음운변동의 개념과 유형

이문규(Lee, Moon-kyu) 국어교육학회 2016 국어교육연구 Vol.60 No.-

This study attempts to define the concept of ‘phonological process’ and examine its types in modern Korean. With the definition and classification, thus, the status of phonological process in the linguistic system will be reviewed and the characteristic features will be illustrated more closely to the nature of the process. ‘Phonological process’ is a notion in phonology for allomorph realization process, known as ‘morphological alternation’ in morphology. It is a phonological phenomenon caused while phonological rules are working in the morphological process. This phenomenon needs to be clearly distinguished from ‘allophone process’ and ‘phonological change’. For ‘allophone process’ is a allophone realization process that occurs in the pure phonological part, and ‘phonological change’ is a process that restructure morphemes in the morphological part. Even though phonological rules cause both phonological process and morpheme restructuring process, however, the effects of phonological rules in each process are not identical. Phonological process is a synchronic procedure of a linguistic system, while morpheme restructuring process is a diachronic one. Phonological process needs to be examined with morpho-phonemic classification method. In this study, individual phonological processes of contemporary Korean are investigated with the concepts of ‘automaticity’, ‘regularity’, ‘essentiality’, morphological alteration. suggested as follow; Class I : + Regular, + automatic, + Universal, + Essential Class Ⅱ: + Regular, - automatic, + Universal, - Essential, Class Ⅲ: i) + Regular, -automatic, -Universal, + Essential ii) + Regular, -automatic, -Universal, + Essential, with no phonetic motive iii) + Regular, -automatic, -Universal, + Essential, with no generally categorized conditions

Relation between Phonological Processing,Auditory Processing and Speech Perceptionamong Bilingual Poor Readers

Mohan Kumar Kalaiah 대한청각학회 2015 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.19 No.3

Background and Objectives: A deficit in phonological processing abilities has been hypothesized as a cause of reading deficits among poor readers, but the precise etiology of this deficit is still unknown. Many studies have investigated the relation of auditory processing and speech perception with phonological processing, while the relation between these are not well understood. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the relation between these abilities among poor readers. Subjects and Methods: A total of 20 children between 7-12 years of age participated in the study. Among these 10 were typically developing children and 10 were poor readers. Auditory processing, speech perception in noise and phonological processing skills were assessed in both the groups. Results: Auditory processing was not significantly different between children in both the groups. In contrast, phonological awareness, verbal short-term memory and rapid automatized naming, which reflect phonological processing, and speech perception in noise were found to be significantly affected in poor readers. In addition, the results showed a significant correlation between phonological processing and speech perception in noise. Conclusions: The present study found a significant relationship between speech perception in noise and phonological processing, while there was no relationship between auditory processing and phonological processing. This finding suggests that poor speech perception among poor readers may be one of the contributing factors for phonological processing deficits, which in turn leads to reading difficulties.

건청아동과 인공와우이식아동의 조음특성 비교

한지혜(Ji Hye Han),김향희(HyangHee Kim),배소영(So Yeong Pae),신지철(Ji Cheol Shin) 한국언어청각임상학회 2006 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.11 No.2

