비모수 프런티어 접근을 통한 ICT 효율성 분석 연구

김창희,양홍석,김수욱 한국IT서비스학회 2017 한국IT서비스학회지 Vol.16 No.4

This study examines how specific technology from Information and Communications Technology (ICT)-which plays a critical role in increasing productivity by promoting a spread of technology across the society though the use of big data, mobile or wearable devices-impacts of the productivity of society and productivity of added values, respectively. The impact of technology was studied from the perspective of efficiency levels of input. In order to provide an analysis, we have categorized ICT into 16 specific technologies and have set the number of companies and number of employees each as an input factor while setting the respective output and the output of added values as an output factor. Afterwards, we have applied data envelopment analysis (DEA) which is a form of nonparametric frontier analysis and measured the productivity and efficiency of added values for each technology. According to the analysis results, there were 2 technologies by the CRS standards, and 3 technologies by the VRS standards that showed relative efficiency levels. We have also presented some efficiency improvement strategies for specific technologies that revealed relative inefficiency and offered a reference set and projection point. In addition, we provide an analysis on scale efficiencies (SE), diminishing returns to scale (DRS), and increasing returns to scale (IRS) of each ICT.

한⋅일 은행산업의 메타효율성 비교: 이윤을 바탕으로

김형태(Hyoung-Tae Kim),조일금(Il-Gum Cho),강상목(Sang-Mok Kang) 한일경상학회 2023 韓日經商論集 Vol.98 No.-

Purpose: This study aims to improve the competitiveness of the domestic banking industry by diagnosing the efficiency of the Japanese and Korean banking industries, which have similar financial environments such as long-term low growth and low interest rates. Research design, data, and methodology: The research method uses probabilistic frontier analysis (SFA) and the form of a profit function based on five years (2015- 2019) data for 35 banks in Korea and Japan. This study estimates the individual frontiers of Korean and Japanese banking groups, and estimates the meta-frontiers that encompass the individual frontiers of Korean and Japanese banks operating with different technologies. In addition, the international technology gap between two countries is measured and meta-profit efficiency is calculated using the profit efficiency of each country and the international technology gap. Through this verification process, the management characteristics of countries leading the meta-frontier and the banking industry in that country are confirmed. Furthermore, we regressively analyze the determinants of inefficiency for the profit and technology gap of the two national banking groups and draw implications. This study differs from previous studies in that it uses a probabilistic frontier analysis and a profit function for the international banking industry from a profit perspective. Results: As a result of empirical analysis, first, in terms of profit efficiency by country, the Bank of Korea group is more efficient. However, in the international technology gap, the Japanese banking group is considerably ahead of Korea. Accordingly, in terms of meta profit efficiency, the Japanese banking group is ahead of Korea, which is due to the international technology gap. Second, the meta profit efficiency of Japan’s three major urban banks is the highest with an average of 0.91 for five years, and among them, Mitsubishi UFJ Bank was found to be the leading bank among all the research target banks. Third, it was analyzed that the profit efficiency improvement effect occurs only when the market concentration (HHI index) of both countries’ banking groups is increased and the net loan ratio is lowered. Implications: Therefore, it was suggested that the banking industry of the two countries should increase their market dominance by increasing the beneficiary assets other than loans, because the increase in bad debts due to credit risk increases as the amount of loans increases and negatively affects the efficiency of banks.

Technical Efficiency of Maize Production in the North West Region of Cameroon: A Stochastic Frontier Application on Small-Scale Farmers in Balikumbat Sub-Division

Bobah Brillant Sisang(보바 브릴런트 시상),Jong-In Lee(이종인) 한국산학기술학회 2022 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.23 No.11

