Pear production trends and characteristics of important pests in India

Shailesh S. Sawant,Eu Ddeum Choi,Janghoon Song,Ho-Jin Seo 한국국제농업개발학회 2021 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.33 No.3

1. 배는 인도의 주요 경제작물 중 하나로 북서부 지역과 북동부 고해발 지역에서 주로 재배되고 있다. 2. 인도는 세계에서 9번째의 배 생산 국가로, 재배면적은 1991년 19,000 ha에서 2019년 42,000 ha로 증가하여 28년간 약 2.2배가 증가하였다. 3. 배의 재배 면적과 생산량은 인도에서 생산되는 온대 과일 중 3위를 차지하고 있다. 4. 현재 배 재배면적은 매년 증가하고 있으며 약 500~1500 시간의 저온요구도 충족이 가능한 잠무와 카슈미르 북부지역, 히마찰프라데시주, 우타라칸주, 펀자브주 그리고 남부 타밀나 두주에서 주로 재배되고 있다. 5. 인도의 북서부와 동부의 고해발 지역은 다양한 품종의 배를 재배할 수 있는 좋은 기후 조건을 가지고 있지만, 병해충 발생으로 재배에 어려움이 나타나고 있다. Pear is one of the most important commercial crops of India. It is grown in northwestern states and hills of the country. India is the 9th largest pear producer in the world. Its cultivation area increased from about 19000 ha in 1991 to 42000 ha in 2019, with 2.2 times of increase over 28 years. In India, pears cultivated from foothills to high hills experience about five hundred to thousand five hundred chilling hours throughout the year. In India, pear occupies the third place for temperate fruits by area of cultivation and production quantity. The area with pear cultivated is steadily increasing in India. It is mainly grown in northern states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, and in south India (Tamilnadu state). The region of north-eastern hills, comprising of states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, and Sikkim, also grows pear on a limited scale. Although northwestern and eastern hills of India provide a favorable climatic condition for growing a wide range of pears, cultivation and production of pears remain challenging due to pests and diseases. In this article, we discussed the current status of pear production and major common insects and pests in pear-growing regions of India.

Taxonomic Relationships in Asian Pears (Pyrus spp.) Using Cluster Analysis of Morphological Characteristics

Daeil Kim 한국원예학회 2004 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.45 No.4

Thirty four morphological characteristics were evaluated and coded to classify relationships among 31 Asian pears. Fruit shape was divided into multiformity from circular to pyriform in the wild and the native pears. Glossiness and lenticel of fruit skin were negatively correlated. The fruit of Pyrus phaeocarpa was the glossiest with dense lenticels. Three Korean native pears, Hawngshilli, Hwapshilne, and Chambae, had tomentose leaves but Ulleung Cheongbae and Cheongdangrori were slightly pubescent. P. babauttiagi had the longest peduncle of 7.4 ㎝ against the shortest one, Munbae, of 2.2 ㎝. Unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages for cluster analysis using morphological characters classified the 31 Asian pear to six groups at Euclidean distance 7.8. The six groups could be classified to two bigger groups. In accordance with fruit size, wild pears were classified into the group I to Ⅲ, whereas the native and cultivated pears were classified into the group Ⅳ to Ⅵ. Group Ⅰ was characterized by small size fruited Asian pea pears, P. hondoensis, P. lindeyi, and Indian wild pear. Group Ⅱ was divided into four taxa, Sand pear, Munbae, P. aromatica, and Ussuri pear. P. phaeocarpa constructed the group Ⅲ alone with distinctive fruit characteristics. Group Ⅳ characterized by bigger size fruited cultivars and Korean native pears. Chinese white pear, ‘Yari’, and ‘Okusankichi’ were divided into group Ⅴ. Four Korean native pears, Hoengseong Cheongri, Cheongdangrori, Cheongshilli, and Keochang Cheongshilli, were divided into group Ⅵ had elliptic to obovate shaped fruit.

