In the concept of grammatical word, Korean endings can be classified as a parts of speech, and the ‘form’ as a criterion of classification is not useful any more. The concept of lexical word is applied to word-formation. There especially are many syntactically combined words in Korean including Josa and endings, and these words can be understood as a kind of specialty of Korean rather than exceptions. Therefore morphological peculiarities of Sino- Korean also have to be recognised as a kind of specialty of Korean morphology.

음운변동의 개념과 유형

이문규(Lee, Moon-kyu) 국어교육학회 2016 국어교육연구 Vol.60 No.-

This study attempts to define the concept of ‘phonological process’ and examine its types in modern Korean. With the definition and classification, thus, the status of phonological process in the linguistic system will be reviewed and the characteristic features will be illustrated more closely to the nature of the process. ‘Phonological process’ is a notion in phonology for allomorph realization process, known as ‘morphological alternation’ in morphology. It is a phonological phenomenon caused while phonological rules are working in the morphological process. This phenomenon needs to be clearly distinguished from ‘allophone process’ and ‘phonological change’. For ‘allophone process’ is a allophone realization process that occurs in the pure phonological part, and ‘phonological change’ is a process that restructure morphemes in the morphological part. Even though phonological rules cause both phonological process and morpheme restructuring process, however, the effects of phonological rules in each process are not identical. Phonological process is a synchronic procedure of a linguistic system, while morpheme restructuring process is a diachronic one. Phonological process needs to be examined with morpho-phonemic classification method. In this study, individual phonological processes of contemporary Korean are investigated with the concepts of ‘automaticity’, ‘regularity’, ‘essentiality’, morphological alteration. suggested as follow; Class I : + Regular, + automatic, + Universal, + Essential Class Ⅱ: + Regular, - automatic, + Universal, - Essential, Class Ⅲ: i) + Regular, -automatic, -Universal, + Essential ii) + Regular, -automatic, -Universal, + Essential, with no phonetic motive iii) + Regular, -automatic, -Universal, + Essential, with no generally categorized conditions

영어 음성, 음운, 형태론 관련 임용시험출제 동향 분석: 2010~2016학년도 중심으로

박미숙(Park Misook) 한국영어어문교육학회 2016 영어어문교육 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the tendency of the Secondary Teacher Selection Test(STST) related with phonetics, phonology and morphology in English for the 2010~2016 academic years and how the categories of the question in the Test are related with the theoretic frameworks of English phonetics, phonology and morphology. To produce high-quality teachers, it could be considered that educational capability of teaching ability in Curriculum Education between teachers and learners should be developed on the basis of the in-depth relation with phonetic, phonological and morphological theories. The course development strategy involved in English practical sound patterns and lexical units is expected to attract effective language usage ability and the development of the communication ability besides gaining encouraging results from the teacher recruitment test. This paper suggests that the perception of the tendency of the STST would bring the change and improvement of the English teaching and learning activities in the College of Education.

음운/형태 이론과 영어 교육

조형묵 忠州大學校 2007 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.42 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ways we can apply the theories of phonology and morphology to practical English education. In addition, we attempted to find out what should be taught to the students among the various aspects and contents of phonology and morphology. When linguists perform their theoretical research, they don't always consider applicability of research results to language education. However, it is generally agreed that application of linguistic theories to practical language education is as important and meaningful as theoretical pursuit itself. Therefore, we, in this paper, examined the theories and methods that can be effectively used in English education of Korean students. Especially, we explained that the concepts of segments, syllable and syllabification, prosodic units, including prosodic word and utterance, are very helpful to the students in their improvement of pronunciation and comprehension of phonological rule applications. In addition, we content that the explanation about the concept of morpheme, the unique meaning of each morpheme, different kinds of affixes is also a very effective way to enhance the students' understanding of word-formation and word-structure.

