Arthropod Community Structure in Apple Orchard under Different Farming Practices

Jae Seong Im,Seung Tae Kim,Sue Yeon Lee,Jong Kook Jung,Joon-Ho Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.04

In apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional), arthropod community structure was investigated. Arthropods were collected with pitfall traps, band traps, yellow sticky traps and pheromone traps from May to December, 2012 in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness and Shannon diversity index (H΄). Sampled arthropods were identified 37 families in 14 orders from 21,618 individuals in organic orchard-1 and 33 families in 10 orders from 11,318 individuals in organic orchard-2 and 35 families in 13 orders from 27,711 individuals in conventional orchard. Species richness was relatively highest in organic orchard-1, intermediate in conventional orchard and lowest in organic orchard-2. In ecologically functional group, abundance of pests was higher in conventional orchard than in organic orchards due to the high occurrence of Phyllonorycte ringoniella (Gracillariidae) and Lyonetia prunifoliella (Lyonetiidae). Organic orchards showed higher abundance, species richness and species diversity of epigeic predators and those of parasitoids above ground than conventional orchard. Abundance of detritivores, mainly collembola, were higher in organic orchard than in conventional orchard.

경북 지역의 사과, 배, 복숭아, 포도, 자두과원의 잡초 발생 분포 및 우점도

김상국,신종희,김세종 한국잔디학회 2016 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.5 No.2

The study was conducted to get a information on the dominance and distribution of weeds occurred in major orchards including apple, grape, peach, pear, and plum at 631 sites of Gyeongsangbuk-do during winter and summer season. The weeds classified by family and life cycle occurred in the five orchards were summarized as 36 family and 105 species in apple orchard, 34 family and 126 species in grape orchard, 34 family 126 species in peach orchard, 33 family 98 species in pear orchards, and 36 family 111 species in plum orchard. In addition to life cycle of weeds, most orchards except for pear orchard were dominant to biennial weeds. The most dominant importance value was observed in pear orchards as 6.57%. In winter’s season, the weeds were summarized as 31 family and 89 species in apple orchard, 28 family and 71 species in grape orchard, 32 family 111 species in peach orchard, 27 family 68 species in pear orchards, and 33 family 83 species in plum orchard. In summer’s season, the weeds were distributed as 31 family and 101 species in apple orchard, 27 family and 69 species in grape orchard, 29 family 91 species in peach orchard, 31 family 94 species in pear orchard, and 31 family 97 species in plum orchard. In winter season, the most dominant weeds in apple, grape, peach, pear, and plum orchard were Capsella bursa-pastoris, Laria media, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Erigeron canadensis, in turn. In summer season, the most dominant weeds in apple, grape, peach, pear, and plum orchard were Acalypha australis, Acalypha australis, Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis, and Setaria viridis, respectively. 본 연구는 2015년 2월부터 8월까지 경상북도 12개 시군에서 경북 지역의 주요 과수인 사과, 포도, 복숭아, 포도, 자두 과원에 발생되는 잡초종을 동계잡초와 하계잡초로 나누어 우점도를 조사하였다. 사과 과원에서는 36과 105종, 포도 과원 34과 126종, 복숭아 과원 34과 126종, 배 과원 33과 98종, 자두 과원 36과 111종이었다. 과원별 우점도는사과 과원의 경우 이년생 잡초 6.09%, 포도 과원의 경우 이년생 잡초 7.32%, 복숭아 과원의 경우 일년생 잡초 4.74%, 배 과원의 경우 일년생 잡초 6.57%, 자두 과원의 경우 이년생 잡초 5.38%였다. 주요 과원별 동계잡초에 대한 과와 종수는 사과 과원 31과 89종, 포도 과원 28과 71종, 복숭아 과원 32과 111종, 배 과원 27과 68종, 자두 과원 33과 83종이었고 하계잡초에 대한 과와 종수는 사과 과원 31과 101종, 포도 과원 27과 69종, 복숭아 과원 29과 91종, 배 과원 31과 94종, 자두 과원 31과 97종이였다. 주요 과원별 동계 우점잡초는 사과 과원(냉이), 배 과원(별꽃), 복숭아 과원(냉이), 포도 과원(냉이), 자두 과원(망초)이었고, 하계 우점잡초는 사과 과원(깨풀), 배 과원(쑥), 복숭아 과원(강아지풀), 포도 과원(강아지풀), 자두 과원(강아지풀)이었다.