만수 품종 배의 과피 갈변 원인 구명

이중섭,서형호,윤익구,최장전,최진호,김점국 한국식물병리학회 2008 식물병연구 Vol.14 No.3

This research was carried out to elucidate the causes of fruit skin browning in ‘Mansu’ pear for the last 2 years. It was observed that skin browning was induced even by the small mechanical injury produced during grading and packing for the market supplies after harvest on the fruits of ‘Mansu’ pear. The incidences of fruit skin browning in pears treated with artificial mechanical injuries were investigated between ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Mansu’ pears. The results showed that fruits of ‘Mansu’ are more susceptible to skin browning than those of ‘Niitaka’. We also found that the epidermis of fruits in ‘Mansu’ pear was thinner than that of ‘Niitaka’, and that there was lower incidence of fruit browning in epidermis of pears with high chlorophyll content than those with low chlorophyll content. The skin browning in fruits could be considerably reduced by sorting and grading them wrapped with paper bags for the fruits of ‘Mansu’ pear. This research was carried out to elucidate the causes of fruit skin browning in ‘Mansu’ pear for the last 2 years. It was observed that skin browning was induced even by the small mechanical injury produced during grading and packing for the market supplies after harvest on the fruits of ‘Mansu’ pear. The incidences of fruit skin browning in pears treated with artificial mechanical injuries were investigated between ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Mansu’ pears. The results showed that fruits of ‘Mansu’ are more susceptible to skin browning than those of ‘Niitaka’. We also found that the epidermis of fruits in ‘Mansu’ pear was thinner than that of ‘Niitaka’, and that there was lower incidence of fruit browning in epidermis of pears with high chlorophyll content than those with low chlorophyll content. The skin browning in fruits could be considerably reduced by sorting and grading them wrapped with paper bags for the fruits of ‘Mansu’ pear.

배와 배-딸기 침출주의 제조 및 품질특성

강민구, 백승예, 이종수 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 2010 自然科學論文集 Vol.21 No.1

To develop high valuable pear liquor, pear and pear-strawberry(1:1) were soaked by 30℃ alcohol spirit for 150 days at 4℃ and 20℃, respectively, and then its quality and antihypertensive action were determined. pH were decreased to 5.45~5.50 from 7.80 for soaking of 30 day in pear and pH 4.76~4.83 in mixture of pear-strawberry. Ethanol content were also decreased to 18.4%~18.8% from 30% for 30days soaking in pear and 18.2% for 50 days soaking in mixture of pear and strawberry. Antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity were increased to 7.8%~8.5% for 30 days soaking and then decreased to 1.0%~2.6% for 150 days soaking in pear. This results was similar with that of mixture of pear-strawberry. In sensory evaluation, the pear-strawberry liquor from soaking of 90 day at 20℃ showed the best total acceptability and good antihypertensive action.

갈변방지제 개발을 통한 신선편이 조각 배 상품화 연구

김미영 ( Mi Young Kim ),짱청위 ( Cheng Yu Zhang ),이진주 ( Jin Ju Lee ),황영 ( Ying Huang ) 한국식품영양학회 2017 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.30 No.1

The objective of this study was to develop anti-browning agents for commercial ready-to-eat pear products, which are preferred not only to maintain the flavor, color and texture of pears, but also to increase consumers’ preference. The sliced ‘Shin-go (Niitaka)’ pears were immersed in 5% and 10% oxidized starch, 1% citric acid, and 5% and 10% oxidized starch with addition of 0.1% sucralose for 3 minutes, and then they were packaged in vacuum sealed bags at 1℃ for 9 days. In order to evaluate the quality of packaged sliced pears, the quality index was determined in terms of color, firmness, soluble solids, and sensory quality. With the passage of storage time, no specific variation in firmness and soluble solids was observed. However, the ΔE value of the sliced pears treated with 5% oxidized starch solution was significantly lower than that of the other pears. Also, the Hunter L and b values of the sliced pears treated with 5% oxidized starch solution remained nearly constant from the beginning of storage. This observation shows that 5% oxidized starch solution was effective in reducing surface browning of sliced pears. Moreover, sliced pears treated with oxidized starch solution with addition of 0.1% sucralose were given an overall liking score which was slightly higher than that given to the other pears because of the sweetness of sucralose. In conclusion, 5% oxidized starch solution with addition of 0.1% sucralose was effective in reducing browning of sliced pears and in improving the taste of sliced pears.

