基于可持续生计的非遗旅游发展研究——以杨家埠民间艺术大观园和红高粱影视城为例

詹雪芳,石美玉,이명애 대한중국학회 2024 중국학 Vol.86 No.-

生计的可持续发展对于改善农民生活质量、保障粮食安全、促进农村经济发展和社会稳定等方面都具有重要意义,因此拓宽农民的生计策略选择范围是必要的。非遗旅游作为乡村振兴的重要途经之一,可以使生计多元化,提高农民生活的稳定性。本研究选取了杨家埠民间艺术大观园和红高粱影视城作为研究对象,运用可持续生计分析框架,通过深度访谈和参与式观察法,探究非遗旅游发展对可持续生计的影响,以期能够为其他需要丰富生计策略的乡村发展提供实践参考。研究结果表明,不同的非遗旅游发展路径带来不同的生计资本积累,因此乡村在规划发展非遗旅游时,应关注并解决不同类型的发展路径带来的生计资本短板,以促进非遗旅游和农户生计的持续发展。其次,乡村发展非遗旅游的过程中,不同生计资本之间存在相互转化和替代、相互影响和制约的关系,这意味着乡村在发展非遗旅游时,需要综合考虑各生计资本之间的关系,确保它们能够相互促进和协调发展。 The sustainable development of livelihood is of great significance to improve the livelihood of farmers. It‘s necessary to broaden farmers’ livelihood strategy choices. Intangible cultural heritage tourism diversifies livelihoods and improves stability of farmers‘ lives. Taking Yangjiabu Folk Art Park and Red Sorghum Movie City as research objects, this study uses sustainable livelihood analysis framework, in-depth interviews, and participatory observation methods to explore the impact of intangible cultural heritage tourism on sustainable livelihoods, providing reference for rural development in need of enriching livelihood strategies. The research finds that different paths of intangible cultural heritage tourism lead to different accumulation of livelihood capital. Therefore, when planning and developing intangible cultural heritage tourism, rural areas should solve the shortage of livelihood capital brought by different types of development paths, promoting sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage tourism and farmers’ livelihoods. Secondly, in the process of rural development of intangible cultural heritage tourism, there is a mutual transformation and substitution, mutual influence and restriction relationship between different livelihood capital. Rural development of intangible cultural heritage tourism needs to consider the relationship between various livelihood capital, ensuring they can promote each other and coordinate development.

