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窒素質肥料의 種類 및 施用水準이 矮性 사과나무의 生長에 미치는 影響
尹益九 건국대학교 1991 대학원 학술논문집 Vol.33 No.-
This study was carried out to find the effects of four factors; kinds of rootstocks, composition ratio of nitrogen sources, kinds of nitrogen fertilizers, and amount of nitrogen supplied on (1)the total amount and the seasonal variation of mineral nutrients in leaves, and (2)growth rate of the branches and the stems of the dwarf apple tree, Malus demostica Borkh. Tested rootstocks were M9, M27, M26, MM106, M.sieboldii, and M.prunifolia. Utilized nitrogen sources were NH4 and NO3, and they were mixed by the following ratio- 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 0:100. The applied nitrogen fertilizers for this study were urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Kinds of rootstocks Amount of N, P, K, Ca, in the leaves of the dwarf apple tree were decreased as dwarfness of rootstocks was increased. The M26 was found to be most, and both the M9 and the M27 were the second most effective rootstocks for the leaves to have high Mg content. Accumulated total amount of mineral nutrients in the leaves, regardless of kinds of rootstocks, were changed on monthly basis-N, P, K were decreased after June, and K was increased until July. Especially, K was increased until September by use of the M9 and the M27. 2. Composition raitoof nitrogen sources Lots of mineral nutrients - (1) N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and (2)Mn- were found the leaves of the dwarf apple tree by the use of (1)both the third and the fourth mixture, and (2)the second mixture respectively. Especially, the last three mixtures of nitrogen sources found to be have much K in the leave than the others. The third and the fifth mixture of nitrogen sources showed higher growth rate of branches and stems of the drarf apple tree than the first one. But the most effective mixture was the fourth one. 3.Kinds of nitrogen fertilizers Amount of nitrogen in the leaves was the greatest by the use of urea, and the least by the use of ammonium nitrate. Also, the most and the leat amount of phosphate was found by the use of calcium nitrate and urea, respectively. Calcium nitrate was found to be effective fertilizer to increase Ca and Mn contents in the leaves, but all kinds of fertilizer than ammonium nitrate for growth of branches, but no significant result were found for growth of stems by application of each fertilizers. 4. Amount of nitrogen supplied Increased amount of nitrogen leaded to increasing amount of N and Mn in the leaves; however, P, K, and Mg were in the reverse pattern. There was no significant differences in the amount of Ca and Fe by applications of different amount of nitrogen. The growth rate of both branches and stems of the dwarf apple tree tended to increase as the amount of nitrogen supplied was increased.
고접갱신이 복숭아 Y자 수형 조기 구성 및 생산성에 미치는 영향
윤익구,윤석규,전지혜,남은영,권정현,배해진,정경호,문병우 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2013 시설원예‧식물공장 Vol.22 No.4
The effects of the early tree shapes with renewal by top-working on Y-shaped peach tree, and the influence on the maintaining fruit quantity with gradual renewal of interstock cultivar were determined. In the comparison of the places of top-working tree, top working tree on the inside of the main branch of interstock cultivar had higher graft union rate and branch growth than those of top working tree on the outside. Tree width, basal diameter of shoot, and number of bearing shoots were smaller in top working tree than in replanted tree. Although labor time was not different to control top working tree and replanted tree, labor time was much required to manage top working tree with interstock cultivar. Accumulated fruit production was 2,384 kg/10a in top working tree and 2,025 kg/10a in replanted tree for three years. However, top working tree had no loss of fruits because interstock cultivar of top-working tree had 3,727 kg/10a of fruits. No variation on fruit quality was observed between top working tree and replanting tree. In terms of economic value of top-working tree, labor to manage interstock cultivar, fertilizer price,fruit bagging, and grading and packing price increased. However, fruit production increased, and price of seedling,rental equipment, pulling-out trees, and repairing supporting system decreased. Therefore, gradual renewal of topworking tree has effects on the maintaining fruit quantity, supplementation on fruit loss, and renewal cultivar. 복숭아 Y자 수형에서 기존 나무를 갱신할 때 고접갱신을 통해 조기에 수형을 완성하고 생산성을 유지할 수있는 방법을 알아보고자 수행한 연구결과는 아래와 같다. 접목위치별 활착률은 원가지 내측에 접목하는 것이 80%로 외측의 73.3%에 비해 다소 양호하였고, 접목활착 후발아된 신초의 기부직경은 내측이 36.2mm로 외측의19.6mm에 비해 훨씬 굵게 자랐으며, 신초길이 역시 내측에 접목한 것이 220.3cm로 외측의 166cm에 비해 신초발육이 양호하였다. 고접갱신지는 개식수에 비해 수폭,기부직경 및 결과지수 등에서 수체생장정도가 적은 것으로나타났는데 수폭은 개식묘의 436.3cm에 비해 394.7cm 에 불과하였고, 수고는 고접위치를 감안하면 고접갱신지가 1m 정도 낮았다. 수형구성을 위한 노력시간은 고접갱신지는 49.9시간/10a이었고, 개식묘는 51.5/10a로 두처리 간 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 고접갱신수의 경우중간대목 품종의 관리시간 25.7시간/10a를 더하면 노력시간이 더 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. 수형구성을 위한노력요소 중 적심>유인>도장지 제거 순으로 많았다. 3년간 누적수량은 처리 당년은 고접갱신수와 개식수 모두생산량이 없었고 2년차는 고접갱신수의 생산량이 908kg/10a로 개식수 395kg/10a보다 훨씬 많았으나, 3년차에는개식수의 수량이 고접수를 능가하였다. 그러나 고접수의경우 중간대목 품종의 생산량을 합치면 개식수에서처럼생산량의 공백 없이 매년 2,000kg 전후의 생산량을 유지할 수 있었다. 고접갱신 후 수량에 대한 손실보전을위해 중간대목 품종을 3년에 걸쳐 연차적으로 갱신할경우 과실수확을 위한 노동력, 과실봉지비, 농약비 및수확, 선별 비용이 상대적으로 증가 되었지만, 수량증가와 더불어 개식에 따른 묘목비, 장비임대, 굴취비 및 지주시설 보수비용 등이 절감되어 매년 약 299만원/10a 정도의 소득적 이익이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다.