신선 배에 대한 인지가 배와 배 가공 식품의 구매에 미치는 영향

안세은,오지은,조미숙,Ahn, Se Eun,Oh, Ji Eun,Cho, Mi Sook 한국식생활문화학회 2017 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.32 No.5

This study evaluated how fresh pear cognition variables influences the purchase of primary and secondary products to promote pear consumption. The survey was performed online using 200 consumers who have consumed pears. Consumers' cognition was classified into two groups, one that was more favorable toward fresh pears and one that was less favorable. The cognition toward pear significantly affected the attitude (p<0.001) and purchase intention (p<0.001) toward fresh pear. When consumers bought fresh pear, sweetness was most important among the selection attributes to both groups, and the most common reason why consumers liked the pear analyzed by check all that apply (CATA) was also sweet taste. However, the negative group did not prefer fresh pear because of taste and texture, so those qualities should be well-controlled. In addition, cognition toward primary products influenced liking and purchase intention of processed pear products, especially beverages (p<0.001), bakeries and sweets (p<0.05). Therefore, these types of secondary products should be developed based on consumers' demands.

친환경농자재 처리가 배과수원 토양 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향

윤성탁,허진우,장경우,김태호,남중창,박상헌,곽노일,문수학,이혁재,최진호,Yoon, Seong-Tak,Xu, Zhen-Yu,Zhang, Qing-Yu,Kim, Tae-Ho,Nam, Jung-Chang,Park, Sang-Hun,Kwak, No-Il,Mun, Su-Hak,Lee, Hyuk-Jae,Choi, Jin-Ho 한국유기농업학회 2010 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.18 No.4