Epigeic Spiders (Araneae) Under Different Farming Practices in Apple Orchards

Jae Seong Im,Seung Tae Kim,Sue Yeon Lee,Jong Kook Jung,Sun Kyung Lee,Byung In Son,Joon-Ho Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.04

Epigeic spiders (Araneae) were surveyed in apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional) in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The study was conducted from April to October in 2013 with 2 weeks interval using pitfall traps. Collected spiders were identified as 20 species of 6 families from 819 individuals in organic orchardⅠ, 19 species of 10 families from 759 individuals in orchardⅡ and 16 species of 8 families from 209 individuals in conventional orchard for from 1,787 captured spiders. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and Shannon diversity index (H΄). Species richness was statistically higher in organic orchard than in conventional orchard. Organic orchardⅡ comprised the greatest abundance followed by organic orchard and conventional. But species diversity was the highest in organic orchardⅡ, intermediate in conventional orchard and the lowest in orchardⅠ. Lycosidae was the most dominant family in all orchards regardless farming practices. However, Linyphiidae dominated in organic orchards only. The most dominant species were Erigone koshiensis (Linyphiidae) in organicⅠ, Pardosa laura (Lycosidae) in organicⅡ and Arctosa pungcheunensis (Lycosidae) in conventional orchard.

Comparison of community structure and diversity of epigeal spiders between conventional and organic apple orchards

Jae Seong Im,Seung Tae Kim,Sue Yeon Lee,Sun Kyung Lee,Jong Kook Jung,Byung In Son,Joon-Ho Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2015 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.04

This studies was conducted to define community structure and diversity of epigeal spiders in apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional). In 11 commercial apple orchards, epigeal spider community structure was investigated during 2012-2014 (3 orchards, 2012; 3 orchards, 2013, 5 orchards, 2014). Epigeal spiders were collected by pitfall traps from April to October, 2012 in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do; 2013 in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do; 2014 in Cheongsong-gun and Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Sampled spiders were identified to the species level. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness (total numbers of spider species), abundance (total numbers of individuals) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H΄) for each site and compared between organic and conventional orchards. In all regions, abundance of the spider communities were relatively higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards. But, no significant difference in species richness and specie diversity (H΄) between organic and conventional orchards. Lycosidae was the most dominant family in all orchards regardless farming practices. However, Linyphiidae dominated in organic orchards only. The most dominant species were Pardosa laura (Lycosidae), Erigone koshiensis (Linyphiidae) in organic, Piratula procurvus (Lycosidae) in conventional orchards.

Development of A Dual Steering Type Orchard Robot Platform of Front-Rear Wheel for Unmanned Works

( Gookhwan Kim ),( Daehyun Lee ),( Myunghoon Lee ),( Gilsu Han ),( Hyundong Lee ),( Youngki Hong ),( Yunsu Do ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

When farm works are carried out in an orchard like apple and pear by machinery, there are many cases that the condition of the orchards is irregular and inclined. As a result, not only the number of farmers casualties caused by overturn of agricultural machinery and working devices is increasing, but also frequent damage due to excessive harmful pesticide inhalation of agricultural workers is occurring. To reduce these damages, we have developed a robotic platform that can carry out agriculture work while autonomously traveling in orchard. In the early stages of the development of the orchard robot, it was designed and manufactured to suit the size of general orchards (apple: 3~4m width and pear: 5~6m width) rather than making a robot which can apply to whole orchard. Also, irregular roads due to gravels and puddles are considered, but the slope is limited to a maximum of 10 degrees (except for terraced fields). The size of this robot developed for the unmanned work in orchard is 2.8 m(L) x 1.5 m(W) x 1.2 m(H) and the weight is 750 kg in the state without working devices. The maximum steering angle is ± 22 degrees. The distance between the front and rear wheels is 1.7 m, and the turning radius is about 3.11 m. Both front and rear wheels were equipped with each 1.5kW motor for driving of the robot and a worm gear type speed reducer is attached to the 750W motor for steering. One of the characteristics of the orchard robot proposed in this study is that it was designed and manufactured with a dual steering type of front and rear wheels. In the case of a general four-wheel moving vehicle, that is, a front or rear wheel steering type vehicle, in the process of following tree rows using sensors fixed to the robot, the direction angle of the robot is frequently being changed. Because of it, the robot gets moved zigzag form and the data for following of the tree row also must be modified in accordance with the change of the direction angle. It makes the follow of tree row be complicated. However, in the case of a dual steering type of front and rear wheels, when recognizing and following both sides tree row of the robot, the path following is executed in the method that both front and rear wheels are controlled simultaneously. That is, the robot moves in parallel shift without the change of the direction angle to follow the tree row. This not only makes it possible for the robot to travel accurately in the middle of the both sides tree row, but it also has the advantage of simplifying the calibration and path following algorithm of the sensor data.