본 연구에서는 각 16명씩의 건청과 인공와우이식아동의 낱말위치, 조음방법, 조음위치에 따른 자음정확도와 음운변동을 비교하였다. 이를 위해 ‘아동용 한국어 조음검사’를 실시하여 인동와우이식아동과 자음정확도가 일치하는 건청 아동을 모집하고 낱말위치별, 조음방법별, 조음위치별 정확도를 각각 비교하였다. 음운변동은 인공와우이식아동 집단과 건청아동 집단에서 각 음운변동을 2회 이상 보인 아동 수와 출현빈도를 비교하고, 발달적 음운변동과 비발달적 음운변동을 보인 아동 수와 출현빈도를 비교하였다. 자음정확도에 따른 비교는 평균 자음정확도가 일치하는 인공와우이식아동과 건청아동을 80%의 전체 자음정확도를 기준으로 자음정확도가 높은 집단과 낮은 두 집단으로 나누어 발달적 음운변동과 비발달적 음운변동의 출현율을 비교하였다. 이에 따른 결과 및 해석은 다음과 같다. 자음정확도 비교는 조음방법 중 마찰음에서 인공와우이식아동이 건청보다 유의하게 높은 정확도를 보였다. 음운변동 비교에서 건청아동은 긴장음화에서 유의하게 높은 출현 빈도를 보인 반면 인공와우이식아동 집단은 긴장음과 대립되는 이완음화가 높은 출현 빈도를 보였다. 집단 간 음운변동 비교에서 건청아동 집단이 비발달적 음운변동을 거의 나타내지 않은 반면, 인공와우이식아동 집단은 초성생략, 이완음화, 성문음화, 탈비음화 등의 비발달적 음운변동이 나타났으며, 인공와우이식아동 집단에서도 자음정확도가 낮은 집단에서 유의하게 높은 빈도로 나타났다. In this study, we investigated the percentage of correct consonants(PCC) and phonological processes according to sound position within a word, manner of articulation, and place of articulation comparing normal children with children with cochlear implants(CI). Sixteen children with CI for more than one year and 16 normal children with consistent PCC were examined using the ‘Korean Test of Articulation for Children.’ The number of children with phonological processes more than twice and the frequency of occurrence in terms of phonological processes were investigated between the CI and the normal children. Also, the number of children with developmental or non-developmental phonological processes and the frequency of occurrence in terms of phonological processes were compared between the two groups. Each subject group of CI and normal children with consistent average PCC were further divided into two sub-groups: one with PCC above 80% and the other with PCC under 80%. Then, the developmental phonological processes and non-developmental phonological processes of these groups were subsequently compared. From a comparison of PCC, the CI children showed significantly higher PCC than the normal children in fricatives. From a comparison of phonological processes, the normal children significantly had higher frequency of tensing while the CI children had higher frequency of laxing, which is in contrast to tensing. From a comparison of phonological processes between the groups, the normal children rarely showed non-developmental phonological processes while the CI children showed various processes such as the omission of the initial syllable, lenition, glottalization, and denasalization. In particular, the group with CI and low PCC showed significantly higher frequency of non-developmental phonological processes.

음운처리의 요인 구조

김애화(Ae Hwa Kim),유현실(Hyun Sil Yoo),김의정(Ui Jung Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2010 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.15 No.2

Background & Objectives: There exists inconsistency that phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid automatized naming are single ability or independent abilities in English Language. The limited number of studies on the relationships among phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming is available in shallow orthographies, including Korean. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of phonological processing. Methods: To achieve this purpose, tests of phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming were administered to a total of 190 children(91 5-year- old children, 99 7-year-old children). The goodness of model fit has been evaluated for five theoretical models. Results: Major findings of this study were summarized as follows. First, phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming were independent phonological processing abilities in both 5 and 7 year old children. Second, for 5 year old children, phonological processing abilities were grouped into two: one with phonological awareness and phonological memory, the other one with rapid naming. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of the factor structure of phonological processing between the two age groups indicated that phonological awareness and rapid naming are two different phonological processing abilities. The results, limitations of this study, and directions for future studies were discussed 배경 및 목적: 영어권에서는 음운인식, 빠른 자동 이름대기, 음운기억이 단일 능력인지 아니면 서로 별개의 능력인지에 대한 논란이 되고 있다. 영어와 달리 표층 표기 체계 언어인 한글에서는 이 세변인의 관련성에 대해 직접적으로 알아본 연구가 부족한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 취학전 아동의 음운처리의 요인 구조를 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법: 5세와 7세 아동 총190명(5세 91명, 7세 99명)을 대상으로 음운인식, 음운기억, 빠른 자동 이름대기 검사를 실시한 후, 음운처리의 요인 구조에 대한 5개 모형의 적합도를 살펴보았다. 결과: 주요 연구 결과를요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 5세, 7세 연령 집단 모두에서 제1모형(음운인식, 음운기억, 빠른자동 이름대기가 각각 별개 요인)이 적합도가 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 5세의 경우에는제1모형 이외에 제4모형(음운인식과 음운기억은 공통 요인, 빠른 자동 이름대기는 별개 요인)의 적합도도 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 두 연령 집단 간의 음운처리의 요인 구조결과를 종합해 볼 때, 음운인식과 빠른 자동 이름대기는 별개의 능력인 것으로 나타났다. 본연구 결과의 요약, 연구 결과의 제한점 및 향후 연구에 관한 제언이 논의되었다