김수영 시에 내포된 자발적 소외와 ‘설움’의 정념

엄경희 한민족문화학회 2016 한민족문화연구 Vol.53 No.-

In order to clear of the conscious-oriented clue leading Kim Su-Young's poetry, this discussion tries to illuminate the fact that the pathos penetrating his early poems was the distress gearing deeply into the isolation as spontaneous alienation differing from the general adaptive mode of the alienated. Focusing on his very modest personal aspect by withdrawing from his aspect of worrying over history and times, this discussion also tries to take notice of the phase of 'livelihood' that he recognised through his concrete experiences and senses, and of the spontaneous alienation and the pathos of distress which were derived from that phase. Of his some biographical facts in very close connection with his poems of livlihood, his experiences in the Geoje-do POW camp and his wife Kim Hyun-Gyung's deviation especially are to be seen as the major factors strengthening the 'becoming-hetero- geneous of consciousness' in his poems of livelihood. When a situation as his wife's deviation happened to him to crush his pride fatally, his response to it was not to absorb himself in the activity(labor) making his livelihood prosperous but more enhanced to secure a position to distinguish him form livelihood in the distance. This enhancement often appeared repeatedly by the becoming-heterogeneous of consciousness in his livelihood. The pathos appearing in close adhesion to this attitude of livelihood is to be the 'distress.' His pathos of distress was generated in his do-nothing among the laboring people. In relation to the attitude of life intending not to deceive both other and 'me,' that pathos was generated in his wishing for things of other dimension within livelihood, and in his aspiring to prove his greatness. His intending toward do-nothing and distress was to be spontaneous rather than passive even if it took a reactive form against the repression of livelihood, since it was both his spiritual activity and pathos being practiced “because there is what I wish.” The distress as pathos being practiced “because there is what I wish” is to be seen as what contained already its dignity in itself. In this time, the alienation as isolation was generated between do-nothing and livelihood, solitude and livelihood, distress and livelihood. The position of this alienation is to be a painful position to attain its spiritually compensatory values. 본 논의의 목적은 김수영의 초기 시를 관통한 정념이 설움이라는 사실과 그 설움이 소외된 자의 일반적 적응양태와는 다른 자발적 소외로서의 고립((isolation)과 깊이 연동되어 있다는 점을 밝힘으로써 그의 시세계를 이끌었던 의식지향의 단초를 명확하게 하기 위함이다. 이때 역사와 시대를 고민했던 김수영의 면모로부터 물러나 그의 지극히 사소한 인간적 면모에 초점을 맞추고 구체적 경험과 감각을 통해 인식한 ‘생활’의 국면과 그로부터 파생한 자발적 소외와 설움의 정념에 주목하고자 하였다. 김수영의 생활시편과 몇몇 전기적 사실은 매우 긴밀한 관련을 갖는데, 그 가운데 특히 거제포로수용소 체험과 부인 김현경의 일탈은 그의 생활시편에 담긴 ‘의식의 異質化’를 강화시킨 주요 요인으로 볼 수 있다. 아내의 일탈과 같이 치명적으로 자신의 자존심을 실추시키는 사건이 일어났을 때 김수영의 대응방식은 생활을 윤택하게 만드는 활동(노동) 쪽으로 나아가는 것이 아니라 오히려 생활과 거리를 두고 생활과 자신을 구별해줄 수 있는 위치를 확보하는 쪽으로 더욱 강화된다. 그것은 생활 속에서 겪는 의식의 이질화를 통해 반복적으로 드러나곤 한다. 이와 같은 생활 태도와 밀착되어 나타나는 정념이 ‘설움’이라 할 수 있다. 김수영의 설움의 정념은 노동하는 사람들 사이에서 無爲의 상태로 있을 때 생성된다. 그것은 남과 ‘나’를 속이지 않으려는 삶의 태도와 관련하며 생활 속에서 생활과는 다른 차원의 것을 소망하는 데서, 자신의 위대함을 입증하려는 열망에서 비롯된다. 그의 무위와 설움은 “내가 바라는 것이 있기 때문”에 실행되는 정신의 활동이며 정념이라는 점에서, 생활의 억압에 대한 반동형식을 취할지라도 수동적이라기보다 자발적이라 할 수 있다. “내가 바라는 것이 있기 때문”에 실행되는 정념인 설움은 그 안에 이미 긍지를 내포한다고 볼 수 있다. 이때 무위와 생활 사이, 孤絶과 생활 사이, 설움과 생활 사이에서 고립(으로서 소외가 발생한다. 이 소외의 위치는 정신적 보상가치를 얻기 위한 고통의 지점이라 할 수 있다. 김수영은 생활에 좌우되지 않는 소외의 위치를 만듦으로써 ‘서러운 긍지’를 내면화하고 생활에 흡수되지 않는 자의 정신세계를 보존하고자 했던 것이다.