제주 유기 감귤 과수원의 두과피복작물 재배에 따른 지렁이 분포

박종호,김유경,김용기,한은정,심창기,변영웅,김민정,김용욱 한국유기농업학회 2019 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.27 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of legume cover crop culture on earthworm fauna in organic farmland. We compared sod culture with two kinds of legume crops of hairy vetch and crimson clover on organic citrus orchard to natural sod culture and conventional orchards in Jeju Island. We analyzed the soil characteristics and investigated the density of earthworms from the orchards. Organic matter content did not show much difference in soil analysis between organic and conventional orchard. But the biomass of earthworms in organic orchards is 3.8 times to 7.0 times higher than that in conventional cultivated orchards, and individuals of earthworms on organic orchards were 2.3~18 times higher than conventional orchards. The biomass of earthworms on hairy vetch and crimson clover cultivation was 44.8 g, 47.2 g in 2016, and 78.7 g, 31.8 g in 2017, respectively, which were higher than 32.8 g and 9.5 g of those on natural sod cultivation. Through this study, we found that hairy vetch and crimson clover cultivation improve the earthworm occurrence density in the soil on organic citrus orchard.

Robot navigation in orchards with localization based on Particle filter and Kalman filter

Blok, Pieter M.,van Boheemen, Koen,van Evert, Frits K.,IJsselmuiden, Joris,Kim, Gook-Hwan Elsevier 2019 Computers and electronics in agriculture Vol.157 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Fruit production in orchards currently relies on high labor inputs. Concerns arising from the increasing labor cost and shortage of labor can be mitigated by the availability of an autonomous orchard robot. A core feature for every mobile orchard robot is autonomous navigation, which depends on sensor-based robot localization in the orchard environment. This research validated the applicability of two probabilistic localization algorithms that used a 2D LIDAR scanner for in-row robot navigation in orchards. The first localization algorithm was a Particle filter (PF) with a laser beam model, and the second was a Kalman filter (KF) with a line-detection algorithm. We evaluated the performance of the two algorithms when autonomously navigating a robot in a commercial Dutch apple orchard. Two experiments were executed to assess the navigation performance of the two algorithms under comparable conditions. The first experiment assessed the navigation accuracy, whereas the second experiment tested the algorithms’ robustness. In the first experiment, when the robot was driven with 0.25 m/s the root mean square error (RMSE) of the lateral deviation was 0.055 m with the PF algorithm and 0.087 m with the KF algorithm. At 0.50 m/s, the RMSE was 0.062 m with the PF algorithm and 0.091 m with the KF algorithm. In addition, with the PF the lateral deviations were equally distributed to both sides of the optimal navigation line, whereas with the KF the robot tended to navigate to the left of the optimal line. The second experiment tested the algorithms’ robustness to cope with missing trees in six different tree row patterns. The PF had a lower RMSE of the lateral deviation in five tree patterns. In three out of the six patterns, navigation with the KF led to lateral deviations that were biased to the left of the optimal line. The angular deviations of the PF and the KF were in the same range in both experiments. From the results, we conclude that a PF with laser beam model is to be preferred over a line-based KF for the in-row navigation of an autonomous orchard robot.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Two localization algorithms compared in a Dutch apple orchard using Husky robot. </LI> <LI> Two experiments assessed navigation accuracy and navigation robustness. </LI> <LI> Particle filter outperformed Kalman filter on navigation accuracy and robustness. </LI> <LI> Algorithms are applicable for autonomous robot navigation using a 2D LIDAR scanner. </LI> </UL> </P>

Comparison of functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods between conventional and organic apple orchards

Jae Seong Im,Seung Tae Kim,Sun Kyung Lee,Sue Yeon Lee,Jong-Kook Jung,Joon-Ho Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

This studies was conducted to compare functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods in commercial apple orchards under conventional and organic practices. We collected terrestiral arthropods using pitfall traps in four conventional and seven organic apple orchards from April to October, 2012-2014. Sampled arthropods were identified at the species level and then classified three functional groups (detritivores, herbivores and beneficial arthropods included pollinators, parasitoids and predators). Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and shannon index for each group and compared between conventional and organic orchards. In results, species richness of detritivores and benefical arthropods were higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards (detritivores: t=-2.68, df=9, P=0.03; beneficial arthropods: t=-3.98, df=9, P=0.003). Organic orchards showed significant difference at abundance of beneficial arthropods (t=-3.33, df=9, P=0.008) and higher shannon index at detritivores (t=-2.36, df=9, P=0.04) than conventional orchards. However, all biodiversity indices of herbivores were not significantly different between conventional and organic orchards at 95% confidence level.

