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조형묵 한국교통대학교 2021 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.56 No.-
This paper examines the traits of Surface Correspondence Theory and analyzes some English phonological phenomena within this framework. In this process of the analysis, certain problems of Surface Correspondence Theroy are indicated. The Theory of Surface Correspondence developed to analyze Consonant Harmony, however, recently, Inkelas and Shih (2014), Cho, (2017) did unified analyses of consonant harmony and local assimilation. Although Hansson (2001, 2010) among others suggest that consonant harmony differs from local assimilation in that it is a copying process. That is, while consonant harmony is the independent repetition of articulatory gestures, local assimilation is the anticipatory movement of articulatory organs. However, recent studies of Consonant Harmony Systems tend to perform unified analyses of consonant harmony and local assimilation and the distinction between them is one of the problems. In addition, in the anslysis of phonological processes, the same representation of the different output candidates is another problems of Surface Correspondence Theory. This paper indicates those problems of the theory and proposes that it would promote the further development of the theory if these problems are solved immediately.
조형묵 건국대학교 중원인문연구소 2001 동화와 번역 Vol.2 No.-
This paper is concerned with Korean students' tendency to overpassivize the English ergative constructions. For this research, we have organized an experiment with Korean EFL learners and the subjects were 63 sophomore English majors in English composition classes at a university in National. The experiment was done as a test form to assess students' writing skills. In the test, subjects were asked to but the given Korean sentences into appropriate English expressions. The result shows that Korean EFL learners' tendency to overpassivize the English ergative constructions is correlated with the LI passive morphemes and the characteristics of ergative verbs. That is, we find that the characteristics of ergative verbs, which assigns the theta-role of Theme to its subject, is one factor that explains Korean EFL learners' tendency to overpassivize ergative constructions. In addition, we find that LI passive morphemes and inanimate subjects contained in Korean sentences also encourage Korean students to overpassivize the ergative constructions.
조형묵 한국교통대학교 2016 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.51 No.-
Since the linguistic component is assumed to consist of subcomponents, the interaction among the subcomponents has attracted the attention of linguists. This paper discusses the interaction between the phonological component and morphological component, and particularly, pays specific attention to the effect of phonological structures on morphological processes. In most cases, phonological rule applications are conditioned by the morphological structure or morphological domains. However, there are some cases where phonological structures influence morphological rule applications. For example, addition of stressed suffixes is influenced by final stress of the base. In this case, addition of certain stressed suffixes is blocked to avoid consecutive stressed syllables. This paper discusses the influence of the phonological component on the morphological component, which makes basic material for the analysis of blocking in the word-coinage processes, and furthermore, for the education of word-formation rules and their characteristics. In addition, by providing the analyses of specific cases in Raffelsiefen (1999) within the framework of Optimality Theory, this paper accounts for the merits of Optimality Theory. That is, this work shows the strengths of Optimality Theory that the features of processes are well-represented in the constraints employed for the analysis and the constraint rankings.
조형묵 한국교통대학교 2014 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.49 No.-
Dissimilation is the process to avoid similar sounds in the phonological structures so that the neighboring sounds become different by this process. Although this process is not so much prevalent as assimilation, it has been regarded as one of the significant testing grounds for linguistic theories. Especially, in Optimality Theory, the process of dissimilation made an important ground for the study of markedness and constraint interaction. This paper discusses the aspects of dissimilation and review the features of dissimilation. Especially, this paper examines liquid dissimilation in English. In English, the suffix –al changes into –ar when the stem already contains /l/, and this phenomenon has been analyzed in various linguistic theories. The early generative approach to dissimilation was criticized because of the arbitrariness of the structural change and environment in the rule scheme. The non-linear approach was criticized by the problem of interpretation of locality and the representation of tier and plane. Compared with the previous approaches, the Optimality-Theoretic approach describes the dissimilation process in English neatly with the constraint interaction, thereby, showing itself to have more explanatory power.
