The significance of private international law in the UCP application

한재필 한국국제상학회 1999 國際商學 Vol.14 No.1

근거거래의 불법성과 신용장거래의 유효성에 관한 연구* - Mahonia Ltd. v. Chase Bank & West LB AG사건에서 Justice Colman과 Justice Cooke의 판결을 중심으로 -

한재필 한국국제상학회 2010 國際商學 Vol.25 No.3

This paper is to make practical and legal research on the issue whether the letter of credit is unenforceable if tainted by the illegality in the underlying transaction. It has long been acknowledged in England that the contract obligatorily required by means of one or both parties breaking the laws of a friendly country or procuring or assisting another party in the breach of such laws could be unenforceable. This brought about the illegality doctrine in the contract which is illegal or contrary to public policy to prohibit its enforcement because its means(the methods of performance) and ends(purpose) are illegal. Mr. Justice Colman determined in the Mahonia case that Enron procured aLetter of Credit upon the requirement of Chase in order to set up a cosmetic scheme, resulting in illegality directly or by way of taint or unenforceability, referring to 5 case laws such as Regazzoni v. KC Sethia, Foster v. Driscoll, Alexander v. Ravson, Pearce v. Brooks, and Scott v. Brown, .Doering, McNab. Here it could be said that "Ex turpi causa non oritur actio" is the major doctrine in determining the contract whether enforceable or not in the Letter of Credit operation as a result of illegality in the underlying transaction. Mr. Justice Cooke made a different decision which was contrary to that of Mr. Justice Colman by holding that the issuer of a letter of credit who was obligated to pay an apparently complying demand. He raised, however, no issue to neglect the illegality doctrine. In that respect, it is worthwhile to study any further effectiveness of theLetter of Credit operation in relation with the illegality in the underlying transaction to meet the legal problems caused by it. 신용장거래에서 근거거래에 사기가 실존하는 경우 사기의 예외(fraud exception)에 의한 사기의 원칙(fraud rule)이 적용되어 독립추상성(principle of independence or abstract)의 원칙적용이 제한되는 실무적 법리는 국제상거래관행으로 받아드려 진지 오래이다. 그러나, 이외에 "근거거래에서의 위법성"(illegality in the underlying transaction)에 연루되어 발행된 신용장거래에서 독립추상성의 원칙이 그 기능을 상실하거나 제한되는 법원 판결이 나타나고 있어 학계 및 업계의 관심이 필요하다. 이와 관련하여서는 2003년 6월 영국 상사고등법원에서 Justice Colman이 담당하였던 Mahonia Ltd. v. JP Morgan Chase Bank & West LB AG 사건의 심의를 위한 청문회가 그 효시를 이루고 있다. 신용장거래에서 독립추상성의 원칙은 서류거래의 원칙과 더불어 신용장 거래의 기본원칙으로 인정되고 있다. 본 원칙은 지급을 담당하고 있는 발행은행은 수익자와 발행은행간 근거계약(underlying contract)으로부터 독립되어 제시되는 서류만을 근거로 하여 수익자에 대한 수출물품의 선적분에 대하여 지급을 보장하게 된다. 또한 발행은행은 근거계약과 관련하여 수출입업자간에 발생할 수도 있는 분쟁에서 자유로울 수 있으므로 안정적인 지급을 확약할 수 있게 되어 신용장의 유용성을 확보하게 되는 중요한 원칙이라 할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 신용장 거래에서 독립추상성의 원칙은 그 중요성에 비추어 엄격하게 준수되어 어떠한 경우에도 고수되어야 한다면 이로 인하여 법률적 혼란을 야기하게 될 것이며 신용장은 불법적인 악의적인 목적을 위하여 활용될 수도 있게 된다. 이에 신용장거래의 독립추상성의 원칙을 제한하는 사기의 예외(fraud exception)에 근거한 사기의 원칙(fraud rule)이 국제상거래에서 광범위하게 수락되는 국제관행으로 인식되고 있다. 그러므로 신용장조건에 일치하여 제시되는 서류일지라도 만일 위조 또는 변조 등의 사실로 인하여 사기의 확정적증거가 나타나는 경우, 은행은 그 서류에 대하여 지급을 거절하거나 법원의 지급금지명령(injunction)을 발령하도록 하는 일연의 조치를 취할 수 있다. 이와 같이 독립추상성의 원칙이 신용장거래에서 그 적용상의 제한을 허용하는 국제관례는 이 원칙을 의도적으로 악용하는 당사자의 악의적인 부당한 이익을 취득하도록 보호한다면 신용장거래는 폐해적인 요인이 확대되어 신용장의 활용은 국제시장에서 퇴출되는 운명을 맞이하게 될 것이라는 법리적 판단에 따른 것이다. 신용장거래에서 독립추상성의 원칙이 제한되는 상황은 사기의 예외에 의한 사기의 원칙 이 대종을 이루는 것이나 이 이외에 근거거래에서의 불법성(illegality)을 이유로 신용장에 의한 발행은행의 지급책임의 면책여부에 관하여는 결정적인 근거법리가 확정되어 있지 못하다. 그러나 2003년 및 2004년 Mahonia Ltd. v JP Morgan Chase Bank & West LB AG사건의 English Commercial Court, Justice Colman과 Justice Cooke의 판결은 신용장거래에서 근거거래의 불법성으로 인하여 독립추상성의 원칙이 제한되는 상황의 효시를 이루고 있음으로써 이에 대한 연구가 필요시 되고 있는 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 근거계약의 불법성으로 인하여 앞으로 전개되는 여건에 따라서 심각한 신용장거래에서의 걸림돌이 될 수도 있음을 예견하고 그 근거거래에서의 불법성을 지급불이행의 정당한 사유에 관한 이견을 표출한 영국 상사고등법원 판사 Justice Colman과 Justice Co...