Distribution of Water-Soluble Nutrients and Physico-Chemical Properties of Upland and Orchard Field Soils in Jeonbuk Province

Byung-Koo Ahn,Do-Young Ko,Hyo-Jung Choi,Hyong-Gwon Chon 한국토양비료학회 2020 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.53 No.3

This study was carried out to investigate the physico-chemical properties and water-soluble nutrients contentin 160 samples of upland and 120 samples of orchard in Jeonbuk province. The mean depths of horizon A ofthe upland and orchard soils were 24.2 ± 4.2 cm and 27.8 ± 5.9 cm, respectively. Soil pH, EC, and organicmatter contents were within the optimal range for upland and orchard soils, but available phosphate andexchangeable K, Ca, and Mg were higher than the optimal range; e.g., available phosphate concentrationswere higher than the optimal range by 52.8% for the upland and 61.7% for the orchard. Water-soluble Mg2+,Cl-, and SO42- were higher in upland than orchard soils, and K+, Ca2+, NO3-, and PO43- showed an oppositepattern. These results provide fundamental information of the properties of upland and orchard soils inJeonbuk province for better management of soil fertility

우리나라 과수원에 발생하는 잡초 현황과 군락 변화

이인용(In-Yong Lee),오영주(Young-Ju Oh),홍선희(Sun-Hee Hong),허수정(Su-Jeoung Heo),이채영(Chae-Young Lee),박기웅(Kee Woong Park),조승현(Seng-Hyun Cho),권오도(Oh-Do Kwon),임일빈(Il-Bin Im),김상국(Sang-Kuk Kim),성덕경(Deok-Gyeong Seong 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2017 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.6 No.1

사과, 배, 복숭아, 포도 등을 재배하는 과수원에 발생하는 잡초를 조사하여 과수원 문제잡초의 현황을 파악하고 잡초방제의 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 2015년에 전국을 11개 권역으로 나누어 실시하였다. 과수원에 발생하는 잡초는 63과 492종으로 국화과 86종, 화본과 63종, 두과 29종, 사초과 23종, 마디풀과 22종 등의 순이었다. 이들 잡초를 생활형으로 구분하면, 일년생 159종, 동계 일년생 97종, 다년생 236종이었다. 과수원별 발생잡초를 보면, 사과밭에는 50과 306종, 배밭에는 50과 304종, 포도밭에는 50과 286종, 복숭아밭에는 48과 288종이 발생되었다. 우점잡초로는 바랭이, 쑥, 쇠별꽃, 닭의장풀, 깨풀 등이었다. 외래잡초는 127종으로 전체의 25.8%이었고, 토끼풀, 망초, 흰명아주, 서양민들레, 소리쟁이 순으로 발생이 많았다. 30년간의 잡초군락 변화를 보면, 1990년에는 바랭이, 여뀌, 쇠비름 등이 우점하였으나, 2003년에는 바랭이, 깨풀, 쑥 등으로 변하였다. 2015년에는 바랭이, 쑥, 쇠별꽃 등으로 크게 변하지는 않았다. This study was investigated in order to occurrence of weed flora in orchard (apple, grape, peach, pear etc.) fields and to the establishment of weed control basic data in these weeds. And this study was survey on 2015. As a result of the study on orchard weeds, there were total of 492 weeds including 63 families. Among all the weeds, 159 species were annual, 97 species were winter annual and 236 were perennial. Each fruit tree patterns of occurrence weeds, 306 species 50 families in apple orchard, 304 species 50 families in pear orchard, 286 species 50 families in grape orchard, and 288 species 48 families in peach orchard. Dominance was the highest with Digitaria ciliaris followed by Artemisia princeps, Stellaria aquatica, Commelina communis, Acalypha australis etc. in order. And exotics weeds occurred 127 species. Trifolium repens was the highest in importance analysis and the followings were in order of Conyza canadensis, Chenopodium album, Taraxacum offcinale, Rumex crispus etc. Changes in weed vegetation in orchard during 30 years, did not very many changed. In 1990, D. ciliaris, Persicaria hydropiper, Portulaca loeracea were dominant. In 2003, D. ciliaris was the most abundant species, followed by A. australis, A. princeps species. And in 2015, also D. ciliaris was the most dominant, followed by A. princeps, S. aquatica.