Coming with the well-being era, consumer's demand for safe agricultural products is increasing. It is urgent to develop an environment-friendly pear production system. Accordingly, this study was conducted to develop an environment-friendly pear production system by using several environment-friendly agricultural materials which is known to be effective in agricultural production. In the effects of environment-friendly agricultural materials on the soil chemical characteristics in pear orchard, the content of total carbon, organic matter, Ca and Mg increased a little respectively compared with those of 2008, and 2nd treatment showed the highest EC and Mg content in the soil among treatments. The content of leaf N, P and Ca in 2009 decreased compared with those of 2008, while Mg content showed no difference between 2008 and 2009 years. Average pear weight in 2009 was 31g higher than that of 2008 (682g) and 2nd treatment showed the highest pear weight (738g) among treatments. The average sugar content was higher in 2009 (12.6$^{\circ}Bx$) compared with that of 2008 (12.2$^{\circ}Bx$) and the plot of 2nd treatment highest sugar content (12.6$^{\circ}Bx$) among treatments. There were no difference in hunter value of L among treatments, but hunter value of a showed higher 1.62 in 2009 than that of 2008 (3.73). The highest of gumminess and cohesiveness of fruits were obtained from 1st treatment and adhesiveness and chewiness of fruits were obtained from 3rd and 1st treatment respectively. Firmness of fruit increased a little in 2009 compared with that of 2008, while the highest firmness was obtained from 3rd treatment with 1.63kg/5mm$\oint$ among treatments. Phosphate content in the peel of 'Niitaka' pear of fruit skin in 2009 (0.97g/kg) showed 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (0.91g/kg), while the highest content was obtained from 3rd treatment (1.15g/kg). Potassium content in the peel of 'Niitaka' pear in 2009 was 8.20g/kg, which is 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (7.82g/kg) and the highest content was obtained from 1st treatment (8.34g/kg) among treatments. The highest nitrogen content in the flesh of 'Niitaka' pear was obtained from 3rd treatment (4.32mg/g), while it was the lowest in control plot (3.10mg/g). Phosphate content in the flesh of 'Niitaka' pear in 2009 (8.20g/kg) showed 0.06g/kg more content than that of 2008 (7.82g/kg), while the highest content was obtained from 1st treatment (8.34g/kg). There were no difference of the potassium content in the fruit peel of 'Niitaka' pear between years, but 1st treatment showed the highest content (11.81g/kg) among treatments, while the lowest was obtained from the control plot (10.83g/kg). 웰빙시대의 도래와 함께 안전농산물에 대한 국민요구가 커져가고 있으며, 이에 따라 친환경 배 생산체계 개발이 절실한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 최근 효과가 큰 것으로 알려지고 있는 유효미생물제제인 Amo 등을 비롯한 몇가지 친환경농자재를 조합 처리하여 친환경 배 생산체계를 수립코자 2년간 수행한 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 친환경농자재 처리에 의한 배과수원의 토양양분의 변화는 T-C, 유기물, Ca 및 Mg 함량은 2008년에 비해 2009년 약간 증가하였으며, 처리 간에는 EC, Ca 및 Mg 함량이 2 처리에서 많은 경향이었다. 2. 엽내 질소 및 인산함량은 2008년에 비해 2009년 각 처리구 모두에서 감소하였다. 칼륨 함량은 2008년 1.93%에 비해 2009년은 2.06%로 증가하였으며, 처리간에는 1처리구가 2.17%로 가장 많았다. 칼슘함량도 2008년에 비해 2009년 각 처리구 모두에서 함량이 감소되었으며, 처리간에는 3처리구가 1.52%로 가장 많았다. 3. 연차간 과실특성을 보면 과중은 2008년 평균 682g에 비해 2009년에는 713g으로 31g이 높았으며, 처리간에는 2처리구가 738g으로 가장 높았다. 과실의 당도함량은 12.2~12.6$^{\circ}Bx$로 2008년 평균 12.2$^{\circ}Bx$에서 2009년 12.6$^{\circ}Bx$로 당도가 증가하였다. 처리간에는 대조구와 2처리구가 12.6$^{\circ}Bx$로 가장 높았다. 4. 과피색의 L값은 연차간 처리구간에 큰 차이가 없었으나, a 값의 경우 2008년 3.73에 비해 2009년에는 5.35로 1.62 높은 경향을 보여 성숙진행이 2009년에 다소 빨랐음을 알 수 있었으며, 처리간에는 2처리구가 4.82로 가장 높았다. 5. 과실 조직의 처리간 응집성 및 점착성은 1처리구가 각각 1.97, 0.14로 가장 높았다. 부착성은 2008년과 비교하여 2009년이 -0.86이 적었으며, 유의성이 인정되었다. 처리간 부착성은 3처리가 -2.58로 가장 높았다. 과실의 경도는 1처리구가 14.4로 가장 높았으며, 씹힘성도 1처리가 1.77로 가장 높았다. 6. 과피의 무기성분 함량 중 인산함량은 2008년 0.91g/kg에 비해 2009년 0.97g/kg으로 0.06g 더 많았으며, 처리간에는 3처리가 1.15g/kg으로 가장 많았다. 칼륨함량은 2008년 7.82g/kg에 비해 2009년 8.20g/kg으로 2009년이 더 많았으며, 처리간에는 1처리가 8.34g/kg으로 가장 많았다. 칼슘은 처리간에는 3처리에서 166.80ppm을 나타내 가장 함량이 높았다. 7. 과육의 질소함량은 처리간에는 3처리가 4.32mg/g으로 가장 함량이 높았다. 인산함량은 2008년 평균 1.59g/kg에 비해 2009년 1.42mg/g로 함량이 적었으며, 처리간에는 1처리, 3처리가 1.68g/kg으로 가장 많았다. 칼륨함량은 년차 간에는 차이가 없었으며, 처리간에는 1처리가 11.81g/kg으로 가장 함량이 많았다. 칼슘함량은 2008년 34.13ppm에서 2009년은 35.10g/kg을 나타내 함량이 증가하였다. 마그네슘 함량은 3처리가 0.93g/kg으로 가장 함량이 높았다.