The Law Applicable to the Contracts in Documentary Credits and Autonomous Guarantees under Article 4 of the Rome Convention

한재필 한국무역학회 2004 한국무역학회 세미나 및 토론회 Vol.2004 No.2

Effects of Technology Transfer Policies on the Technical Efficiency of Korean University TTOs

한재필 한국개발연구원 2018 KDI Journal of Economic Policy (KDI JEP) Vol.40 No.4

The Korean government has provided various policy devices to boost technology transfers between academia and industry since the establishment of the Technology Transfer Promotion Act in 2000. Along with the enactment of the law, the Korean government mandated the establishment of a technology transfer office at national and public universities and encouraged technology transfer activities. Despite the quantitative expansion of technology transfer offices (TTOs), operational inefficiency was brought up. As a supplementary policy, the Korean government implemented a line of projects to support the labor and business expenses of leading TTOs. This research questions whether the project greatly affected the technical efficiency of TTOs. We analyze publicly available university panel data from 2007 to 2015 using a one-step stochastic frontier analysis. The results suggest that the program was marginally effective at shifting the technical efficiency distribution to the right on average, but it failed to maximize its impact by diversifying the policy means based on targets. The marginal effects of the program on technical efficiency differ according to the research capability and size of each school. We also compare technical efficiency against the licensing income at the start and end of the program. Technical efficiency increased for the leading TTOs, and both measures show improvements for unsupported TTOs. Our empirical results imply that diversifying the program for universities with different characteristics may have improved the effectiveness of the policy.

Enhancement in performance of polymer solar cells by introducing solution-processed dipole interlayer

한재필,이의진,문두경,이태호,한용운 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.36 No.-

Metal fluorides (e.g., LiF and BaF2) are usually introduced as an electron transport layer in conventionalpolymer solar cells (PSCs). However, because they are insoluble, vacuum deposition is inevitable,resulting in a high process cost and the difficulty of introduction in PSCs. In this study, we fabricatedinverted PSCs with a double interlayer by using solution-processable cesium fluoride and ZnO toimprove the electron extraction. The power conversion efficiency was enhanced from 7.5% to 8.2% by a9.3% increase in the fill factor. In addition, we demonstrated the enhancement of the FF by atomic forcemicroscopy, space charge limited current, and photoluminescence.