일반논문 : 김수영 시에 내포된 자발적 소외와 “설움”의 정념

엄경희 ( Kyoung Hee Eum ) 한민족문화학회 2016 한민족문화연구 Vol.53 No.-

본 논의의 목적은 김수영의 초기 시를 관통한 정념이 설움이라는 사실과 그 설움이 소외된 자의 일반적 적응양태와는 다른 자발적 소외로서의 고립((isolation)과 깊이 연동되어 있다는 점을 밝힘으로써 그의 시세계를 이끌었던 의식지향의 단초를 명확하게 하기 위함이다. 이때 역사와 시대를 고민했던 김수영의 면모로부터 물러나 그의 지극히 사소한 인간적 면모에 초점을 맞추고 구체적 경험과 감각을 통해 인식한 ‘생활’의 국면과 그로부터 파생한 자발적 소외와 설움의 정념에 주목하고자 하였다. 김수영의 생활시편과 몇몇 전기적 사실은 매우 긴밀한 관련을 갖는데, 그 가운데 특히 거제포로수용소 체험과 부인 김현경의 일탈은 그의 생활시편에 담긴 ‘의식의 異質化’를 강화시킨 주요 요인으로 볼 수 있다. 아내의 일탈과 같이 치명적으로 자신의 자존심을 실추시키는 사건이 일어났을 때 김수영의 대응방식은 생활을 윤택하게 만드는 활동(노동) 쪽으로 나아가는 것이 아니라 오히려 생활과 거리를 두고 생활과 자신을 구별해줄 수 있는 위치를 확보하는 쪽으로 더욱 강화된다. 그것은 생활 속에서 겪는 의식의 이질화를 통해 반복적으로 드러나곤 한다. 이와 같은 생활 태도와 밀착되어 나타나는 정념이 ‘설움’이라 할 수 있다. 김수영의 설움의 정념은 노동하는 사람들 사이에서 無爲의 상태로 있을 때 생성된다. 그것은 남과 ‘나’를 속이지 않으려는 삶의 태도와 관련하며 생활 속에서 생활과는 다른 차원의 것을 소망하는 데서, 자신의 위대함을 입증하려는 열망에서 비롯된다. 그의 무위와 설움은 “내가 바라는 것이 있기 때문”에 실행되는 정신의 활동이며 정념이라는 점에서, 생활의 억압에 대한 반동형식을 취할지라도 수동적이라기보다 자발적이라 할 수 있다. “내가 바라는 것이 있기 때문”에 실행되는 정념인 설움은 그 안에 이미 긍지를 내포한다고 볼 수 있다. 이때 무위와 생활 사이, 孤絶과 생활 사이, 설움과 생활 사이에서 고립(으로서 소외가 발생한다. 이 소외의 위치는 정신적 보상가치를 얻기 위한 고통의 지점이라 할 수 있다. 김수영은 생활에 좌우되지 않는 소외의 위치를 만듦으로써 ‘서러운 긍지’를 내면화하고 생활에 흡수되지 않는 자의 정신세계를 보존하고자 했던 것이다. In order to clear of the conscious-oriented clue leading Kim Su-Young``s poetry, this discussion tries to illuminate the fact that the pathos penetrating his early poems was the distress gearing deeply into the isolation as spontaneous alienation differing from the general adaptive mode of the alienated. Focusing on his very modest personal aspect by withdrawing from his aspect of worrying over history and times, this discussion also tries to take notice of the phase of ``livelihood`` that he recognised through his concrete experiences and senses, and of the spontaneous alienation and the pathos of distress which were derived from that phase. Of his some biographical facts in very close connection with his poems of livlihood, his experiences in the Geoje-do POW camp and his wife Kim Hyun-Gyung``s deviation especially are to be seen as the major factors strengthening the ``becoming-heterogeneous of consciousness`` in his poems of livelihood. When a situation as his wife``s deviation happened to him to crush his pride fatally, his response to it was not to absorb himself in the activity(labor) making his livelihood prosperous but more enhanced to secure a position to distinguish him form livelihood in the distance. This enhancement often appeared repeatedly by the becoming-heterogeneous of consciousness in his livelihood. The pathos appearing in close adhesion to this attitude of livelihood is to be the ``distress.`` His pathos of distress was generated in his do-nothing among the laboring people. In relation to the attitude of life intending not to deceive both other and ``me,`` that pathos was generated in his wishing for things of other dimension within livelihood, and in his aspiring to prove his greatness. His intending toward do-nothing and distress was to be spontaneous rather than passive even if it took a reactive form against the repression of livelihood, since it was both his spiritual activity and pathos being practiced “because there is what I wish.” The distress as pathos being practiced “because there is what I wish” is to be seen as what contained already its dignity in itself. In this time, the alienation as isolation was generated between do-nothing and livelihood, solitude and livelihood, distress and livelihood. The position of this alienation is to be a painful position to attain its spiritually compensatory values.

Rural Development and Strategies for Sustainable Agrarian Livelihood

DEXANOURATH SENEDUANGDETH 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2009 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.38 No.1

This research aims to explore how rural development under the policy of market-oriented economy effects local people in terms of economic, social and cultural practices, and how they adapt themselves to those changes to sustain their livelihood strategies through focusing on Ban Huaxieng of Xaithany district as a case study. This study analyzes both primary data and secondary data and applies both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. Four methods are applied for primary data: household survey, participant observation, life history and indepth interview. This research focuses on three main parts: first, Ban Huaxieng and policy implementation of rural development; second, livelihood diversification as new livelihood strategies; and third, changing social and cultural practices under development. As a result of analyzing this case study, two main findings are discovered. Firstly, diversification of livelihood is considered as new livelihood strategies under rural development along with the mechanism of market economy. Secondly, rural development can improve living condition but creates contradictions; particularly, development under the market mechanism has created unintended consequences, which can endanger some agrarian households’ sustainable livelihood.