복숭아 ‘장호원황도’의 엽위별 잎 발달과 광합성능의 변화에 대한 분석
윤익구,윤석규,전지혜,남은영,권정현,배해진,문병우,강희경 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2013 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.22 No.4
To investigate factors determining peach fruit quality, chlorophyll content by leaf positions, chlorophyll content of foliated leaf, change of leaf area, and photosynthetic capacity were monitored. Photosynthetic rate in response to radiation intensity and CO2 concentration, and change of sucrose content after shading treatment also were investigated. Chlorophyll content was similar in 5-12th leaves after 10 days of foliation, while young 13-16th leaves showed lower chlorophyll contents. Chlorophyll content was 2.56 μg/cm2 on May 28th, just after foliation, and rapidly increased up to 6.35 μg/cm2 on June 12th. After this point, chlorophyll content gradually increased during two months showing the highest value of 9.03 μg/cm2 on August 14th. Leaf area was 27.1 cm2 just after foliation and 37.7 cm2 on 10th day of foliation increasing 10.6 cm2 during 10 days. Leaf area slowly increased by 3.9 cm2 during next one month. Photosynthetic capacity increased rapidly until the 30th day of foliation showing the highest capacity of 13.8 μmol/m−2/sec−1. After this point, photosynthetic capacity decreased sharply. Photosynthetic rate in response to radiation intensity increased rapidly until the PPFD reached to 600 μmol/m−2/sec−1 and increased gradually from 600 μmol/m−2/sec−1 to 1200 μmol/m−2/sec−1 of PPFD and stayed stable beyond this point. Photosynthetic rate in response to CO2 concentration increased until 600 ppm of CO2. At higher CO2 concentration, photosynthetic rate stayed stable or decreased. Sucrose content in leaves was not significantly different between control and shading group until one hour of shading treatment while decreased in shading group after two hours of treatment. 전엽 후 10일이 경과하면 잎의 위치별 엽내 엽록소함량에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 전엽 후 10일이 경과되지 않은 잎의 엽록소 함량은 전엽 경과일수가 적을수록 낮았다. 동일한 잎의 위치에서 전엽 후 경과일수에따른 엽록소 함량의 경시적 변화는 전엽 직후에 2.56μg/cm2에서 12일째에는 6.35μg/cm2까지 급격히 증가하고이후 약 2개월간 완만한 증가 추세를 보였는데 엽록소함량이 가장 높은 시기는 전엽 후 11주째로 9.03μg/cm2이었다. 엽면적은 전엽 직후부터 전엽 후 10일까지 급속하게 증가하였으나 그 이후는 거의 변화가 없었다. 잎의광합성률은 전엽 후 30일까지는 급격히 증가하여 전엽30일 후에 13.8μmol/m−2/sec−1로 최대치를 보였으며, 이후에는 잎의 광합성능이 급격하게 떨어졌다. 전엽 후 1주와 4주의 광도에 따른 광합성률은 두 시기 모두 PPFD 600μmol/m−2/sec−1까지는 PPFD가 증가할수록 광합성률이 급격히 증가하였으나 이후 PPFD 1,200μmol/m−2/sec−1까지는 완만한 증가율을 보이다 그 이상에서는 변화를보이지 않았다. 전엽 후 1주와 전엽 후 4주간에는 전엽후 4주가 전엽 후 1주에 비해 PPFD 증가에 따른 광합성률이 높은 경향을 보였다. CO2 농도별 광합성률은600ppm까지는 농도가 높을수록 광합성성률이 증가하였으나 그 이상의 농도에서는 변화가 없었다. 차광시간별엽내 sucrose 함량은 1시간 까지는 차광처리구와 무처리구 간 차이를 보이지 않았으나 2시간부터는 차광처리에서 sucrose 함량이 감소하였다.