CISG적용 국제물품매매에서 국내 강행법분쟁에 관한 연구- 물품불일치 분쟁사건 판례를 중심으로 -

한재필 한국중재학회 2009 중재연구 Vol.19 No.1

일반용 저압전기설비의 안전등급제 도입에 관한 연구

한재필,최용성,Jae-Phil Han,Yong-Sung Choi 한국전기전자재료학회 2023 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.36 No.6

With the purpose of instilling an awareness of the safety of users of electrical equipment and inducing voluntary facility improvement through the safety rating system for general low voltage electrical equipment, simulation and field application of the safety rating of general low voltage electrical equipment were conducted. For the introduction and application of the safety rating system for general low-voltage electrical equipment, data related to domestic safety was investigated and analyzed, cases of introduction in other fields were reviewed, and for design, the 4M risk assessment method of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency and the cases of safety index development in Korea were analyzed and standardized. Safety rating system simulations were conducted for general low-voltage electrical equipment, and problem improvement measures were prepared by analyzing the results through on-site verification and simulation applied to the initial design. Design standards for the introduction of the safety rating system for general low-voltage electrical equipment were prepared, and 394 youth training facilities were applied to the field to see if the design standards were practically applicable to the field. With the application of the safety rating system for low-voltage electrical equipment for general use, youth training facilities that had been classified as 'appropriate' were able to induce an upgrade to a higher level through voluntary facility improvement according to the application of grades (A to E). As a result of inducing voluntary repair projects based on the results of the 1st and 2nd inspection of youth training facilities, it was confirmed that 86 facilities received grade A, 225 facilities received grade B, and only 311 facilities received grade A to B out of a total of 394 facilities, and there was no grade E.

브뤼셀 규정(Brussels Regulation) 제5조 제1항에 관한 연구

한재필 한국국제사법학회 2005 國際私法硏究 Vol.- No.11

갑상선 유두암 원발 조직과 재발된 림프절 전이 조직에서 Retinoic Acid Receptor β 단백 발현의 임상적 의의

한재필,이성진,최경찬,박영의,이해리,강준구,류옥현,김철식,이병완,홍은경,김현규,김두만,유재명,임성희,유형준,최문기 대한내분비학회 2007 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.22 No.6