생계형 적합업종제도의 지정절차에 관한 논의

이제희(Lee, Je-Hee) 성균관대학교 법학연구원 2021 성균관법학 Vol.33 No.4

생계형 적합업종제도는 소상공인의 생계와 밀접한 업종을 지정해 대기업의 참여를 제한함으로써 소상공인의 사업영역을 보호한다. 생계형 적합업종제도는 중소기업 적합업종제도와 명칭이 유사하고, 대기업의 시장진입을 제한한다는 공통점으로 인해 유사한 제도로 인식된다. 그러나 생계형 적합업종제도에 따라 정부는 생계형 적합업종을 직접 지정하고, 법률로 대기업의 참여는 금지된다. 반면 중소기업 적합업종제도에서 대․중소기업간 합의로 대기업의 참여가 제한된다는 점이 근본적으로 다르다. 생계형 적합업종제도의 지정은 소상공인단체의 동반성장위원회에 대한 추천 신청, 동반성장위원회의 추천, 생계형 적합업종 심의위원회의 심의․의결, 중소벤처기업부장관의 지정․고시 순으로 이루어진다. 법령의 문리해석상 동반성장위원회의 추천은 임의적 요건에 해당한다. 만일 동반성장위원회의 추천을 필수 요건으로 이해한다면 동반성장위원회가 생계형 적합업종 지정에 있어 사전 심의기구로 역할하게 된다. 생계형 적합업종 심의위원회가 동반성장위원회의 의견에 구속되지 않는 점도 동반성장위원회의 추천 성격을 분명히 보여준다. 중소벤처기업부장관은 동반성장위원회의 추천 여부와 관계없이 행정청의 응답의무에 따라 소상공인단체의 생계형 적합업종신청에 대해 판단해야 한다. 「생계형 적합업종법」에서 동반성장위원회의 추천이 있는 경우에 대해서만 처리기간을 규정하고 있지만 동반성장위원회의 추천이 없는 경우에도 「행정절차법」 등의 취지를 고려해 정당한 기간 내에 검토되어야 한다. 소상공인단체는 중고차 판매업을 생계형 적합업종으로 지정할 것을 2019년 신청하였지만 정부는 이에 대한 판단을 미루고, 상생협약 논의를 추진하였다. 대․중소기업간 합의에 의해 중소기업 적합업종으로 보호된 중고차 판매업을 다시 상생협약으로 추진하는 것은 중소기업 적합업종의 보호기간을 제한한 취지를 훼손하는 것이다. 법률에서 정부가 직접 생계형 적합업종을 지정하도록 한 규정한 것은 대기업, 소상공인은 물론 소비자의 이익도 고려하도록 한 목적인 만큼 소비자가 참여하지 못한 상생협력 논의는 한계를 갖는다. 생계형 적합업종 지정 논의가 절차적 정당성을 갖추지 못한다면 결과의 정당성도 담보할 수 없다는 점에서 정부는 생계형 적합업종 지정 여부를 법령에 따라 판단해야 한다. A type of business suitable for livelihood protects micro enterprises by restricting the participation of large companies by designating industries closely related to the livelihood of micro enterprises. A type of business suitable for livelihood is recognized as a similar system due to the similarity of the name to the suitable industries of SMEs and the commonality of restricting large companies from entering the market. However, the government directly designates suitable industries for livelihood and prohibits large companies from participating by law, but the suitable industries of SMEs is fundamentally different in that large companies are restricted The recommendation of the National commission on Corporate Partnership (NCCP), which is required prior to the designation of a type of business suitable is not mandatory requirements. If the recommendation of the NCCP is understood as mandatory requirements, the NCCP will serve as a preliminary review board. The Minister of SMEs and Startups is obligated to review applications for designating a type of business suitable for livelihood from micro enterprises regardless of whether they are recommended by the NCCP. Special act on the designation of types of business suitable for livelihood of micro enterprises stipulates the processing period of the Minister of SMEs and Startups only when recommended by the NCCP, but even if there is no recommendation, it should be reviewed according to the above period. Micro enterprises applied in 2019 to designate used car sales business as a type of business suitable for livelihood. The government has delayed its judgment on the application and induces win-win agreements between large companies and SMEs. If the discussion on the designation of a type of business suitable for livelihood does not have procedural justification, the justification of the result cannot be guaranteed. The used car sales business was protected as a suitable industry of SMEs in accordance with a win-win agreement between large companies and SMEs. Promoting this as a win-win agreement again undermines the purpose of limiting the protection period according to industries suitable of SMEs.