음운변동 용례와 음운론적 복잡도

박선우 청람어문교육학회 2019 청람어문교육 Vol.0 No.70

In this study, I propose a method of selection of examples of phonological process and variation. In recent phonological studies, a non-categorical quantitative index is used as criteria for the evaluation of phonological well-formedness. With Phonological Complexity proposed in Information Theory, we can assess how grammatical forms or phonological representations are consistent with the experience and intuition of language users. Although most of the examples of grammar textbook illustrate the conditions and causes of phonological processes and the regular mapping between underlying and surface forms, it is appropriate to utilize the phonologically well-formed examples that are familiar and natural to teachers and learners who study phonological processes. I suggested that Phonological Complexity measured based on the frequency and probability of phonemes and the probability of phonemes emergence should be used as a basis for selecting the examples of phonological processes. I introduce the process of calculating phonological complexity from speech corpus and evaluate the examples of phonological processes in current high school grammar textbooks. 본 연구에서는 변동의 조건과 내용에 부합되는 용례들의 음운론적 복잡도를 평가하여 문법 교과서의 집필 과정에서 보다 자연스럽고 적합한 용례를 제시하는 방안을 제안하였다. 최근 음운론 연구에서는 비범주적인 양적 지표가 음운론적 적형성을 평가하는 기준으로 활용되고 있다. 양적 지표를 활용하면 문법적인 형태나 음운론적 표상들이 언어사용자의 경험과 직관에 얼마나 부합되는지 계량적인 수치로 평가할 수 있다. 문법 교과서에 제시된 대부분의 용례들이 음운변동이 일어나는 조건과 원인, 기저형과 표면형 사이의 관계, 음운현상의 공시적인 규칙성을 잘 보여준다 하더라도 같은 조건이라면 교수자와 학습자에게 친숙하고 자연스럽게 느껴지는 용례를 활용하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 음소의 사용빈도와 출현 확률을 기반으로 측정되는 ‘음운론적 복잡도’를 음운변동의 용례를 선정하는 기준으로 활용할 수 있다. 음운변동에서 일어나는 복잡도의 변화를 고려한다면, 음운현상의 성격에 따라 기저형과 표면형의 복잡도를 구분하거나 절대적인 복잡도 외에 복잡도의 증감을 고려하여 용례를 선정하는 방안도 가능하다.

저학년 난독증 아동의 단어인지와 철자 능력에 대한 자모지식과 음운처리 능력의 영향력 연구

김보배(Kim, Bobae),이애진(Lee, Aejin),양민화(Yang, Minwha) 한국학습장애학회 2018 학습장애연구 Vol.15 No.2