옥수수 생산은 카메룬 농촌 지역의 주요 농업 활동이다. 다양한 형태의 주식인 옥수수에 대한 강력한 문화적, 역사적 소비 습관에 힘입어 카메룬 북서부 지역의 소규모 옥수수 생산은 이 지역의 식량 안보에 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 이 연구는 Balikumbat Sub-Division의 소규모 옥수수 농부 110명을 표본으로 했다. 연구 지역에서 소규모 옥수수 생산의 기술적 효율성 수준을 조사하기 위해 Cobb-Douglas Production 함수를 적용한 Output-Oriented 접근방식을 통한 확률적 프론티어 분석을 사용했다. 비효율 모델은 표본 농부들 사이의 기술적 비효율의 원인을 식별하는데 사용되었다. 연구 결과에 따르면 연구 지역의 옥수수 농부는 기술적으로 52% 효율적이었고 기존 생산 기술로 생산량을 48%까지 향상시킬 수 있는 넓은 가능성이 있었다. 연구 결과는 또한 옥수수 생산량의 총 변동의 96%가 기술적 비효율의 원인으로 추적할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 사용된 종자의 양, 비료의 양, 농장 노동력의 가용성은 모두 활동의 기술적 효율성에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 기술 비효율은 가구 규모, 농장 규모, 훈련 및 확장 지도에 의해 부정적인 영향을 받았고 따라서 농민의 기술 효율성에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 현재 생산 기술로 연구 지역의 옥수수 생산량을 개선할 여지가 있으며 필요하다. Maize production is a major agricultural activity in the rural areas of Cameroon. Encouraged by a strong cultural and historic consumption habit for corn as a staple food in different forms, small-scale maize production in the North West Region of Cameroon plays a key role in food security. This study sampled 110 small-scale maize farmers in the Balikumbat Sub-Division. To examine the level of technical efficiency of small-scale maize production in the study area, we applied the Stochastic Frontier analysis through an Output-Oriented approach with the Cobb-Douglas Production function. An inefficiency model was used to identify the sources of technical inefficiency among the sampled farmers. The findings revealed that maize farmers in the study area were 52% technically efficient, with an abundant possibility of improving their output by 48% with the existing production technology. The findings also showed that 96% of the total variation in maize output was traceable to sources of technical inefficiency. The amount of seed used, the quantity of fertilizer, and the availability of farm labor all had a statistically significant effect on the technical efficiency of the activity. Moreover, technical inefficiency was negatively impacted by household size, farm size, training, and extension guidance; hence, these factors positively influenced the technical efficiency of farmers. Our results indicate there is room and a need to improve maize output in the study area using the current production technology.

DEA, SFA 모형으로 측정한 기술산업군별 메타프론티어 효율성 비교: ISTANS 국내 40대 제조업을 중심으로

신연경,강상목 한국생산성학회 2023 生産性論集 Vol.37 No.4

As the industrial structure is advanced and developed, Korea's economy, which has been mainly focused on primary industries, has led the economy to a manufacturing-oriented industrial structure since the 1960s, and manufacturing is an industry that contributes greatly to job creation and the national economy. Therefore, this study analyzed the group technology efficiency, meta technology efficiency, and technology gap of the top 40 manufacturing industries, which are national key industries, using data by technology level provided by the Industrial Statistics System (ISTANS). The method used in the study is a meta-frontier efficiency measurement model of the DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) and SFA(Stochastic Frontier Analysis) methods. As a result of this study, in the DEA measurement, the average of the technology efficiency of the entire manufacturing group was 0.684, the technology gap was 0.670, and the meta technology efficiency was 0.420. When using the SFA method excluding the probability error, the average of the total group technology efficiency was 0.688, the technology gap was 0.643, and the meta technology efficiency was 0.428. The group that led the meta technology efficiency in the DEA method was the low-tech industry group. On the other hand, in the SFA method, the group that leads the meta technology efficiency was found to be a high- and medium-high-tech industry group. The group technology efficiency and technology gap by technology industry group also showed different results of DEA measurement and SFA measurement. In this study, the result of comparing the DEA method of efficiency measurement and the SFA method excluding probability error confirmed that the manufacturing industries in their 40s are affected by probability error. The SFA approach can compensate for the shortcomings of the DEA method, which considers the probability error to be an inefficient error. Furthermore, as a result of measuring the values of the group technology efficiency and meta technology efficiency of these two measurement methods as correlation coefficients, there is a high correlation between the meta technology efficiency of the two measurement methods. However, since this differs by individual industry, it was found that 40 manufacturing industries were affected by the probability error of external factors by industry. For industries sensitive to external shocks, it is necessary to alleviate the great impact on technology efficiency by preemptively preparing safety devices to alleviate or defend external shocks.