The resilience of farmer’s livelihood to climate change and influencing factors: a case in China

Han Zhi-Ying(한지영),Youn Yeochang(윤여창),Hyeyeong Choe(최혜영) 한국환경정책학회 2022 한국환경정책학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.2

The socio-economic development and livelihoods in most developing countries are severely affected by climate change, especially, agricultural systems, which are the main source of livelihood for rural households in developing countries. Resilience theory provides a new tool for the study of ecological environment, natural resource management, and socio-economic sustainable development by analyzing the ability of systems to adapt to climate change. Based on the theory of resilience, an index system for measuring farmer’s livelihood resilience under the impact of climate change was constructed. Based on a survey of 596 farmer households in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, China, a comprehensive index method was used to evaluate the resilience of farmer’s livelihoods after climate change disturbance. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the key factors that affect farmer’s livelihood resilience. This paper contributes to providing a reference basis for government decision-makers to formulate scientific and effective climate change adaptation strategies and guide farmers to adopt effective livelihood strategies to cope with climate change, thus providing a theoretical basis for improving farmer’s resilience to climate change and promoting sustainable development of farmer’s livelihoods.

한반도 중동부지역 신석기시대 생계유형의 검토 - 석기 분석을 중심으로 -

윤정국 한국신석기학회 2016 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.31

The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of livelihood in the middle eastern region and changes to them by reviewing stoneware excavated in the region. For that purpose, the investigator first categorized the relics by time and space and examined the amounts of stoneware. After categorizing the stoneware by type, it was analyzed by use to figure out its changes. The results indicate that the types of livelihood underwent three stages of patterns and changes in the middle eastern region. Stage 1 (the early and former period) had hunting and fishing at the center. The early relics were confirmed in the East Coastal areas, but there were changes to the geography and environment with the rising sea level. The relics were dominated by fishing tools including fishing gear. Relics scattered around the caves in the central inland areas during the former period. The stoneware composition was characterized by a high percentage of hunting tools. There were combination-type fishing hooks and shells excavated in the cave relics, which leads to an estimation that the central inland areas formed a network with the East Coastal areas. Stage 2 (the middle period) witnessed the introduction of mixed grain farming. In the central inland areas, the relics were scattered around the riverside alluvial sites with the increase of gathering and farming tools and food processing tools. There was an inflow of Chimseonmungye pottery and new stoneware into the East Coastal areas, but the rising number of fishing net weights was clearer than that of gathering and farming tools. It is, of course, evident that they started to grow mixed grains according to their short-term adjustment strategy since there were farming artifacts excavated in the Munam-ri relic with increasing plant remains including millet and panicum in the pottery impressions. The changes to the stoneware composition including a rising percentage of fishing net weights, however, indicates that mixed grain farming did not hold a large portion in their livelihood. That is, they made an attempt at diversifying their modes of livelihood including mixed grain farming in addition to fishing and hunting at the stage. Stage 3 (the latter period) saw different changes to the types of livelihood according to the areas. The distribution of relics broadened in the central inland areas. The gathering and farming tools increased in frequency even though the stoneware composition went through no changes from the previous stage, which suggests that the percentage of mixed grain farming was kept at a certain level. In the East Coastal areas, the distribution and number of relics made a dramatic decrease with fishing net weights and processing tools taking the central position in stoneware composition. It is estimated that they must have taken a wrong adjustment strategy to mixed grain farming due to certain reasons (colder climate) and thus maintained their hunting and gathering economy based on fishing. In short, the types of livelihood changed in three chronological stages in the middle eastern region during the Neolithic Age, and they were the product of Neolithic people selectively accepting and adjusting themselves to the types of livelihood according to the regional environments.