본 연구에서는 초등학교 저학년 난독증 아동을 대상으로 이들의 자모지식과 음운처리 능력이 단어인지와 철자 능력을 얼마나 예측할 수 있는지 살펴보고자 하였으며, 이때 단어인지 능력은 철자 능력에, 또 철자 능력은 단어인지 능력에 미치는 영향력도 함께 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 초등학교 1∼3학년 난독증 아동 71명을 대상으로 단어인지, 철자, 자모지식, 음운처리 능력을 측정하였고, 검사 결과를 기반으로 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 먼저 연령과 어휘를 통제한 상태에서 자모지식의 영향력을 살펴본 결과, 자모지식은 단어인지와 철자 능력에 모두 유의한 설명력이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 연령과 어휘, 자모지식을 통제한 후에는 음운인식, 음운처리속도, 음운기억이 단어인지나 철자에 고유한 설명력을 추가하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 단어인지에는 철자 능력이, 철자에는 단어인지 능력이 추가적인 고유한 설명력을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 난독증 아동의 단어인지와 철자 능력을 향상시키기 위해서는 자모이름과 소리에 대한 교육이 필수적임을 증명해주며, 단어인지와 철자 능력이 상보적으로 발달한다는 것을 보여주었다. 다만, 음운처리 능력에 대한 미비한 영향력을 해석하는 데에는 주의가 필요하며 연구의 결과해석에 대해서는 중재연구를 통해 다시 한 번 확인될 필요가 있다. The authors investigated statistically significant predictors of word reading and spelling in young elementary students with dyslexia, with letter knowledge and phonological processing assessed as variables. In previous studies, the predictability of letter knowledge and phonological processing on Korean children’s word reading and spelling was inconsistent across the literature. Generally, the influence of phonological processing, which includes phonological awareness, rapid naming, and phonological memory, was inconsistent and depended on the participants’ age, achievement level, and measures administered. The influence of phonological processing appeared to diminish when letter knowledge was assessed first. In total, 71 elementary students from grades 1 to 3 participated in the current study, and the authors conducted multiple regression analyses to predict dyslexic students’ word reading and spelling abilities. Results showed that letter knowledge was a strong predictor of both word reading and spelling ability, and phonological processing skills made no unique contribution that enhanced mere letter knowledge. Letter knowledge explained 41% of children’s word reading and 35% of their spelling ability. In addition, spelling ability was found to be an additional predictor of word reading ability, as well as word reading ability predicting spelling ability. These results imply that the instruction of letter name and sound are critical for improving word reading and spelling in children with dyslexia. Moreover, word reading and spelling skills mutually improve each other. These instructional effects however, should be reinvestigated using intervention- based studies. The authors warn of drawing premature conclusions about the apparently insignificant influence of phonological processing on children’s word reading and spelling ability, and call for further intervention-based studies of phonological processing.

이중언어 환경 아동의 음운변동 특성

권미지 ( Mi Ji Kwon ),박상희 ( Sang Hee Park ),석동일 ( Dong Il Seok ) 한국특수교육문제연구소 2007 특수교육저널 : 이론과 실천 Vol.8 No.2

이 연구는 이중언어 환경 아동들과 단일언어 환경 아동들의 음운변동률에 대한 조사를 실시하여 이중언어 환경 아동과 단일언어 환경 아동의 음운변동 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 이중언어 환경 아동 4, 5, 6세 각 7명, 9명, 7명씩 총 23명과 단일언어 환경 아동 4, 5, 6세 각 4명, 9명, 6명씩 총 19명을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 이 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 이중언어 환경 아동들과 단일언어 환경 아동들의 음운변동률에 대하여 발달적인 음운변동 과 비발달적인 음운변동으로 살펴보았다. 발달적인 음운변동의 경우 종성생략 변동에서 언어환경간 유의한 차이가 있었다. 또한 비발달적인 음운변동의 경우 언어환경과 연령간 분산 분석 결과 이완음화, 모음편차, 첨가, 치조음생략에서 언어환경간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 그러나 언어환경간과 연령간의 상호작용은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 또한 탈기식음화에서 언어환경과 연령간의 상호작용이 통계적으로 유의하였으나 언어환경간과 연령간은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. This study is about phonological processes of bilingual language environment children and monolingual language environment children and is compared between bilingual language environment children and monolingual language environment children in phonological process characteristics. 23 subjects of bilingual language environment children were chosen between 4 to 6 years, 7, 9 and 7. 19 subjects of monolingual language environment children were chosen between 4 to 6 years, 4, 9 and 6. The results are as following. This study compared bilingual language environment children and monolingual language environment children in developmental phonological processes and nondevelopmental phonological processes. There are some significant differences language environment groups in final omission in developmental phonological processes. Also There are some significant differences between language environment groups and ages in results of two-way ANOVA in lenition, vowel declination, addition and alveolar omission of nondevelopmental phonological processes. But there is no significant difference between language environment groups and ages interaction. And there are some significant differences between language environment groups and ages interaction in deaspiration but there is no significant difference between language environment groups and ages.