조형묵 忠州大學校 2009 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.44 No.-
Morphological productivity can be defined as the probability that the combination of a root plus an affix will lead to an acceptable and transparent word at a certain moment in time. However, it is not easy to measure morphological productivity. This paper attempts to investigate a most proper way to measure morphological productivity. For this purpose, this paper examined and compared previous approaches toward measuring morphological productivity. As a way to find the most appropriate way to measure morphological productivity, this paper compared the productivity values of four typical English affixes in each approach. A closer examination of previous approaches and comparison of the productivity values of the four English affixes revealed that the suggestion proposed in Brown (2001) that utilized dislegomena and excluded high and low frequency words can be identified as the one that best satisfies our intuition. In addition, we found that corpus based analysis represented by Baayen (1989) can be extended and revised for more effective measure of morphological productivity.
조형묵 忠州大學校 2005 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.40 No.2
Prosodic Phonology (cf Nespor & Vogel 1986, Selkirk 1982) sets syllable, foot and prosodic word as prosodic constituents in the lexicon. In addition they set phonological phrase as the prosodic constituent for the combination of more than two prosodic words(i.e. [prosodic word+prosodic word)). However, In this paper, we argue that, when two prosodic words are combined in English, the prosodic constituent that comprises the two prosodic words is recursively prosodic word. This argument is based on the theory of Prosodic Lexical Phonology (of. Booij & Rubach 1984, 1987, Booij & Lieber 1993). The theory of Prosodic Lexical Phonology argues that prosodic structure and morphological structure copresent in the lexicon and level 2 affixes in English should be assigned as prosodic words by the interaction of the two structures. Therefore, in this paper, we assumed level 2 affixes in English as prosodic words on the basis of the theory of Prosodic Lexical Phonology and provided evidence for our assumption in various areas. Furthermore, we adopted the arguments for the recursivity of prosodic words in Selkirk (1995) and Booij (1996).They propose that prosodic word has some special characteristics such as recursivity and nonexhaustivity. By adopting the proposals of Selkirk (1995) and Booij (1996), we argued that, when two prosodic words are combined in English, the prosodic constituent which contains the two prosodic words should be recursively prosodic word.
조형묵 한국중앙영어영문학회 2004 영어영문학연구 Vol.46 No.1
미국 영어의 탄설음화(Flapping) 규칙은 강세 모음과 모음사이에서 /t, d/가 탄설음으로 변하는 단순한 과정으로 이해되고 있다. 하지만 본 논문에서 보여지다시피 미국 영어의 탄설음화는 주변 분절음의 자질, 강세, 음절과 단어상의 위치 외에도 음성적 요소, 의미론적 요소, 발화 속도 등이 관련된 매우 복잡한 과정이다. 본 논문에서는 단어내에서의 탄설음화와 단어 사이에서 일어나는 탄설음화를 주변 강세를 기준으로 구분하고 각각의 탄설음화 과정의 음성/음운적 특징을 분석하였다. 구체적으로 1) 탄설음화에 대한 주변 분절음 환경에 대한 이전의 분석들을 검토하고 이를 바탕으로 보다 정교하고 설득력있는 환경을 제시하며 2) 탄설음화에 미치는 강세의 역할과 그 이유를 설명하고 3) 탄설음화에 미치는 음절/단어내의 위치의 중요성을 보여주고자 하였다. 단어내에서 일어나는 탄설음화의 경우 /t, d/ 앞의 모음에 강세가 있는 경우는 탄설음화가 일어나지만 (e.g. water→wa[ɾ]er), 강세 모음이 /t, d/ 뒤쪽에 있는 경우는 일어나지 않는다(e.g. deter→*de[ɾ]er). 이런 강세의 영향은 탄설음화의 특징인 조음시간의 단축, 구강 접촉의 축소, 그리고 음절/단어내에서의 위치와의 연관성과 영어의 강약(trochee) 음보 형태로 설명될 수 있음을 보였다. 단어 사이의 탄설음화의 경우 강세의 역할은 줄어들지만 대신 음성적 요소나 의미론적 요소, 발화 속도, 음절/단어내의 위치가 탄설음화 규칙 적용에 커다란 영향을 미치게 된다. 음성적 요소로는 단위말 억양 곡선(Final Intonation Contour; FIC)에 따른 음성적 특징이 탄설음화에 영향을 끼치며 문장 사이의 긍정적 의미 연결(positive semantic connection)을 포함하는 의미적 요소 역시 탄설음화의 적용에 영향을 끼친다. 이 논문에서는 단어사이의 탄설음화에 영향을 미치는 이런 요소들을 구체적으로 분석하고 이들 요소들을 고려한 탄설음화 규칙을 재구성하였다. 아울러 음절이나 단어내 강/약 위치가 탄설음화에 미치는 영향은 sought Ed→[sɔɾɛd], saw Ted→[sɔthɛd] 등에서 보여지는 규칙 적용 양상의 차이에서 잘 드러남을 보이면서 탄설음화에 미치는 음절/단어내의 위치의 중요성을 주장하였다.