한국의 현대 몽골어 연구 20년

김기성 한국몽골학회 2010 몽골학 Vol.0 No.29

In this thesis I have investigated modern Mongolian research made by Mongolian and Korean scholars for the past twenty years (from 1990 to 2010.3) and tried to classify them by their fields(1.phonology-phonetics, 2.morphology-syntax, 3.lexis-semantics, 4.etc) and period. I examined their works thoroughly and came to the conclusion that they could be divided into four parts. First, modern Mongolian research has been done continuously by Mongolian and Korean scholars in every field. Second, morphology-syntax greatly surpassed the other fields as a result of this analysis. Third, comparative study about Korean language greatly surpassed the study dealing with only Mongolian as a theme. Forth, the number of young Mongolian scholars studying modern Mongolian and Korean language is increasing while the number of young Korean scholars is nearly the same. Also in the future comparative study we have to come to the point that how much modern Mongolian and Korean language have similarity and difference, that is, how much affinity modern Mongolian has with Korean language. Since there are so many similarities and differences between the linguistic and cultural habits which have been developed based on the long-term political conflict and living environment that it is a little awkward to come to the conclusion that modern Mongolian has an affinity with Korean language just depending on comparative study between Mongolian and Korean language Therefore we should investigate inclusive study grafting not only current accomplishment of modern Mongolian but also the historical events passed and changed through past, middle ages, modern ages.

국어 형태소와 이형태의 관계

송창선 국어교육학회(since1969) 2020 국어교육연구 Vol.- No.73

The purpose of this study is to examine some problems about the morpheme and the allomorph in Korean. Most of the Korean linguists regarded that allomorphs of the morpheme {palk-} were /palk-/ in ‘palkeun’, /pak-/ in ‘paktta’ and /pang-/ in ‘pangneun’. And they regarded that allomorphs of the morpheme {-eoss-} which represented the past tense were /-eoss-/, /-ass-/ and /-yeoss-/. Both of these are entirely different in that the former corresponds to the phonetic form and the latter is irrelevant to the phonetic form. If we consider that the phonetic forms corresponds to the allomorphs, then allomorphs of the morpheme {-eoss-} can be /-eoss-/, /-ass-/, /-yeoss-/, /-eot-/, /-at-/, /-yeot-/, /-eon-/, /-an-/ and /-yeon-/. To solve this issue, I examined the allomorphs of ‘be’ verb in English and the allomorphs of the possessive adjective in French. Then I looked over the deletion, the contraction, and ‘n’ addition in Korean. Therefore I made a suggestion that we need not regard the phonetic alternations as allomorphs in order to distinguish the morphology and the phonology. So I emphasized the necessity of excluding the phonetic forms which could be explained by the phonological rules from the allomorphs. I insisted that we had to exclude the phonological phenomena while we discuss the morpheme and the allomorph, because not the morphology but the phonology deal with the phonological phenomena which occurred on the combination of two or more morphemes. 이 연구에서는 국어 형태론에서 논란이 되어왔던 형태소와 이형태 사이의 관계에 대해 자세하게 살펴보았다. 기존 연구에서 ‘값’이 환경에 따라 [값], [갑], [감], [깞], [깝], [깜]으로 발음되는 것을 이형태로 다루어 왔다. 그렇지만 영어에서 ‘be’ 동사의 이형태로 설정하는 /am, are, is/, 프랑스어에서 1인칭 소유 형용사 /mon, ma, mes/가 환경에 따라 다른 음성 형태로 실현되기는 하지만, 이들을 이형태로 처리하지 않는다. 특히 프랑스어의 의문문에서 3인칭 단수 대명사가 동사 뒤에 위치할 때 ‘t’를 첨가하는 현상에 대해 실제 발음형을 이형태로 설정하는 관점에서는 합리적으로 설명할 수 있는 방법이 없음을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 이형태의 범위에 대한 문제점을 드러내기 위하여, 이 연구에서는 국어의 몇 가지 음운 현상을 중심으로 논의하였다. 먼저 ‘으’ 탈락과 ‘ㄹ’ 탈락이 일어나는 경우를 검토하였는데, ‘쓰-, 살-’에서 ‘으’나 ‘ㄹ’이 탈락한 ‘ㅆ-, 사-’를 이형태로 설정해야 하는 문제가 있음을 확인하였다. 아울러 음운 축약이 일어나는 경우에도 축약된 형태에서 이형태를 설정하는 것이 쉽지 않음을 알 수 있었으며, 음운 첨가가 일어나는 경우에도 첨가된 음운을 두 형태소 중의 어디에 상정할 것인지가 문제가 되었다. 그리고 실제 발음형을 이형태로 보는 관점은 ‘맛있다, 멋있다’에서 벽에 부딪히게 됨을 확인하였을 뿐만 아니라, ‘밭일’에서처럼 합성어가 형성될 때 ‘ㄴ’ 첨가가 일어나는 경우에도 실제 발음형을 이형태로 다루는 관점이 문제가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 논의를 바탕으로 하여, 이 연구에서는 형태소와 형태소가 결합할 때 일어나 는 음운 현상은 음운론의 소관 사항임이 분명하기 때문에, 음운 규칙이 적용된 결과로 생기는 음성형은 이형태를 논의할 때 제외하는 것이 바람직하다고 보았다.