Phonological processes of consonants from orthographic to pronounced words in the Seoul Corpus

Byunggon Yang 한국음성학회 2020 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.12 No.2

This paper investigates the phonological processes of consonants in pronounced words in the Seoul Corpus, and compares the frequency distribution of these processes to provide a clearer understanding of conversational Korean to linguists and teachers. To this end, both orthographic and pronounced words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Seoul Corpus. Next, the phonological processes of consonants in the orthographic and pronounced forms were tabulated separately after syllabifying the onsets and codas, and major consonantal processes were examined. First, the results showed that the majority of the orthographic consonants’ sounds were pronounced the same way as their pronounced forms. Second, more than three quarters of the onsets were pronounced as the same forms, while approximately half of the codas were pronounced as variants. Third, the majority of different onset and coda symbols were primarily caused by deletions and insertions. Finally, the five phonological process types accounted for only 12.4% of the total possible procedures. Based on these results, this paper concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in spontaneous speech corpora can improve the practical understanding of spoken Korean. Future studies ought to compare the current phonological process data with those of other languages to establish universal patterns in phonological processes.

연령과 청력역치에 따른 청각장애아동의 음운적 특성

서영란,김진숙,고도흥 한국음성과학회 2001 음성과학 Vol.8 No.2

This research with 40 hearing impaired children was performed to find out the characteristics of the phonological processes for each age, hearing loss degree and aided threshold degree through the transcriptions. The phonological processes. of hearing impaired children are similar to those of normal children with a peculiar type of patterns in phonological processes. The results show that: (1) Between 5 and 6 year old groups the phonological processes were significantly different in palatal backing, glottal replacement and frication; between 6 and 7 year old groups the phonological processes were significantly different in velar fronting, labialization, alveolization and labial assimilation; between 7 and 8 year old groups the phonological processes, labialization, alveolization and alveolar assimilation, however 8 year old group showed more phonological processes than 7 year old group. (2) Between moderately-severe and severe hearing impaired groups, phonological processes were significantly different in the omissions of postvocalic, nasal and velar, stopping and stop assimilation. The differences of severe and profound groups were not found at all. (3) Aided hearing thresholds did not show any significant difference.

Phonological processes of consonants from orthographic to pronounced words in the Buckeye Corpus

Byunggon Yang 한국음성학회 2019 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.11 No.4

This paper investigates the phonological processes of consonants in pronounced words in the Buckeye Corpus and compares the frequency distribution of these processes to provide a clearer understanding of conversational English for linguists and teachers. Both orthographic and pronounced words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Buckeye Corpus. Next, the phonological processes of consonants in the orthographic and pronounced labels were tabulated separately by onsets and codas, and a frequency distribution by consonant process types was examined. The results showed that the majority of the onset clusters were pronounced as the same sounds in the Buckeye Corpus. The participants in the corpus were presumed to speak semiformally. In addition, the onsets have fewer deletions than the codas, which might be related to the information weight of the syllable components. Moreover, there is a significant association and strong positive correlation between the phonological processes of the onsets and codas in men and women. This paper concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in spontaneous speech corpora can contribute to a practical understanding of spoken English. Further studies comparing the current phonological process data with those of other languages would be desirable to establish universal patterns in phonological processes.