The Effect of Lexical Frequency on Phonological Processes in English
조형묵 한국중원언어학회 2009 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.14
It has been observed that lexical frequency affects various areas of speech production. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the effect of lexical frequency on the application of phonological processes. Specifically, as to the relationship between lexical frequency and lenition, we explain that, if a word is easily accessed since it is predictable and frequent, the leniting and automating processes will be processed more easily. However, if a word is less frequent and predictable, the leniting processes could be suppressed because more complete articulation will be required for the word. In addition, we pursued the way to encode the effect of lexical frequency in Optimality Theory. By analyzing the different application mode of vowel reduction in high-frequency and low-frequency words, we provide an analysis of the effect of lexical frequency on phonological processes with the assumption of different constraint rankings.
조형묵 忠州大學校 2010 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.45 No.-
Synonymy blocking is the phenomena whereby a lexical item with a particular meaning prohibits the formation of another lexical item with the same meaning. For instance, Aronoff (1976) argued that the nonexistence of *furiosity and *gloriosity can be explained by the blocking of the corresponding abstract nominals fury and glory. This paper examines aspects of synonymy blocking in English, especially the relationship between blocking and level ordering. As to the relationship between blocking and level ordering, Giegerich (2001) argues that they are not independent concepts and provided some analyses about the relationship between blocking and level ordering. However, his analyses are based on the assumption that the blocking items and the victims of blocking have the same meaning. Therefore, taking into consideration the fact that a lot of studies show non-synonymous nature of the blocking items(e.g. abstract nominals) and the victims of blocking (e.g. the words with level 1 affixes or level 2 affixes), the relationship between blocking and level ordering cannot be defined in absolute terms. In addition, Aronoff (1976) explained the existence of the words with level 2 affixes(e.g. gloriousness, variousness) regardless of the existence of the corresponding abstract nominals(e.g. glory) or the words with level 1 affixes(e.g variety) in terms of the productive nature of level 2 affixes. However, this paper proposes that the existence of the words with level 2 affixes regardless of the existence of the corresponding abstract nominals or the words with level 1 affixes should be accounted for both by the full productivity of level 2 affixes and the non-synonymous relation between them.
The Affix Ordering in English-Production and Perception Based Account
조형묵 현대영미어문학회 2004 현대영미어문학 Vol.22 No.3
Siegel(1974)이 단계 유순 가설(Level Ordering Hypothesis)을 주장한 이후 영어의 1 단계 접사는 2 단계 접사보다 먼저 어간 또는 어기에 첨가되는 것으로 가정되어왔다. 이 논문의 목적은 이런 영어의 접사 첨가 순서를 발화(production)와 지각(perception)의 면에서 설명하는데 있다. 우선 발화의 면에서 영어의 접사를 응집성(coherence)에 따라 어간과의 응집성이 있는 1 단계 접사와 그렇지 않은 2 단계 접사로 구별하였으며 아울러 다른 단계의 접사가 첨가되었을 때 다른 규칙 적용 양상을 보여주는 규칙들의 특징을 기초로 영어의 접사 첨가 순서는 화자가 조음 노력을 최소화하려는 의도에 기초하고 있음을 주장하였다. 지각의 면에 있어서는 Hay (2000, 2002)가 주장한 보다 ‘분리가능성이 높은 2 단계 접사’와 ‘분리 가능성 높지 않은 1단계 접사’의 구분에 대한 새로운 증거를 형태소 경계에서의 음소 배열(boundary phonotactics)과 강세 유형의 면에서 제시하면서 영어의 접사 첨가 순서가 청자의 지각 현상과 관련이 있음을 설명하였다.