확률변경함수를 이용한 메타기술 계측 -한국 동남권과 일본 큐슈권의 제조업을 중심으로-

강상목 ( Sang Mok Kang ) 한국생산성학회 2011 生産性論集 Vol.25 No.4

The purpose of the study is to measure efficiency and meta-technology ratio for the manufacturing industries of Korean South-Eastern area and Japanese Kyushu area under regional technology, pooling technology, and meta-technology based on stochastic frontier function. The study mainly focused on the main growth factors of two areas, the leading area of meta-frontier, and the distributions of two area`s meta-technology ratios. The production of Korean South-Eastern area mostly depended on the physical inputs, whereas that of Japanese Kyushu area relied on technology progress. Two areas reported the similar levels of regional technical efficiency but, Korean South-Eastern area leaded meta-frontier with relatively high meta technical efficiency. The meta-technology ratios in South-Eastern area are close to 1 with small standard deviation, while those in Kyushu area are far away from 1 with large standard deviation.

국제경제 : 기술선도국과의 상대적 생산성 수준과 한국 제조업 생산성간의 관계

최용석 ( Yong Seok Choi ) 국제지역학회 2008 국제지역연구 Vol.12 No.2

본 논문은 기술추종국(technology follower)으로서의 한국 제조업의 상황을 명시적으로 감안하기 위하여 기술선도국(technology frontier)과의 상대적 생산성 수준을 국제적으로 비교 가능한 방식으로 추정하고, 이러한 상대적 기술격차가 한국 제조업의 산업별 총요소생산성 증가율을 설명함에 있어 어떠한 역할을 하였는가를 분석한다. 1988~2003년 기간 중 한국의 10개 제조업을 대상으로 수행된 실증분석의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째 기존의 연구들에서 발견되는 바와 같이 연구개발 집약도, 무역지수, 인적자본지수 등은 총요소생산성 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째 기술선도국과의 기술격차가 클수록 그리고 기술선도국의 총요소생산성 증가율이 빠를수록 한국의 해당산업 총요소생산성 증가율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째 기술선도국과의 기술격차가 클 경우에는 기술선진국들과의 무역을 통한 기술이전이 연구개발 활동이나 인적자본의 축적 등의 경로보다 해당산업의 총요소생산성을 증가시키는 데 보다 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. In this paper, technology gap between Korea`s manufacturing industries compared to technology frontier countries was estimated in order to take into account Korea`s status as a technology follower country. Then by using this measure the role of technology gap was investigated in explaining total factor productivity growth of the Korean manufacturing at industry level. The main empirical findings are as follows: First, the conventional factors that were emphasized in the previous literature such as R&D intensity, trade openness and human capital play important role in explaining the growth rate of Korea`s total factor productivity. Second, the larger the technology gap between Korea and technology leader country (and the faster the technology growth rate in the leader country), the higher the growth rate of total factor productivity in Korea as well. Third when the technology gap is large, the most efficient way of absorbing higher technology from frontier country seems to be the international trade channel rather than R&D or human capital accumulation.