Candidate gene mining of GA-mediated regulation of pear fruit shape

Xue Zeyu,Yang Ru,Wang Yadong,Ma Yuchen,Lin Yujing,Li Zhengao,Song Yuqin,Feng Xinxin,Li Liulin 한국원예학회 2024 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.65 No.3

Fruit shape is one of the important traits for quality evaluation, classifi cation, and market grading of horticultural crops. In order to explore the genes regulating pear fruit shape formation, pear varieties ‘Huangguan’ and ‘Korla Fragrant Pear’ with signifi cant diff erences in fruit shape were selected as experimental materials. Through morphological observation, measurement of fruit longitudinal diameter and fruit transverse diameter, and fruit shape index analysis of the pear fruit growth and development period, the formation of pear fruit shape during the young fruit period was preliminarily determined. By analyzing the transcriptome data of ‘Huangguan’ and ‘Korla Fragrant Pear’ at the young fruit stage, 8993 diff erentially expressed genes were obtained, and the majority of the genes were annotated to the plant hormone signaling pathway, among which gibberellin-related genes accounted for 13.4%. Spraying GA 3 at the full-bloom stage can signifi cantly prolong the shape of oriental pear. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of the gibberellin metabolic pathway gene PbGA2ox11 in ‘Huangguan’ was signifi cantly higher than that in ‘Korla Fragrant Pear’. GA 3 treatment inhibited the expression of this gene in ‘Korla Fragrant Pear’, while PP 333 promoted the expression. It was speculated that PbGA2ox11 was most likely to regulate the shape of pear fruit by regulating gibberellin metabolism. This study provides a new method for studying fruit shape via the analysis of the gibberellin synthesis metabolic pathway, new resources for the rational use of plant growth regulators, and theoretical and technical support for cultivating excellent fruit shape.

배(Pear)의 생리활성 물질 및 생리활성 효능

민태선 ( Tae Sun Min ),박민정 ( Min Jung Park ),문재학 ( Jae Hak Moon ),김월수 ( Wol Soo Kim ),이상현 ( Sang Hyun Lee ),조영돈 ( Young Don Cho ),박수현 ( Soo Hyun Park ) 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.56 No.2

Pear (Pyrus spp.) fruit has been widely consumed fruits in the world. Pears are generally classified as Asian pears (Japanese pear: Pyruspyritolia N, China pear: P. ussuriensis M) and European pears (Pyrus communis L.). Pears have been reported to contain the diverse bioactive substances and the study on screening for bioactive compounds and its functional role in pear has been still going on. Therefore, this review article provides an overview of bioactive compounds and physiological effects of pears on diverse diseases.

Pear Skin Stain Caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola on Niitaka Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)

Nam, Ki-Woong,Oh, Soh-Young,Yoon, Deok-Hoon The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2014 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.30 No.3

Pear skin stains on 'Niitaka' pears, which occur from the growing stage to the cold storage stage, reportedly negatively influence the marketing of pears. These stains on fruit skin are likely due to a pathogenic fungus that resides on the skin and is characterized by dark stains; however, the mycelium of this fungus does not penetrate into the sarcocarp and is only present on the cuticle layer of fruit skin. A pathogenic fungus was isolated from the skin lesions of infected fruits, and its pathogenicity was subsequently tested. According to the pathogenicity test, Mycosphaerella sp. was strongly pathogenic, while Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp. showed modest pathogenicity. In this present study, we isolated the pathogenic fungus responsible for the symptoms of pears (i.e., dark brown-colored specks) and identified it as Mycosphaerella graminicola based on its morphological characteristics and the nucleotide sequence of the beta-tubulin gene. M. graminicola was pathogenic to the skin of 'Niitaka' pears, which are one of the most widely growing varieties of pears in South Korea.