Background: The present study was designed to investigate the correlations of retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) expression for primary and recurred metastatic lymph node (LN) papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tissues and the correlations of RARβ expression with the uptake of I131 as detected on a whole body scan (WBS).Methods: Primary and metastatic LN PTC tissues were examined by immunohistochemical methods. Staining positivity was calculated, and staining intensity was graded as negative (0), weak (1+), moderate (2+) and strong (3+). Nuclear staining intensity (NSI) of cells from tissues was also examined.Results: Seventeen patients who had regional cervical LN metastasis without distant metastasis were included in the study, and 13 patients had the abnormal uptake of I131 as detected on a WBS. In primary PTC tissues, RARβ staining positivity and intensity of carcinoma cells were significantly higher than those of normal cells but NSI was significantly higher in normal cells than carcinoma cells. Between primary and metastatic LN PTC tissues, RARβ staining intensity was correlated after controlling for age. Primary PTC tissues from 14 (82.4%) out of 17 patients were concordant between NSI and the uptake of I131 as detected on a WBS. NSI predicted the I131 uptake as detected on a WBS with 81.3% positive predicted value (PPV) and 100% negative predicted value. Metastatic LN PTC tissues from 13 (76.5%) out of 17 patients were concordant between NSI and the uptake of I131 as detected on a WBS. NSI predicted the uptake of I131 as detected on a WBS with 76.5% PPV. When the results of NSI taken either as positive or negative were correlated with those of the uptake of I131 as detected on a WBS in primary and metastatic LN PTC tissues, the correlation was not significant after controlling for age.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that nuclear RARβ expression may be decreased in PTC tissues than 연구배경: 갑상선 유두암의 원발 조직과 재발된 림프절 전이 조직을 대상으로 각 조직의 RARβ 단백 발현 정도 및 관련성을 분석하는 한편 RARβ 단백 발현과 방사성요오드 섭취 여부와의 관련성을 분석하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다.방법: 갑상선 유두암 원발 조직과 림프절 전이 조직에서 RARβ 단백에 대한 면역조직화학염색을 시행하였다. RARβ 단백의 염색 양성도를 각각 계산하였으며 염색 강도를 음성(0), 약한 양성(1+), 중등도 양성(2+), 강한 양성(3+)으로 나누었고 핵 내 RARβ 염색을 확인하였다.결과: 17명의 갑상선 유두암 환자가 포함되었으며 국소 경부 림프절 전이 이외의 원격 전이는 없었다. 전신 방사성요오드 스캔을 시행하였을 때 13명에서 경부 내 비정상적인 섭취가 관찰되었다. 원발 조직에서 정상 세포와 암세포의 RARβ 염색 양성도는 각각 11.5 ± 6.7%와 66.8 ± 14.6%, RARβ 염색 강도는 각각 1.53 ± 0.62와 2.35 ± 0.70이었으며 유의한 차이가 있었다. 림프절 전이 조직에서 암세포의 RARβ 염색 양성도 및 강도는 각각 73.1 ± 15.3%, 2.53 ± 0.51 이었으며 원발 조직 암세포의 RARβ 염색 양성도 및 강도와 차이가 없었다. 원발 조직에서 정상 세포와 암세포의 핵 내 RARβ 염색 강도는 1.53 ± 0.62와 0.94 ± 0.50으로 유의한 차이가 있었으나 원발 조직과 림프절 전이 조직 암세포 사이의 핵 내 RARβ 염색 강도는 차이가 없었다. 모든 환자에서 원발 조직과 림프절 전이 조직 암세포 사이의 RARβ 염색 강도는 나이 제한 후 유의한 상관관계가 있었으나 RARβ 염색 양성도와 핵 내 RARβ 염색 강도는 상관관계가 없었다. 17명 중 14명(82.4%)이 원발 조직 암세포의 핵 내 RARβ 염색 여부와 전신 방사성요오드 스캔 섭취 여부가 일치하였으며 전신 방사성요오드 스캔에 대한 원발 조직 암세포의 핵 내 RARβ 염색의 양성예측도는 81.3%, 음성예측도는 100%이었다. 17명 중 13명(76.5%)에서 림프절 전이 조직 암세포의 핵 내 RARβ 염색 여부와 전신 방사성요오드 스캔 섭취 여부가 일치하였으며 전신 방사성요오드 스캔에 대한 림프절 전이 조직 암세포의 핵 내 RARβ 염색의 양성예측도는 76.5%이었다.

Governing Laws on Letters of Credit under Uniform Commercial Code

한재필 한국무역학회 2007 Journal of Korea trade Vol.11 No.3

Unlike most countries, the USA has express rules for letters of credit in its national law, Uniform Commercial Code Article 5. Due to its unique nature, this article has provided academic attractions to lawyers and practitioners alike, so that various issues thereof have been thoroughly studied. However, its sub-article,§ 5-116, which determines the choice of law matters thereof, has not been dealt with by scholars, albeit its importance. Considering the fact that this specific issue is generally recognised as to provide rather complicated legal and practical issues, such a curious dearth of academic analysis, needs to be rectified. This article aims, therefore, to provide the in-depth analysis with respect to how the choice of law matters for disputes arising out of letters of credit would be determined under the UCC, for the purpose of providing a solid foundation for a stable letter of credit transaction with the USA.