Vowel Alternations in English

박미숙 한국현대영어영문학회 2023 현대영어영문학 Vol.67 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate vowel alternations such as vowel shortening or vowel reduction that are generated between the base or stem and the derivative, and verify the paradigmatic regularity of the altered vowels by the relevant constraints. The attachment of morphological units such as -tive, -tion, -ion, and -ity to the bases could cause the change of stress assignment, syllabification, or vowel quantity in the derived words phonologically. In those processes, the regularity of vowel shortening or reduction is found, and this phenomenon can be analyzed by conflated constraints [V-low], [lax]penult, [σ]#, [C.O]cons, [lax]antepe, and [σσ]#, including language-specific constraints [lax]C(C)# and [ə]σ[]. [lax]penult/[σ]# and [lax]antepe/[σσ]# take different precedence in their ranking depending on the vowel laxing in a stressed penult or a stressed antepenult syllable. This result would prove that there exists a generalization about the specification of phonological components associated with morphological processes, identifying the regularity of vowel alternations.

학습부진아동의 문식성 연구

박순길 ( Soon Gil Park ) 한국특수아동학회 2012 특수아동교육연구 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구는 초등학생 학습부진아동의 문식성을 알아보기 위한 목적이 있으며, G광역시 A, B초등학교 3, 4학년, 학습부진아동 61명, 일반아동 61명, 전체 122명을 대상으로 문식성(읽기, 비단어읽기, 어휘력, 쓰기, 읽기속도), 음운인식(음절탈락, 첫음소탈락, 끝음소탈락), 시지각(시각변별, 시-공간, 시각형태항상성, 시각도형배경), 단기기억(숫자폭, 비단어글자폭), 명명속도(숫자, 사물), 형태소의 관계와 예언변인을 알아보고자 기술통계, t검정, 상관분석, 회귀분석을 하였다. 첫째, 학습부진아동은 문식성, 음운인식, 시지각, 단기기억, 명명속도, 형태소에서 일반아동집단보다 낮은 수행능력을 보였다. 그러나 시지각 하위변인인 시각변별과 명명속도의 사물명명속도는 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 학습부진아동의 문식성 상관변인은 시지각, 단기기억, 명명속도, 형태소이다. 그러나 일반아동의 문식성 상관변인으로 시지각변인은 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 학습부진아동의 문식성 예언변인은 음소인식, 숫자단기기억, 사물명명속도, 시각도형배경, 형태소이지만, 일반아동 문식성 예언변인은 숫자명명속도와 형태소이다. The purpose of this study is to analyse the literacy of underachievers in elementary schools. Sixty-one underachieving students and sixty-one average achievers in the 3rd and 4th grades of A.B elementary schools in G Metropolitan city were involved, The study was focused on the relationship between literacy, phonological awareness, visual perception, short-term memory, naming speed, morphology and predictor variables of these students. The results were analysed by descriptive statistics, T tests, correlation analysis and regression analysis. First of all, it has been found that underachievers showed lower ability in literacy, phonological awareness, visual perception, short-term memory, naming speed and morphology compared to average achievers. On the other hand, there was no difference in comparison between their abilities in performing visual discrimination that is a sub-variable of visual perception and naming speed. Secondarily, the study proved that the predictor variables of literacy for underachievers were visual figure-ground, short-term memory, naming speed, and morphology. Visual perception was not a part of the predictor variables for the average achievers. Thirdly, the predictor variables for literacy of underachievers were phoneme awareness, number naming speed, object naming speed, visual figure-ground and morphology. However, the predictor variables of average students were number naming speed and morphology.