지속가능한 생계 연구 동향: 관광학 분야 연계 및 연구 방향

왕학,이상훈 사단법인 한국비즈니스이벤트컨벤션학회 2023 이벤트 컨벤션 연구 Vol.19 No.2

Purpose – The purpose of this study is from a social science perspective, livelihoods help achieve sustainable environmental, economic, social, and cultural development. Design, data, and methodology – In this study, papers were searched for with the keyword ‘sustainable livelihood‘ in English journals from 2000 to 2021 in the SCI (Science Citation Index), and language network analysis and visualization were conducted based on this. Key words were derived from 865 research papers. Result – As a result of the language network analysis, the main keywords are ‘livelihood’, ‘sustainable’, ‘climate change’, ‘sustainable development’, ‘sustainable livelihood’, ‘development’, ‘agriculture’, ‘protection’, ‘poverty’, As a result of the language network visualization analysis, ‘livelihood’, ‘poverty’, ‘sustainable’, ‘biodiversity’, and ‘sustainable development’ appeared from 2000 to 2010. On the other hand, from 2011 to 2021, the key words ‘livelihood’, ‘sustainable’, ‘climate change’, ‘development’, and ‘agriculture’ appeared. Conclusions – Research in this part focuses on examining the externalities of rural tourism and livelihood research, and the number of research issues is relatively large. In addition, the rural poverty problem is more prominent, suggesting that tourism is an important industrial route to accelerate the development of rural modernization and solve the poverty problem.

從孫中山 “民生主義”的角度看韓國社會福利的諸問題

이재광 한중사회과학학회 2012 한중사회과학연구 Vol.10 No.3

The contents about social welfare are considered in Sun Yet-sen’s “Principles of People’s Livelihood” through reviewing the definition, source, and the practice methods, etc. of “Principles of People’s Livelihood” deeply in this paper. “Principles of People’s Livelihood” shows out a lot of suggestions and practical methods, which are similar as the modern welfare thought and would be the guideline to the modern welfare system reform, on social public assistance, social relief, old-aged pension, and education. Therefore, “basic living subsidy system” and “public pension system”, as the representative parts of social welfare system, are chosen to do the research about the “methods choose” of Korea’s social welfare reform. And the problems in these tow systems are analyzed in this part, too. On the term of “basic living subsidy system”, it includes two problems, which are the low subsidy level and the too strict select standard of the candidate of the recipient. In the terms of public pension system, it also contains a lot of problems, such as the problem of uncertain financial safe, severe imbalance among the different policyholders, and the dead zone problem,etc., which caused higher and higher disbelieve to public pension system. To solve these problems, a new analysis is made from the aspect of social welfare thought mentioned in Sun Yet-sen’s “principles of people’s livelihood” to find a new path direction in the following pension system reform. The “Principles of People’s Livelihood” of Sun Yet-sen was suggested according to the situation of that time, furthermore, because it was not suggested by systematic social welfare thought, it is not perfect,especially in the point of practical methods. There also exists some limitation as a guideline.

사회인구학적 특성에 따른 민생경제침해범죄의 피해유형에 관한 연구

김지영(Kim, Ji-young) 한국피해자학회 2009 被害者學硏究 Vol.17 No.2

Recently, the economic crimes threatened people's livelihood have been increasing and this tendency has made the working and middle classes collapsed. The goal of research included figuring out the actual conditions of economic crimes affecting people's livelihood. The survey was conducted by questionnaire, and the subjects for questionnaire were people in the age from 19 to 80, living in major cities. The economic crimes threatened public's livelihood are classified as follows: the crimes against the financial system, the employment fraud, the crimes against the circulation system, the crimes against the trade system in real estate, the organized violence by extortion, the illegal gambling, the crimes related to education, and the crimes threatened public health. According to the results of researching questionnaire, 20% of the respondents among the total respondents were victim of the economic crimes threatened people's livelihood. The victims from the crimes against the financial system were the most (32.3%) and the victims from the crimes threatening public health followed (27.1%). The victims from the illegal gambling and organized violence were few, but the amount and extent of damage from the crimes were serious among all sorts of crimes.