국내 공공 연구기관들의 기술이전 효율성 분석

옥주영 ( Joo Young Ok ),김병근 ( Byung Keun Kim ) 기술경영경제학회 2009 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.17 No.2

각 의사결정단위(decision making unit: DMU)의 효율성을 추정하는 기법의 하나인 ‘확률적 프론티어 분석’(Stochastic Frontier Analysis)을 사용하여 국내 공공 연구기관에 소속된 기술이전조직의 기술이전 관련 활동들의 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 효과를 분석하였다. 확률 프론티어 분석에서 독립변수들은 효율적 생산기술(‘생산 프론티어’)에 직접 영향을 미치거나 생산 프론티어와 관측치의 거리로 표현되는 DMU의 효율성에 영향을 미치는것으로 가정된다. 해외의 선행 연구에서는 인력, 연구개발비 등의 투입변수들은 생산 프론티어에 영향을 미치고, 그 밖의 환경 또는 조직 관련 변수들은 효율성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 가정되었다. 본 연구에서는 환경 및 조직변수들이 선행 연구의 영향 경로와 다른 방식으로 성과에 영향을 미치는지 여부를 밝히기 위해 여러 형태의 모형을 추정하였다. 본 연구에서 도출된 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 투입 요소 가운데 연구개발비가 성과의 증가에 가장 확실한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 기관유형, 기관의 소재 지역등의 환경변수들이 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 기술이전과 관련된 보상시스템 등의 일부 조직변수들이 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 환경변수와 조직변수들은 DMU의 효율성에 영향을 주기 보다는 생산 프론티어에 직접 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 일부 모형에서는 거의 모든 DMU의 효율성이 1에 가까운 것으로 나타났는데 이는 효율성을 기준으로 공공 연구기관의 기술이전 활동성과를 평가하는 것은 효과적이지 못하다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구의 결과는 추가적인 자료를 통해 보완되어야 한다. 또한 더욱 일반적인 생산함수 형태를 고려할 필요가 있으며 산출 거리함수 등의 개념을 이용하여 복수산출물의 경우까지 분석 범위를 확장할 필요가 있다. We examine the effects of environmental or organizational factors on the performance of TLOs(technology transfer offices) in the PRIs(public research institutes) using SFA(Stochastic Frontier Analysis), a technique for estimating the efficiency of DMUs(decision making units). In SFA, independent variables are assumed to determine the efficient production technique(production frontier) or affect the efficiency of DMUs. Previous researchs show that input variables such as number of personnel, R&D expenditure affect the production frontier while environmental or organizational variables affect the efficiency. We tried to estimate various types of models to find out whether environmental or organizational variables affect output variables differently from the previous research. Main empirical findings are as follows. First, R&D expenditure tends to increase all output variables considered. Second, environmental factors such as type of institutions and location of institutions affect the level of outputs. Third, organizational factors such as reward system for technology transfer also appear to affect the output variables. Fourth, environmental or organizational variables affect the production frontier directly rather than affect the efficiency of DMUs. Lastly, the efficiency of each DMU appear to be 1 or near to 1. Since almost all DMUs are equally efficient, it may not be effective to evaluate technology transfer activities of PRIs by efficiency criteria. We believe that this research should be complemented by additional data. More general types of production function need to be considered, and new techniques with concepts like output distance functions need to be developed to analyse multiple outputs simultaneously.

Effects of Technology Transfer Policies on the Technical Efficiency of Korean University TTOs

HAN, JAEPIL Korea Development Institute 2018 KDI Journal of Economic Policy (KDI JEP) Vol.40 No.4

The Korean government has provided various policy devices to boost technology transfers between academia and industry since the establishment of the Technology Transfer Promotion Act in 2000. Along with the enactment of the law, the Korean government mandated the establishment of a technology transfer office at national and public universities and encouraged technology transfer activities. Despite the quantitative expansion of technology transfer offices (TTOs), operational inefficiency was brought up. As a supplementary policy, the Korean government implemented a line of projects to support the labor and business expenses of leading TTOs. This research questions whether the project greatly affected the technical efficiency of TTOs. We analyze publicly available university panel data from 2007 to 2015 using a one-step stochastic frontier analysis. The results suggest that the program was marginally effective at shifting the technical efficiency distribution to the right on average, but it failed to maximize its impact by diversifying the policy means based on targets. The marginal effects of the program on technical efficiency differ according to the research capability and size of each school. We also compare technical efficiency against the licensing income at the start and end of the program. Technical efficiency increased for the leading TTOs, and both measures show improvements for unsupported TTOs. Our empirical results imply that diversifying the program for universities with different characteristics may have improved the effectiveness of the policy.

Effects of Technology Transfer Policies on the Technical Efficiency of Korean University TTOs

한재필 한국개발연구원 2018 KDI Journal of Economic Policy (KDI JEP) Vol.40 No.4

The Korean government has provided various policy devices to boost technology transfers between academia and industry since the establishment of the Technology Transfer Promotion Act in 2000. Along with the enactment of the law, the Korean government mandated the establishment of a technology transfer office at national and public universities and encouraged technology transfer activities. Despite the quantitative expansion of technology transfer offices (TTOs), operational inefficiency was brought up. As a supplementary policy, the Korean government implemented a line of projects to support the labor and business expenses of leading TTOs. This research questions whether the project greatly affected the technical efficiency of TTOs. We analyze publicly available university panel data from 2007 to 2015 using a one-step stochastic frontier analysis. The results suggest that the program was marginally effective at shifting the technical efficiency distribution to the right on average, but it failed to maximize its impact by diversifying the policy means based on targets. The marginal effects of the program on technical efficiency differ according to the research capability and size of each school. We also compare technical efficiency against the licensing income at the start and end of the program. Technical efficiency increased for the leading TTOs, and both measures show improvements for unsupported TTOs. Our empirical results imply that diversifying the program for universities with different characteristics may have improved the effectiveness of the policy.

디자인 프론티어리즘; 하이테크 기업의 디자인경영철학

박영춘,이문규 디자인융복합학회 2007 디자인융복합연구 Vol.6 No.2

하이테크 산업에 있어서 미래의 시장은 매우 복잡하고 소비자들의 욕구도 다앙하여 기업에 대해 많은 기회요인을 제공해 줌과 동시에, 경쟁이 심하고 변화의 속도가 빨라 기업에 위협요인도 되고 있다. 이렇게 빠르게 발전해 나아가고 경쟁이 심화되어가는 시장에서 생존과 성장을 하기 위해 기업은 디자인 리더십을 가지고 시장을 선도해 나아가야 할 것이다. 본 논문에서는 성공한 상품을 출시한 기업의 디자이너와 상품기획담당자들을 대상으로 한 면접조사를 바탕으로 하여 핵심성공요인을 도출해보고 이를 기초로 디자인 프론티어리즘을 제시하였다. 디자인 프론티어리즘이란 하이테크 신제품 개발에 있어서 디자인이 그 선도역할을 해 나아가야 한다는 가정으로서 장기적인 시각에서 제품개발에 대한 투자가 이루어지고 한 기업의 대표 브랜드, 대표 모델을 키워내기 위해 반드시 필요한 디자인 경영철학이다. 또한 이 논문에서는 디자인 프론티어리즘을 실천에 옮기기 위한 경영과정으로서 다음과 같은 세 가지 방법을 제시한다. 이는 (1) 디자인 리서치 중심. (2) 프로세스 협업 중심, 그리고 (3) CEO 중심 등이다 디자인 프론티어리즘이야말로 하이테크 산업에서의 시장기회를 극대화할 수 있는 경영철학이다. High-technology product markets are characterized by diverse and complicated consumer needs, offering companies many business opportunities, but at the same time, they are changing so rapidly and the competition within and across the industries are becoming more fierce, posing threats to many firms. High-technology firms need to take the leadership in design and marketing in order to survive and grow in such a turbulent environment. In this paper, a conceptual framework called, design frontierism is proposed on the basis of the results from a qualitative research with designers and product planners working at very successful high-technology companies. Design frontierism holds that a key to the success of a high-technology firm is to let the design function take the lead in the new product development process. It also suggests three major ways to implement such a philosophy: (a) design research-driven process, (b) functional integration process, and (c) CEO-driven new product development process. It is believed that design frontierism will serve as a set of useful guidelines for the new product development process for high-technology firms.